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The dry bubble disease, caused by Lecanicillium fungicola, is an important fungal disease of white button mushroom in Iranian mushroom production farms. Twenty-three isolates of the pathogen collected in Iran and identified as L. fungicola var. fungicola, were compared for genetic polymorphism, diversity in growth rate and virulence. Ten Universal Rice Primers (URP) were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of L. fungicola var. fungicola. URP analysis showed that the genetic diversity of Iranian isolates was low (average 10 % over the 10 primers used) and that they were almost clonal. Relative correlations between geographical origins of isolates and molecular grouping were observed but there was no correlation between mycelial growth rate, virulence assays and URP patterns. Significant differences were observed between isolates based on mycelial growth rate and virulence assays. The high level of genetic homogeneity is attributed to the effect of fungicides used for control of the mushroom diseases which might have imposed a significant selection pressure on the fungal populations.  

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Entrepreneurial Promotion is one of the functions of entrepreneurial marketing in introducing and promoting products based on cheap and creative methods. Buzz Marketing has an important position in entrepreneurial promotion. The purpose of this study is to identify and conceptualize the functions of Buzz Marketing in insurance industry and specifically Universal Life Insurance. Analysis of deep interview sessions with 20 Relation Public and/or Life Insurance managers of 12 private insurance companies through qualitative content analysis of elements indicate that Buzz Marketing in Universal Life Insurance is made up of 5 elements,7 sub-elements and 22 items. These elements include Interpersonal Communication, Newsworthiness, Stickiness, Exponential Spreading, No Total Control that has varied meanings in different companies.

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  Entrepreneurial Promotion is one of the functions of entrepreneurial marketing in introducing and advancing products based on cost effective and creative methods. Buzz Marketing occupies a predominant position in entrepreneurial promotion. The purpose of this study is to identify and conceptualize the functions of Buzz Marketing in the insurance industry and specifically in the sale of Universal Life Insurance products. The approach undertaken in this study is that of a qualitative compound case study strategy, which has benefited from various data sources including documentary studies and semi-structured interviews with 20 practicing experts of the considered statistical population in 12 out of 14 private insurance companies. Findings of this research indicate that the functions of buzz marketing in Universal Life Insurance sales can be classified to fewer than 5 categories of the characteristics of buzz marketing, 11 sub-categories and 23 items regarding the common points communicated by the interviewees. The 11 sub-categories which are the principle findings of this research include:  Having the advantage of a sales network along with strong public relations, benefiting from authentic  and respected individuals as the company’s spokesmen, inserting creative and memorable  phrases into peoples’ thoughts and communications, making the company’s good services the everyday talk of the people, making buzz through the performing arts, using traditional advertising tools in insurance, using new and innovative advertising  tools to catch people’s attention,  persuading people to buy Universal Life Insurance through the adoption of a superior customer orientation, having an innovative approach to the traditional advertising tools, participating in communication with  insurance sellers  by paying attention to their needs and pursuing the buzz created between people for better results, which in different companies it is done using different methods.

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Following years of contamination, rivers may experience sig­nificant levels of heavy metal pollution. Our research aims to pinpoint hazardous areas in these rivers. In our specific case, we focus on the floodplains of the Meuse River contaminated with zinc (Zn). Elevated zinc concentrations can lead to various health issues, including anemia, rashes, vomiting, and stomach cramping. However, due to limited sample data on zinc con­centrations in the Meuse River, it becomes imperative to gen­erate missing data in unidentified regions. This study employs universal Kriging in spatial data mining to investigate and pre­dict unknown zinc pollutants. The semivariogram serves as a valuable tool for illustrating the variability pattern of zinc. To predict concentrations in unknown regions, the model captured is interpolated using the Kriging method. Employing regression with geographic weighting allows us to observe how stimu­lus-response relationships change spatially. Various semivario­gram models, such as Matern, exponential, and linear, are uti­lized in our work. Additionally, we introduce Universal Kriging and geographically weighted regression. Experimental findings indicate that: (i) the Matern model, determined by calculating the minimum error sum of squares, is the most suitable theoret­ical semivariogram model; and (ii) the accuracy of predictions is visually demonstrated by projecting results onto a real map.

