Volume 16, Issue 64 (2023)
LCQ 2023, 16(64): 159-206 |
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arabshahi kashi E, Shajari R. Analytical Comparison of Espionage Methods in Seven Historical Literary Stories. LCQ 2023; 16 (64) :159-206
URL: http://lcq.modares.ac.ir/article-29-72326-en.html
URL: http://lcq.modares.ac.ir/article-29-72326-en.html
1- A graduate of the Ph.D course in Persian language and literature, Faculty of Literature and Foreign Languages, Kashan University, Iran.
2- Associate Professor and faculty member of the Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Foreign Languages, Kashan University, Iran. , rshajari@yahoo.co.uk
2- Associate Professor and faculty member of the Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Foreign Languages, Kashan University, Iran. , rshajari@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract: (271 Views)
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Criticism of methodology and analysis of literary works is one of the important topics in the field of scientific and research works, which can shed light on the intertextual influence of literary texts, especially in fiction. In the present study, the authors, using the method of content analysis and comparative comparison, found one of the ways of espionage in the war in seven famous literary and historical stories "King of Jahud and Nasranian" in Masnavi and Hayat Al-Hayvan Demiari, "Boom and Ghorab" in Kelileh. and Demeneh, "Firouzshah and Hitalian" in Tabari's history, "Shaghad and Rostam" in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, "Zaba and Qasir Ebn-e Saad" in Balami's history, "Bibi Seti and Abu Muslim" in Abu Muslimnameh. The results showed that the method of espionage in the story of King of Jahud and the Christians in Masnavi and Hayat al-Haiwan is stronger than other stories in terms of structure and content. The method of penetrating is based on a kind of cognitive warfare, which without any military conflict, and only with mastering the power of knowledge and identifying the religious beliefs of the enemy, created differences among the fearful and destroyed them. This principle has not been observed in other stories.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
One of the tools of war is deception, and one of the ways to deceive and overcome the enemy is to "infiltrate" the enemy's army with various methods and tactics, which is interpreted as espionage, and in fact, espionage in today's military literature is the collection of discourse, which is breaking into the enemy's camp to covertly collect military secrets, sabotage, or influence commanders and soldiers to defeat the military war. The method of hard penetration and espionage is one of the old tactics in war, when a person volunteered to defend the ideals of their country, nation, group or tribe by risking their life, this is somewhat reminiscent of the same jurisprudential ruling of "Tatarros" is also in Islam.
Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to criticize the methodology of war tactics and the method of "infiltration" in the enemy's army and overcoming them in seven famous literary and historical stories of King Jahoud and his Vazir-e Makkar Boles in Hayat al-Haivan Demiari, King Jahoud and Nasranian in Masnavi, Boom and Ghorab in Kelila and Demeneh, Shaghad and Rostam in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, Firozshah's battle with Hayatla in Tabari's history, Bibi Seti in Abu Muslimnameh and the battle of Zaba and Jezima in Balami's history. The study is an attempt to answer these questions: To what extent the methodological criticism and the comparative comparison of ancient literary and historical texts have been influenced by each other? Can the analysis of the content of ancient historical and literary texts help to reflect the unity of these texts?
So far, many studies have been done on some of the historical and literary stories presented in this research separately; But in none of them, there is mention of methodological criticism and comparative comparison of the methods and tactics of infiltrating the enemy's army. Therefore, the authors have tried to, through methodological criticism, comparative comparison and analysis of the content of seven famous historical stories, look into the matter. In terms of the method of influence and war strategy, the authors looked at the intertextual influence of these texts and their similarities and differences and the extent of their influence on each other. In the current paper, seven famous literary and historical stories "King Jahoud and the Nasranians" in Masnavi and Hayat al-Haiwan Demiari, "Boom and Ghorab" in Kelileh and Demeneh, "Firouzshah and Hitaliyan" in Tabari's Tarikh, "Shaghad and Rostam" in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh , "Zaba and Qasir Ebn-e Saad" in Balami's history, "Bibi Seti and Abu Muslim" in Abu Muslim's book are critically reviewed and the differences and similarities of these texts are evaluated. The results showed that the espionage method in the story of King Jahoud and the Christians in Masnavi and Hayat al-Haiwan is stronger than other stories in terms of structure and content.
