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This study examines the differences between the social networks of farm women in tribal and coastal areas. Using a multistage sampling method, interviews were conducted with 240 farm women from Ganjam and Raigada districts in Odisha. Social network analysis (SNA) was employed to map the networks and identify key sources and patterns of information access utilized by farmers. The study identified which village nodes received agricultural information based on high degree, betweenness, and closeness centrality.
The findings indicate that farm women in tribal areas have relatively weaker information networks compared to those in coastal areas. While farm women from both areas consider the most educated family or village member and self-help groups (SHGs) as primary information sources, coastal farm women are more adept at networking with additional sources such as TV, training sessions, demonstrations, field days, other farmers, agriculture departments, and input dealers.

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   Abstract:
Women in the prose folk tales have various roles. In contrast to the position of women in official and lyric literature, the living, dynamic, influential and basic role of them in folk tales is noteworthy. Active women with positive character are the initiator of love, heroe’s helper, protector of their freedom and dignity, warrior, heroe’s physician and nurse, against the mandatory marriages, consistent in love, sly, devoted, kind, intelligent and advisor. Women with negative character are sly, witches, malicious, wicked, evil, treacherous, envious and corrupt. Passive women are as a reward for the hero, unsophisticated, beloved or spouse, agree with polygamy and oppressed. This descriptive-analytical paper cheks twenty-two long famouse folk stories and analyzes the popular types of active and passive women's role in them.

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Background: we aimed to evaluate the effect of body weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) on Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in healthy postmenopausal Iranian women. Material and Methods: Two hundred postmenopausal women (age between 51 and 69 years) who had presented to the nuclear medicine center at Shariati Hospital in Tehran, Iran between April 2012 and August 2013 were included in this cross sectional study. Of these 46 healthy women who met the study criteria constituted for evaluation. After recording weight and height of individuals, Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height square (m²). Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in Femoral Neck (FN) and lumbar spine sites (L1-L4) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Results: We observed statistically significant negative correlation between BMD measurements at femoral neck and lumbar_1-4 spine with age and significant positive correlation with weight and BMI. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that only weight and age, after adjustments to BMI determined lumbar_1-4 spine BMD (R² = 23%) and femoral neck BMD (R² = 28.6%). Conclusions: These results suggest that the relationship between body weights and BMD is Stronger than the relationship between BMI and BMD. Therefore, in comparison with body mass index, body weight alone is a better predictor of bone mineral density.

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Abstract
Today, in the era of the domination of the virtual world over the real world, with the expansion of the Internet and social networks, social communication and subsequent elements of individual identity has undergone extensive quantitative and qualitative changes. Women, as the majority of social media users, are more exposed to threats and psychological harm than ever due to their physical and psychological characteristics. One of the types of harms that can be explained in the context of the knowledge of social psychology is "self-objectification".
     The present study is applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of implementation. The statistical population of the study is 271 high school girls in Kashan. By distributing a standard questionnaire with closed-ended questions, the necessary information was collected. In the process of objectification, women under the influence of media advertisements, draw ideals for themselves and in the same direction, they constantly evaluate and review themselves, and if they see their appearance closer to current patterns at the media, they gain self-confidence; otherwise, they become involved in physical shame. As a result, their self-confidence appears to be conditioned by the fact that it puts their mental health at risk, and this type of risky behavior based on criminological theories such as the lifestyle theory of Gottfredson and Hindelang is likely Increases victimization; Because the more recreational activities and leisure a person has, and the more she interacts with criminals or in criminal or dangerous environments, the more likely she is to become a victim.
 
Key words: Women Victimization, Social Networks, Self- objectification, Social Prevention

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Aim: Investigating factors affecting the adoption of preventive behaviors in women with osteoporosis is necessary. This study aims at determining the preventive treatment of osteoporosis in women in Fasa using the Health Belief Model (HBM) during 2014. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 401 women (aged 30-50 years) covered by the health centers in Fasa city were randomly chosen. Construct of HBM and the function of feeding and walking were determined to prevent osteoporosis in women. Findings: The mean age of women was 40/9±6/2 years. The variables of perceived susceptibility (p=0.007), motivation (p=0.009) for walking behavior and variables of perceived sensitivity (p=0.020) for feeding behavior were predicted. Conclusions: This study confirmed the power of HBM in predicting feeding and walking behavior for prevention of osteoporosis. Hence, this model can be used as a framework for designing and implementing educational interventions for prevention of osteoporosis in women.