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Aims: Urban space is one of the main places for people's social interactions, which includes squares, streets, accesses, etc. these spaces require a comprehensive design that means comfortable and easy to use for all people with physical and mobility limitations. A significant part of the citizens are people with disabilities, so special attention should be paid to addressing their needs and problems in the city. People with disabilities include Persons with physical, mental, sensory, and internal disabilities, pregnant women, children, and the elderlyIn this regard, the purpose of this article is to identify the physical problems of people with disabilities in the study area and evaluate them for the presence of people with disabilities.

Methods: after recognizing the current situation by studying library resources, by conducting a field survey, it has been analyzed by SWOT method and Wizard scenario. After prioritizing the developed strategies, executive solutions have been designed. 

Finding and Conclusion: The results obtained from this study show that one of the most aim problems in the target axis is the lack of adaptation of furniture for the use of people with disabilities, lack of proper flooring, lack of adaptation of transportation stations. Appeared. Also, performing solutions such as adapting service uses, adapting transportation stations, standard flooring for all types of low-power groups, locating suitable urban furniture, designing urban furniture for the use of all citizens, and creating sensory and audio panels to adapt spaces. A city helps for the presence of people with disabilities.

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Objectives: In the last decade, public health planners have faced challenges related to the aging rate and the increase in mental health disorders. Research has shown that mental health issues are prevalent among older adults in Qazvin, but there hasn't been a comprehensive study on the impact of the social and built environment on mental health. Therefore, this research aims to identify the physical and social environment characteristics that can influence mental health.
Methods: This study is a cross-sectional quantitative research utilizing common mental health assessment tools, such as HADS and PSS, to gather data from 361 Qazvin's historical context residents. Additionally, an environmental quality questionnaire was used to collect information on the physical and social environment of the neighborhood. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS-25 software and the hierarchical regression method.
Results and Conclusion: The data analysis revealed that individual, place, and socio-cultural factors played a significant role in determining the mental health of older adults in Qazvin City. The individual factors that affected mental health included age, gender, home ownership status, and marital status. The place factors that influenced mental health included satisfaction with the place, land use, quality of residence, security, walkability, and access to green spaces. The socio-cultural dimension also played a role in mental health, as factors such as social support and cultural activities impacted the well-being of older adults. The results of this study can help in planning and designing neighborhoods in a historical context to improve mental health.              

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Semantic is one of the most important features in the study of native language learning process. The study of what children know about meanings in different levels would be away for achieving how the human becomes a speaker of a language. The aim of this study is evaluating children’s understanding of semantic contribution of the universal quantifier “every” at the across-proposition level. Investigating children’s computation of the across-propositional meaning relations involving the universal quantifier “every” would thus not only be the next valuable step to consider their knowledge about the semantics of “every”, but also would make a significant contribution toward a new aspect of children’s semantic competence. In this study, a new experiment evaluates the children’s ability in inferences between entailing and entailed sentences. For sampling, 28 girls aged 3-6 years were selection randomly. Finally, the results confirmed that the competence of children is like adults with regard to the semantics in the composition and comparison of sentential meanings.      

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Problem:Urban public spaces, especially parks, are vital places for families.However, until now,less emphasis has been placed on articulating spatial quality indicators for all ages,and the environmental requirements for different groups of all age are rarely integrated.
Aims:This research aims to discover indicators from the perspective of urban space for all ages in parks and provide a tool for advancing towards lifelong communities and at a higher level to improve the quality of public space.
Methods:The research method in this study is applied and It employs descriptive-analytical method. In the present study, one dependent variable titled and 12 independent variables have been introduced in Mellat Park in Qazvin as a case study.
Findings:we found that "comfort" and "social participation and encouragement of intergenerational relationships" have the greatest impact,while "security" and "sensory richness and creativity in design" have the least impact on explaining the dependent variable.indicators such as "safety" and "sensory richness and creativity in design" are more significant for younger ages, whereas indicators such as "security" and "respect for diversity and differences of all ages with any level of ability" are more significant for older ages, making them some of the most influential factors in determining the quality of Mellat Park in Qazvin.
Conclusion:Based on the research findings,it can be concluded that Mellat Qazvin Park is not yet suitable for all ages.The differing priorities of indicators for various age groups suggest that achieving an average across all indicators could make the park more inclusive for everyone.