2. Results
Criticism of the methodology and comparative comparison of war tactics and the method of hard penetration in the enemy army in seven famous historical and literary stories showed that based on the components of comparative literature, it can be said that there were sometimes interactions and exchanges between the two nations; As in Masnavi, Kelila and Demna, we can clearly understand this cultural exchange between the two nations of Iran and India in Masnavi, Kelila and Damna. However, according to the theory of intertextuality, one cannot be considered the original version and the other a copy, rather, basically, such a plot has existed in thousands of other stories before these two stories in different nations. In other words, in the story of King Jahud, Bibi Seti in dealing with Abu Muslim's enemies, Firoz Shah's battle with Hayatele, Buf and Zagh, Shaghad and Rostam, Zaba and Qusayr Ebn-e Saad, Siavash and Sudabah, Yusuf and Zulikha, Shahzad and Kanizak. One of the characters in the story has tried to deceive the enemy's army with trickery, such as tearing his clothes, scratching his face, injuring himself (self-mutilation), humiliating and insulting him in public. The use of this trick in wars is one of the common ways; But in the three recent love stories, the difference can be seen that at the end of the story, the deceiver is disgraced and punished for his actions, such as Sudabah who was killed by Rostam or the scandal of Zulikha with the interpretation of Yusuf's dreams in prison. And also the disgrace and scandal of the maid can be mentioned with the testimony of the prince. Therefore, in the present study, the review and comparative comparison of seven famous literary and historical stories showed that the method of hard influence in the story of King Jahud in Hayat al-Hiyavan Damiri and Masnavi is stronger than the other mentioned stories in terms of structure and content. The method of penetrating is based on a kind of cognitive warfare, which without any military conflict, and only with mastering the power of knowledge and identifying the religious beliefs of the enemy, created differences among the fearful and destroyed them. This principle has not been observed in other stories. As in the stories of Bom, Gharab, Firouzshah, Hayatle, Zaba, and Qusayr, hard influence and espionage are introduced through the lever of praising the military power of the enemy group and being rejected and accused among the insider forces. In the story of Bibi Seti in Abu Muslim Nameh, he used oppression and oppression by his own forces as a means of his hard influence on the enemy group, and in the story of Shaghad and Rostam, humiliation and insults and destruction of his personality by his own forces were his means of influence.What is certain is that the analysis of the qualitative content of the above-mentioned stories showed that the method of hard penetration in the story of Hayat al-Hiyavan and Masnavi was stronger and more effective than other stories.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
One of the tools of war is deception, and one of the ways to deceive and overcome the enemy is to "infiltrate" the enemy's army with various methods and tactics, which is interpreted as espionage, and in fact, espionage in today's military literature is the collection of discourse, which is breaking into the enemy's camp to covertly collect military secrets, sabotage, or influence commanders and soldiers to defeat the military war. The method of hard penetration and espionage is one of the old tactics in war, when a person volunteered to defend the ideals of their country, nation, group or tribe by risking their life, this is somewhat reminiscent of the same jurisprudential ruling of "Tatarros" is also in Islam.
Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to criticize the methodology of war tactics and the method of "infiltration" in the enemy's army and overcoming them in seven famous literary and historical stories of King Jahoud and his Vazir-e Makkar Boles in Hayat al-Haivan Demiari, King Jahoud and Nasranian in Masnavi, Boom and Ghorab in Kelila and Demeneh, Shaghad and Rostam in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, Firozshah's battle with Hayatla in Tabari's history, Bibi Seti in Abu Muslimnameh and the battle of Zaba and Jezima in Balami's history. The study is an attempt to answer these questions: To what extent the methodological criticism and the comparative comparison of ancient literary and historical texts have been influenced by each other? Can the analysis of the content of ancient historical and literary texts help to reflect the unity of these texts?