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Aim: There is conclusive scientific evidence of the adverse effect of excessive salt consumption on health, particularly on blood pressure, leading to cardiovascular disease (CVD), gastric cancer, osteoporosis, cataracts, kidney stones, diabetes and obesity. We investigated the determinants of salt consumption among the rural women in Chabahar (Iran) by applying the theory of planned behavior. Methods: Rural native Chabahari women (n =230), aged 12-75 years old, were selected by multistage sampling via native assistants. Data were gathered through a questionnaire with acceptable validity and reliability consisting of TBP constructs (intention, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control), as well as demographic characteristics. Bivariate correlations and stepwise regression analyses of TBP model were performed with the SPSS software. Findings: The results showed a significant direct asociation between attitude, subjective norms, percieved behavioral control and intention, and salt consuming behavior, also between attitude (sig.<0.001), subjective norms (sig.<0.01), perceived behavioral control (sig.<0.01), the intention to reduce salt consumption. Subjective norms, attitude and intention together predicted 10.9% of salt consuming behavior. Attitude and perceived behavioral control together predicted approximately 9% of the intention to reduce salt consumption. Conclusion: This study indicated that the theory of planned behavior can be used to predict the salt consuming behavior and the intention of Chabahari rural women. Focus on the family- and community-based educational programs to change attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control is necessary to make women reduce salt consumption.

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Adopted healthy lifestyle known as changing the high risk behaviors to protective behaviors regarding Knee Osteoarthritis (KO) prevention. This study aimed to evaluate the preventive behaviors of KO in women over 40 years referred to health centers in Shiraz, Iran. This cross-sectional study randomized 151 women over 40 years, who referred to the health centers in Shiraz in 2016. Data were gathered using a questionnaire including demographic questions and measures based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) constructs regarding KO. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22.

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Aim: Providing sexual health care is a fundamental action, which is intended to promote the general quality of life. To achieve this aim, practitioners in primary health care setting should be qualified in terms of sexual health counseling and effective interventions. This case report was intended to introduce and explain the application of Ex-PLISSIT model, which can be applied by health care practitioners when sexual counseling. The Ex-PLISSIT model is an extended of Annon’s PLISSIT model which its acronym determines four levels of intervention as Permission, Limited Information, Specific Suggestions, and Intensive Therapy.
Methods: The case was a 25 year-old married who declared that during the sexual encounter, she often did not experience orgasm. She also stated that ejaculation is occurred by stimulation of the Granfenberg spot (G-spot) as an erotic zone, which is located on the anterior wall of the vagina along the course of the urethra. The Ex-PLISSIT model was applied to resolve the client’s sexual problem in the three sessions with two-week intervals. Findings: The first and second counseling sessions were focused on the permission and giving the limited information and specific suggestions to experience orgasm and correct the client’s mindset about G-spot. During counseling sessions, the review and the reflection were carried out to increase the client’s self-awareness. The third session focused on the other sexual skills training that client can apply to experience orgasm. Two weeks after the third session, client reflected that she experienced good orgasm and also she was interested to re-apply those suggestions in her sexual encounters with her husband.
Conclusion: The Ex-PLISSIT can be a useful framework for practitioners in primary health care setting to meet and provide the sexual health care needs of clients.

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Background: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is an essential nutrient in the body. It is present in both D2 and D3. Vitamin D deficiency as a major public health problem is known over the world. Considering the importance of vitamin D in the body, especially in middle-aged women.
Methods and Materials: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in 240 middle-aged women (40-60 years old) in late April 2017 in Karaj. Sampling was done randomly from Blood tests were performed among the patients.
Results: The results showed that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 95-90%, and the incidence was more pronounced between the ages of 30 and 30 years. The mean serum level of vitamin D showed a positive significant difference in different decades of age (P < 0.0001). The relationship between mean serum level with the type of house was not significant (P = 0.142), but there was negative and significant (P < 0.001) relationship with the house direction. The relationship of mean serum level with the number of pregnancies and the number of children was not significant (P = 0.159). The correlation of the mean serum level of vitamin D with Body Mass Index (BMI) was not significant (P = 0.567).
Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent in studied population, especially among youth comparing to elderly participants. Due to this research, enrichment and fortified dairy and some food with vitamin D is recommended.

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Aim: By understanding women’s perceptions of the risk factors for osteoporosis, improved preventive programs can be designed to modify misconceptions and improve understanding of the condition. This study aimed to explore Kurdish-Iranian women’s perceptions of the risk factors for osteoporosis. Methods: Sixteen women with osteoporosis referred to osteoporosis screening units at the private and governmental centers were interviewed through purposeful sampling between January and July 2015. Inclusion criteria included a diagnosis of osteoporosis for at least six months, T-score below -2.5, age 50 years and over, and ability to attend and participate in the study. All focus groups and face-to-face semi-structured interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. To confirm precision of the data, the following criteria were employed: credibility, conformability, dependability and transformability. Findings: Overall, the perceived risk factors were broadly classified into non-modifiable and modifiable factors. Non-modifiable factors included the sub-themes of genetic factors and hormonal changes. Modifiable factors comprised the sub-themes of limited legal and administrative systems, cultural-environmental and socio-economic factors, lack of understanding the disease and its treatment, and poor health priorities. Conclusion: The risk factors for osteoporosis from women's perceptions can be classified into non-modifiable and modifiable factors. These results can be useful to design a gender-specific risk assessment tool and develop strategies and intervention programs for preventing osteoporosis in women.