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language typology focuses on both language universals and linguistic variations. Implicational universals in typology have semantic, pragmatic, discoursal, processing and cognitive explanations. In this research, word order of Semnani language was analyzed based on Dryer’s 24 typological components. The purpose of this study is the determination of word order of Semnani language based on language typology. Research data are collected through interviewing Semnani’ speakers. The research data indicate that Semnani language has 17 components of strong verb- final languages type and 16 components of strong verb-initial languages type comparing to genera containing languages of Europe and Asia, except for southeast Asia , and this language has also 16 components of strong verb-final languages type and 14 components of strong verb-initial languages type  comparing to genera containing world languages. Therefore, there is a tendency for Semnani to be one of languages of verb- final type. Of course, there is no long distance between components of strong verb-final languages type and strong verb- initial  languages type of research findings  and this is a sign of change in Semnani language from verb-final languages type toward verb-initial languages type. Also, there is gender agreement between subject and verb in Semnani and all infinitive verbs have a marker of perfect aspect.    

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This article examines the syntactic function used to produce relative clauses. The article considers Keenan and Comrie (1977) as its point of departure, and provides examples from both German and Persian language to confirm the existence of a hierarchy in these languages. Moreover, by comparing examples of relative clauses in both languages, the article seeks to answer the following question: what are some of the available form of relative clauses in German and Persian language? And what are some of the differences?
In this research, by using a descriptive-analytic method, we show that the structure of relative clause from any position is not possible in relative clause. We also discuss that what strategies will benefit different languages to overcome obstacles?
 Additionally, the article will engage with a possible connection between relativisation strategy and noun phrase accessibility hierarchy. This study confirms that regardless of apparent differences between German and Persian, both languages have allowed for the formation of relative clauses as far as additional objects are concerned. The Persian language, the paper reveals, has gone one step beyond the German language in allowing for the formation of objects of comparison and coordination structure.
In addition, we showed that different languages ​​use different strategies to build relative clauses. In some languages, structure of active turn into passive for this purpose. In addition, we showed that the German language uses the relative pronoun strategy to make the position of additional object available for making relative clauses. Whereas the Persian language can make the most difficult hierarchical position which is comparison structure available for creating relative clauses by using Pronoun-retention strategy. Therefore, the German language is more like the French language and Persian language has abilities ​​as well as English language. We can conclude that languages which use more various strategies to create a relative clause individualize more syntactic positions for creating relative clauses. In addition, we demonstrated two of the generalizations that are visible in the table of Keenan and Comrie. Although, this subject has been studied in different languages, but an independent research which considers Persian and German languages from this point of view has never been done before. The results of this paper can be useful for teachers and learners of any of the two languages ​​considered in this research.
 

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    This paper aims at investigating and analyzing the coverage of Greenbergian universals in word order and inflectional categories within Razan, Tabriz and Istanbuli dialects of Turkish. The selected Iranian Turkish varieties are located in the western and northwestern regions of Iran and Istanbuli Turkish is placed in Turkey. To achieve the research goals, the data gathering has been performed via interview, voice recording and transcription. In continue, all the 45 Greenbergian universals have been examined on the selected data. In spite of their geographical distances, the research results demonstrate syntactic, morphological and typological similarities among the three varieties under consideration; although some differences are observed and notified therein, the most important one in the lexicon part. The data analysis illustrates the application of 18 universals within the data, among which around 40 percent are confirmed; although the percentage varies in syntactic, morphological and typological areas, which is demonstrated within the paper.

 

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Abstract Concerning the multinational companies activities in different countries, the main problem about their bankruptcy is the conflict of laws in countries that companies are domiciled in them or they have properties. As necessity of inspection of company bankruptcy claim is the determination of competence out, thus, it is supposed to set up county or competence conflicts before solving the conflict of laws within the legal framework. Therefore, the unity (or universality) and plurality (or territoriality) theories and reasons of experts on this issue were analyzed, then efforts have been done for applying the unity or universality of bankruptcy were investigated. At the end, the legal competence of Iranian court for inspection of companies bankruptcy claims and issues of executive judgment were discussed. The obtained results, however, showed that since the nature of bankruptcy necessitates the same judgment of the conflict of domestic laws of countries with unity and universality of bankruptcy, the way of solution must be searched in the conventional laws. Nevertheless, the bilateral or multilateral conventions are not enough for this purpose, there fore, it is necessary to regulate a universal convention by encouraging of more countries to join this convention.