So far, many studies have been done on some of the historical and literary stories presented in this research separately; But in none of them, there is mention of methodological criticism and comparative comparison of the methods and tactics of infiltrating the enemy's army. Therefore, the authors have tried to, through methodological criticism, comparative comparison and analysis of the content of seven famous historical stories, look into the matter. In terms of the method of influence and war strategy, the authors looked at the intertextual influence of these texts and their similarities and differences and the extent of their influence on each other. In the current paper, seven famous literary and historical stories "King Jahoud and the Nasranians" in Masnavi and Hayat al-Haiwan Demiari, "Boom and Ghorab" in Kelileh and Demeneh, "Firouzshah and Hitaliyan" in Tabari's Tarikh, "Shaghad and Rostam" in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh , "Zaba and Qasir Ebn-e Saad" in Balami's history, "Bibi Seti and Abu Muslim" in Abu Muslim's book are critically reviewed and the differences and similarities of these texts are evaluated. The results showed that the espionage method in the story of King Jahoud and the Christians in Masnavi and Hayat al-Haiwan is stronger than other stories in terms of structure and content.
2. Results
Criticism of the methodology and comparative comparison of war tactics and the method of hard penetration in the enemy army in seven famous historical and literary stories showed that based on the components of comparative literature, it can be said that there were sometimes interactions and exchanges between the two nations; As in Masnavi, Kelila and Demna, we can clearly understand this cultural exchange between the two nations of Iran and India in Masnavi, Kelila and Damna. However, according to the theory of intertextuality, one cannot be considered the original version and the other a copy, rather, basically, such a plot has existed in thousands of other stories before these two stories in different nations. In other words, in the story of King Jahud, Bibi Seti in dealing with Abu Muslim's enemies, Firoz Shah's battle with Hayatele, Buf and Zagh, Shaghad and Rostam, Zaba and Qusayr Ebn-e Saad, Siavash and Sudabah, Yusuf and Zulikha, Shahzad and Kanizak. One of the characters in the story has tried to deceive the enemy's army with trickery, such as tearing his clothes, scratching his face, injuring himself (self-mutilation), humiliating and insulting him in public. The use of this trick in wars is one of the common ways; But in the three recent love stories, the difference can be seen that at the end of the story, the deceiver is disgraced and punished for his actions, such as Sudabah who was killed by Rostam or the scandal of Zulikha with the interpretation of Yusuf's dreams in prison. And also the disgrace and scandal of the maid can be mentioned with the testimony of the prince. Therefore, in the present study, the review and comparative comparison of seven famous literary and historical stories showed that the method of hard influence in the story of King Jahud in Hayat al-Hiyavan Damiri and Masnavi is stronger than the other mentioned stories in terms of structure and content. The method of penetrating is based on a kind of cognitive warfare, which without any military conflict, and only with mastering the power of knowledge and identifying the religious beliefs of the enemy, created differences among the fearful and destroyed them. This principle has not been observed in other stories. As in the stories of Bom, Gharab, Firouzshah, Hayatle, Zaba, and Qusayr, hard influence and espionage are introduced through the lever of praising the military power of the enemy group and being rejected and accused among the insider forces. In the story of Bibi Seti in Abu Muslim Nameh, he used oppression and oppression by his own forces as a means of his hard influence on the enemy group, and in the story of Shaghad and Rostam, humiliation and insults and destruction of his personality by his own forces were his means of influence.What is certain is that the analysis of the qualitative content of the above-mentioned stories showed that the method of hard penetration in the story of Hayat al-Hiyavan and Masnavi was stronger and more effective than other stories.
Keywords: Criticism and methodology, comparative literature, literary and historical stories, Masnavi, espionage
Article Type: Original Research |
Subject:
Structural critique
Received: 2023/11/8 | Accepted: 2024/03/2 | Published: 2024/02/29
Received: 2023/11/8 | Accepted: 2024/03/2 | Published: 2024/02/29
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