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This study aimed to provide a model for improving the quality of women's and girls' leisure time in the family with an approach based on physical activity in Isfahan province. This research was carried out using a qualitative method with a systematic approach of grounded theory. The theoretical population consisted of knowledgeable and experienced women's sports and leisure professors who also used the snowball method for sampling. The data collection tool and method were semi-structured individual interviews, and the interviews continued until the theoretical saturation of 15 interviews. For data analysis, a systematic approach includes three main steps: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. In the axial coding stage, the connection between the following categories of causal conditions (support of important others, organizing, applicability of activities, institutionalization of activities); context factors (environmental attractions, environmental conditions, sports attractions(; interfering factors (evolutionary changes, cultural and social barriers, gender hegemony, macro trends, structural barriers); strategies (education and culture building, measures to support women's recreational sports, promotion and development of physical activities, respect for the dignity of women and girls, justice in the implementation of activities, media support) and consequences of qualifying women's leisure time (reducing behavioral disorders, individual empowerment, collective empowerment, increasing participation) in terms of coding paradigm in Sports manufacturing corporations was determined; also in selective coding phases, each component of coding paradigm described. The province's sports managers can use the signs, concepts and categories identified in their plans to improve the leisure time of women and girls in the family with an approach based on physical activity and use the proposed appropriate strategies to compensate for the backwardness and development of women's sports.

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This study aimed to identify and investigate the factors affecting women's participation in mountaineering activities on Binalood Mountain. The method of the present study was descriptive and surveyed kind. The statistical population of this study included 150 women who were members of mountaineering groups in Neishabour. The research measurement tool is a researcher-made questionnaire whose face and 12 sports management experts confirmed content validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was calculated to be 0.84. In this questionnaire, factors affecting women's greater participation in mountaineering activities were categorized in the form of three indicators: personal-family, social-cultural and managerial factors. Based on the findings, among the investigated indicators in the participation of women in mountaineering activities, the most important personal and family factors, then socio-cultural and managerial factors, have been obtained, as well as among the factors affecting women's participation in mountaineering activities. There is a significant difference between the mountains of Binaloud based on age and education, but there was no significant difference based on marital status and employment.

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Lactic acid is the final product of anaerobic glycolysis, which is converted immediately into lactate. Most of the uptaken lactate is used as an aerobic substrate in skeletal muscle. Coenzyme Q10 is an essential electron carrier of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with antioxidant properties. It has been suggested that an intra-cellular shuttle is playing an important role in transferring lactate through mitochondrial membrane. Decreasing blood lactate concentration and its subsequent problems after a physical activity are of an important goals in physical performance. The Participants were 23 healthy young 20-30 years-old aerobic-trained women. They consumed 300mg/day of Coenzyme Q10 for 10 days. Blood lactate concentration and physical performance were measured at the beginning and at the end of the period using lactometer and Bruce test, respectively.At the beginning of the 10-day period blood, lactate concentration was 13.56±0.75 mmol/L, which was decreased to 11.12±0.67 mmol/L at the end of this period, significantly.Running time to exhaustion increased by 48.74±7.23 seconds significantly.Also VO2max increased by 3 Lit/min significantly. The results showed that the intake of 300 mg Coenzyme Q10 supplement in a 10-day period decreased blood lactate concentration and increased physical performance in the young trained women significantly.    

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Safety is one of the main requirements of communities nowadays. Urban planners and designers have to distinguish unsafely factors in urban environment. The main aim is to increase the safety sense in urban space that is used by all people. Women consistently express greater fears for their personal safety in urban environments than do men. They need special requirement in urban environment in order to increase their perception of safety in urban public space such as parks. This study aims to survey women’s perception of safety of public spaces in Shiraz city (Iran). The data were gathered through a questionnaire. The study space selected for the research is Azadi Park, one of the main parks of Shiraz city. The results showed that there is a directed relationship between women’s sense of safety from land use, traffic and place neighborhood. The findings also showed that the rate of traffic, mix use of locations and places around the park and many space usages such as police office and station as welles religious places would increase the sense of safety. Personal factors (age, education, job and nation) had no relationship with the sense of safety.