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Currently, the major discussions in the field of Linguistics belong to Typology and Linguistic Universals. Typology is a linguistic study that analyzes the structural similarities among languages regardless of their history. This term was first applied to the categorical and comparative study of linguistic notions by a linguist named Gublentez. Typology is not merely a tool for categorizing and defining general patterns in languages. It is an approach for understanding the nature of language as well. In typological studies, attempts are made to group languages from different families in order to reach more precise studies and results. This article also consists of the same attempt. Persian is an Indo-European language, and Arabic is a Semitic one. Language Universals refer to the characteristics and features which are present in most languages worldwide. This notion is known due to the efforts of Greenberg. After analyzing 30 different languages, he proposed the notion of Language Universals. Typology and Language Universals show a strong relationship and complement each other due to the fact that typological categorization leads to the discovery of universal principles in the structure of languages. The relation between language universals and typology dates back to 1960s. From that point in history, the notion of typology is accompanied by Greenberg’s Language Universals.
Studying the order of structural elements has been one of the most important discussions in the world of Typology. That is firstly due the fact that languages have more differences in this matter and these differences are the foundation of typological studies. Secondly, according to Greenberg, between the order of fundamental parts and other structural features of language exist a typological correlation.The most important and common approach for posing a question in languages is through interrogative words. By using interrogative words various notions such as place, time, people, and causes are subject to inquiry. The existence of such words is universal, that is, it seems highly unlikely to find a language that does not carry interrogative words. In typology numerous factors are analyzed, among which is understanding the movements of interrogative words in languages. Dabirmoghadam (1393) has proposed 24 factors, and factor 22 relates to interrogative words. Topologists have identified two main types: first is that interrogative words replace the element of the notion which is put under question, and second, interrogative words are placed at the beginning of a question sentence. In this study, an attempt is made to study the movement of interrogative words in both Persian and Arabic in order to illustrate their position in the lingual typological system. In addition, the influencing factors on this movement are discussed. The method of this study is analytical-descriptive and selected pieces are from published and online materials (books, newspapers and magazines) in both languages and these pieces are from various areas ranging from social to religious, scientific, literal and so on. In the theoretical framework of the study, there are some details related to interrogative words in both languages and a table is drawn consisting of these words in Arabic and Persian respectively. Meanwhile the movement of interrogative words were defined that in this research it refers to the place of such words in sentences in comparison to the same declarative sentence. In the analysis, firstly some of the important views related to these words are represented; in Persian, views by Bateni (1392), Khanlari (1391), Vafai (1392), Gholamhossein Zade (1391) and Meshkataldini (1374), and in Arabic views by Sibooye (2004), Ebn al Saraj (1999), Hassan (1975), Jorjani (1982) and etc., afterwards, selected pieces which consist the basis of this research are analyzed.
According to the findings of this research, Persian and Arabic fall into different types of interrogative words movements. The tendency in Persian is to replace the element of question, while in Arabic interrogative words come at the beginning of a question sentence. Furthermore, these two languages are compatible to the language universals they represent. With well more than chance frequency, when question particles or affixes are specified in position by reference to the sentence as a whole, if initial, such elements are found in prepositional languages, and, if final, in postpositional. Plus, if a language has dominant order “VSO” in declarative sentences, it always puts interrogative words or phrases first in interrogative word questions; if it has dominant order “SOV” in declarative sentences, there is never such an invariant rule. This conclusion is based on the analysis of cases indictive of the fact that the movement of interrogative words to the beginning of the sentence is a strong tendency in Arabic language. As a result, Arabic language corresponds to Language Universal number 12 since this universe acknowledges the movement of interrogative words to the beginning of a sentence in “VSO” structures. Additionally, since interrogative words in Arabic are among those which question the nature of a sentence, they come at the beginning of a sentence. Language universal number 9 also acknowledges Arabic language since it carries more prepositions.
Furthermore, it is recognized that interrogative words replace the element of question in a sentence. This fact shows the tendency of this language. Therefore, Persian language with the core structure of “SOV” is in harmony with the language universal of number 12. According to this universe, the movement of interrogative words does not tend to come at the beginning of a sentence in “SOV” structures.
 The above-mentioned findings are presented in a table. Another finding of this research is that structural, semantic and processing factors have an impact on the movement of interrogative words. For instance, in Persian the interrogative word of “why” usually comes at the beginning of a sentence since it put the nature of a sentence under question. However sometimes, a conflict occurs between the word “why” and other elements such as “interjection” on the first position of the sentence and the interrogative word gives the space to interjectory words and comes in second. To propose another example, interrogative words tend to occupy the first position in a sentence in Arabic, however sometimes it is observed that the element of question has occupied the first position, while the interrogative word is in the second position. In fact, this replacement is due to the significance of the element.
 
 

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The present study examines the image of the Pery; It is dedicated as an Iranian myth in the poem of Andrey Podolinsky (1806-1886). Paying attention to this archetype is explained by the universal nature of this Iranian myth, which reveals a wide range of cultural meanings and carries a global meaning. This goes back to the existence of fairy images in Russian literary works at different times. The image of a fairy in the poem Demon and Pery by Podolinsky is borrowed from Iranian myths: Pery is a beautiful winged creature that lives in heaven. When he descends to the earth, he mourns the separation of the abandoned homeland and carries the idea of ​​true repentance as salvation and return to heaven. The image of the demon is formed in opposition to the image of the Pery. The origin of the formation of the image of a Pery in Russian literature goes back to the poetic translation of the oriental story Lalla Rookh by the Irish poet Thomas Moore, which was done by Vasily Zhukovsky. Despite the fact that Zhukovsky's translation was a free translation, he introduced the theme of "The Pery Driven Out of Paradise" to Russian literature. 

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One of the crucial topics discussed in descriptive translation studies is that of Translation Universals (TUs), which addresses typical, salient features of translational language that make it distinguished from other linguistic variants. Taking into consideration the differences between languages, the key question here is whether the purported universal features (mainly articulated based on examining European languages) exist in non-European, less- or uninvestigated languages. Employing Chesterman’s categorization of universals into ‘S-universals’ and ‘T-universals’, the present study aimed at examining the latter, less investigated group of universals. A comparable corpus was made of original and translated Persian expository texts to investigate two T-universals, namely simplification and explicitation. In the light of linguistic features of translational Persian obtained, the present study challenges the purported universals as none of the extracted features were in line with the previous studies’ prepositions.


1. Introduction
One of the most significant topics whithin Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) is Translation Universals (TUs), first clearly articulated by Mona Baker in her work (1993). TU hypotheses are concerned with typical linguistic features that makes translational language different from other linguistic variants. According to Hansen and Teich (2001), “it is commonly assumed in translation studies that translations are specific kinds of texts that are different not only from their original source language (SL) texts, but also from comparable original texts in the same language as the target language (TL)” (p. 44). Such claims can be examined either manually or by means of corpus-based analytical tools. Corpora have been a reliable popular tool among researchers since the convergence of corpus-based empirical methodology and linguistic studies, including Translation Studies, during the 1990s.
Over the last three decades, many studies have been conducted on theories of TUs and evidence of specific linguistic features of translational language has been provided, but almost all of these studies have been on Western languages, especially English. Chesterman (2004) divides the TUs into "S-universals" and "T-universals." The first category refers to "universal differences between translations and their source texts" (ibid, p. 39) and the second category refers to the differences in the linguistic features of translations (target texts) as compared to non-translated, native TL texts. Although some TUs may usually be investigated within one category, some can be examined from the perspective of both groups.
Some interpret the so-called TUs as an inseparable part of any translational language and are in line with the theories presented in the literature of translation studies. It should be noted, however, that if a linguistic feature is to be considered a "universal," it should be found in translations into all languages, but, in fact, almost all the literature on TUs is devoted to research on Western languages, especially English. Only a few examples can be found (e.g. Xiao & Hu, 2015) that have studied universals in non-European languages. In addition, research on S-universals outweighs work on T-universals. Hence, such claims as the existence of ‘universal’ features, in the strict sense of the word ‘universal’, is highly debatable, unless they are scrutinized in other languages, especially those that are different from English in terms of word order, syntactic structures, stylistic features and the like. The hypothesis of the present study is that due to the differences between Persian and other Indo-European languages, including English, in those aspects (word order, syntactic structures, stylistic features, etc.), the claimed universal features shown in the other languages are not present in Persian, not at least with the same quality.
Investigation of TUs in Persian has also been largely neglected and faces some drawbacks. Some of these drawbacks are due to research methods (such as manual investigation and not benefiting from corpus investigation tools) and some are related to the limitation of data to only literary texts and novels. Focusing on comparison of source with target text(s) (addressing only S-universals using parallel corpora) and neglecting the examination of T-universals (using comparative corpora) is another limitation of such studies on Persian language. The present study intends to study the salient and distinctive linguistic features of translational Persian using corpus methodology and comparing translated texts with other comparable original writings, thus shedding light on the existence of the claimed universal features in Persian. In this regard, the T-universals of simplification and explicitation were selected and specific linguistic features were examined that can signal the presence of the selected universals. As an instance of non-literary writings, a medium-sized corpus consisting of two sets of expository academic and general humanities texts, namely philosophy and texts about literature (such as general informative texts about literature, review and critique of literary works, etc.), was analysed.