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Aim: Sexual function is influenced by different individual and environmental factors. Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) can lead to serious conditions for women and their family. The present study aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors for FSD, in Kashan, Iran.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a convenience sample of 200 women refering to educational gynecology clinics and meeting the inclusion criteria was selected in Kashan, Iran, 2014. Three anonymous self-administered questionnaires were completed by the participants: Demographic, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Chi-square, T-test, Mann Whitney's and Pearson's correlation coefficients were performed for the determination of factors associated with FSD. A score less than 28 out of a possible score of 36 suggests the presence of FSD based on FSFI.
Findings: Of total participants, 119 (59.5%) had FSD. Thirty-nine percent reported desire disorders, 37% arousal disorders, 28.5% lubricant disorders, 24%5 orgasmic disorders, 19.5% pain disorders, and 22.5% satisfaction disorders. Sexual dysfunction was more common in depressed, anxious and stressed and low educated women with older age and longer duration of marriage.
Conclusion: Sexual dysfunction is common among women and some demographic and emotional problems likely contribute to the experience of sexual dysfunction. This finding may have implications on the clinical evaluation of sexual function and identifying the effect of demographic and psychological factors on FSD in women.

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  “Pain and suffering” is one of the tragic aspects of the human life which, as a recurrent motif in art and literature, particularly in women’s contemporary poetry, requires a particular attention. This article presents an ontological analysis of the concept of “pain and suffering” in Forough Farrokhzad’s and Simin Behbahani’s poetry with respect to its quality, quantity, and instances. Accordingly, the article consists of a criticism and analysis of the concept of “pain and suffering,” its objectives, and its effects on the contemporary women’s poetry. Furthermore, an ontological discussion on the examples and different types of “pain and suffering” in Forough Farrokhzad’s and Simin Behbahāni’s poetry is presented.

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The research aimed to identify the marketing development strategies of women's sports in Iran. This qualitative research was conducted using the grounded theory method and the Strauss and Corbin technique. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data. The sampling method was purposeful and used the snowball technique until theoretical saturation was reached (21 interviews). The statistical population was university professors, coaches, senior managers, sports marketing managers and active people in sports management and sports economics, especially women's sports. They were used to analyze the data from three stages of open, central and selective coding. Finally, strategies were identified with 88 open codes in 13 categories. The interviewees and expert professors confirmed the validity of the research tool, and the within-subject agreement method was used to measure the reliability, with the reliability value being 89%. Up-to-date and effective advertising, products and services, standardization and increase of sports facilities, appropriate pricing, expert human resources, financial support and adequate budget allocation, planning, branding, creation and Amending laws, facilities, tourism and events, supporting financial sponsors, cultural and educational measures were marketing development strategies for women's sports in Iran. The development of marketing Iranian women's sports as an attractive and income-generating activity will boost the economic cycle, can play an effective role both at the domestic and international levels, and will cause economic growth. It is necessary to use appropriate strategies to develop women's sports marketing. 

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In many of the Iranian and the world stories, both force and guile are operating events comprise the story. Investigate and psychological and symbolic compare of those popular legends which good and evil forces in their beloved reaching over, shows that in these works, however, appear to benefit the beloved hero acts in subtle and cagey narrative infrastructure And before taking functions based on deception, this battle will be in Median dose and involvement of the opposing forces will conduct their own profit. In such stories, the central character is not the brave prince nor vicious Dave, but the beautiful girl that wishes marriage with the hero and have her own child. In this way, despite the apparent physical disability, using various scheming like secrecy, feminine and magical elements, and even sometimes to hire antiheroes, the real initiative and is available on the course of events towards their desired ending. The joint adventure stories generally setup for this peak point and the common ending: they are well and happy years together they live. " This paper uses views of Northrop Frye, Joseph Campbell, and Bruno Bettelheim. regarding the fundamental structure, number forty Farsi folk tales and that compared with a drop of evidence shows that such a common infrastructure indicative of mental concerns of women in patriarchal times and the women place the narrator or audience of this tales, dreams sweet Dream that are impossible in real life were often deprived of it, the story of a woman in the story of the hero in imaginary world have stories appear. Considering the existence of this feature in ancient stories and romances, these tales may have roots in old narrative structures that can lead them to myths about Matriarchy period.

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The institution of family has faced important evolutions in recent decades. Transition from traditional society to modern one has caused changes in cultural and social imaginaries and structures. Recent evolutions have affected family law as well as therights of women, men and children. This article, focusing on the Bill on Family Protection, tries to study family's evolution from the sociological and legal points of views. The first section (sociological view) considers the changes as to the role and place of women, men and children in the contemporary Iranian family. In the second section (legal view), advantages and disadvantages of the Bill are reviewed with respect to the sociological evolutions. Finally, based on legal and sociological findings, we examine the conformity of the Bill on Family Protection with current family evolutions and the possibility of solving family issues and problems