2. Background
The search for TUs dates back to the mid-nineties, where this topic led to a surge of interest among researchers, especially since the emergence of corpora as a research tool in Translation Studies. Searching through the existing literature on TUs shows that the research carried out on S-universals outweigh the studies on T-universals. Among others, simplification and explicitation are the two T-universals investigated in the present study.
A number of studies have been done on simplification as a universal feature in translation at the lexical, syntactic and stylistic level (e.g. see Laviosa-Braithwaite, 1996; Malmkjær, 1997; Laviosa, 1998; Cvrček & Chlumská, 2015). Taking a closer look at these studies highlighted some disagreements. For example, regarding mean sentence length, Laviosa (1998) (English), Xiao and Yue (2009) (Chinese), and Ilisei et al. (2009) (Spanish) showed that mean sentence length in translational language is significantly higher than original writings. But, contrary to these three studies, Malmkjær (1997) believed that stronger punctuations may result in shorter sentences in translated texts. Also, Xiao (2010) and Xiao and Hu (2015) found that sentences in original Chinese are relatively longer than translated texts, although this difference was not significant.
A number of other studies have further demonstrated evidence for explicitation or the tendency in translational language to make explicit what has been implicit in the source text, thus making it different from original writings (Blum-Kulka, 1986; Toury, 1991; Baker, 1996; Øverås, 1998; Olohan & Baker, 2000; Xiao, 2010). Although this feature is found in translations at different lexical, syntactic, and textual levels, "there is variation even in these results, which could be explained in terms of the level of language studied, or the genre of the texts" (Mauranen, 2007, p. 39). There is still a long way to go to determine whether explicitation is a universal feature or not, as most of the data in the literature is based on Western languages, especially English.
Much of the criticism that the topic of TUs has attracted relates to the fact that most studies have only focused on Western languages and failed to move beyond and scrutinize others, a fact that is also reflected in the small body of literature on Persian. What we know about the possible presence of TUs in translational Persian is mostly based on studies that were carried out on S-universals and are limited in one way or another (e.g. Ghamkhah & Khazaee Farid, 2011; Salimi & Askarzadeh Torghabeh, 2015; Vahedi Kia & Ouliaeinia, 2016; Ahangar & Rahnemoon, 2019). In general, these limitations can be classified into seven categories:
direction being restricted to comparison of source with target text(s) (addressing only S-universals)
lack of variety in the source language (almost all studies feature English as the source)
universals (all studies are on the four recurrent features of translation proposed by Baker (1996))
genre (almost all studies focus on literary texts)
size (very small-scale studies, mainly on selected parts of one or two books)
methodology (using manual investigation and not benefiting from corpus investigation tools)
source of data collection (all data were collected from books and published works, ignoring online translated materials available)

3. Corpus Design and Method
In the present study, a comparative corpus was used which includes two subcorpora: original Persian texts and English-Persian translated texts. Each component consisted of one hundred extracts, each of 3000-word length, taken randomly from books and webpages, thus amounting to 300,000 words for each subcorpus and 600,000 words on the whole. The current literature on Persian language has failed to move beyond literary texts. Contrary to the predominance of studies on European languages and small-sized corpus-based works on Persian, all confined to literary texts and books, the data for the present research was collected from books and webpages on two non-literary fields in Humanities, philosophy and texts about literature (such as general informative texts about literature, review and critique of literary works, etc.). Finally, both sides of the corpus are comparable in terms of number of samples, size, genre and sampling period.
After collecting each sample, a header was assigned to it. For samples collected from books, this header contains information about the book title and year of publication, and for websites, it includes the title of the text, date of the post and the webpage URL. To normalize the data, we employed Virastyar, a Persian MS-Word add-in. Moreover, for segmentation, tokenization and POS tagging, we utilized tools developed by Mojgan Seraji (2015) for Persian, namely SeTPer (sentence segmenter and tokenizer) and TagPer (POS tagger). In addition, after analyzing different corpu-analyzer tools (namely WordSmith, AntConc, Sketch Engine, and LancsBox), it was found that the best and most adaptable software for analyzing Persian texts is "WordSmith".
Two universal features of simplification and explicitation were selected for investigation. The presence of universals was identified through a number of features. For simplification, the study used the three signs discussed in Laviosa-Braithwaite (1996) where she concluded that translational language uses lower lexical density, shows less lexical variety, and reports greater mean sentence length. For explicitation, the higher frequency of connectives and cohesive ties in translated than non-translated language was employed (Olohan & Baker, 2000; Chen, 2006).

4. Results
The four different lexical and syntactic features of translational Persian were examined in the corpus under investigation, namely lexical density, lexical variety, mean sentence length, and frequency of connectives. First, regarding simplification, it was found that translational Persian in the comparative corpus used in this study has a higher lexical density, although this difference was minor and was not statistically significant. Also, the lexical variety in translational Persian was greater than non-translational texts. In addition, the study of the mean sentence length showed that sentences in original texts are slightly longer than translated texts. Comparing the two subcorpora, the texts "about literature" show higher lexical density and variety (or richness), and the sentences in philosophical texts were longer, which can be interpreted as field (also genre) variations and their idiosyncratic linguistic features. Finally, regarding explicitation, the total number of connectives was higher in the original texts than in translated texts. However, no clear overall tendency was detected in either subcorpus favoring connectives more than the other. Some connectives were more frequent in translations and some in original texts. Further, some connectives followed no trend as they were more frequent in one field but less frequent in the other.

5. Discussion & Conclusion
Moreover, the data and findings provide further support for the controversies over the strong version of TU hypotheses and raise intriguing questions regarding the presence of universal features in translations as none of the results for the four features addressed were in line with previously proposed T-universals. Therefore, the results of this study support the hypothesis that the claimed universal features, due to linguistic differences, are not present in Persian (at least to the same quality). Contrary to many previous studies (such as the detailed investigation of Ilisei et al. (2009)), features like lower lexical richness and density, greater mean sentence length and higher frequency of connectives might possibly not be among the most salient, universal (at least in its global sense) features indicative of the simplification and explicitation hypotheses. Therefore, it can be cocluded that the findings of this study indicate the specific features of translational (from an English source) and original Persian texts. In general, the present study shows that, in contrast to what might be assumed, simplification and explicitation as so-called translation universals may not be really universal as discussed by Baker (1993) and Eskola (2004), because they are not universally present in all translated texts, at least as far as thid research accounts for translational Persian psychology and sociology.
Whereas a number of studies support simplification and explicitation as translation universals, these linguistic features have been challenged by some other studies, especially when language pairs and genres vary and move from the more investigated languages and genres (Western languages, literary texts) to the less investigated ones (non-Western languages, non-literary texts) (Chesterman, 2004; Mauranen, 2007; Xiao & Hu, 2015). It seems that the assumption of the presence of similar linguistic features in all translations needs to be revised. Therefore, it is better to be cautious in presenting such generalizations and to reclassify them under what Eskola (2004) labels local translation law rather than universal translation law. In fact, it should be noted that some of the theories presented have been formulated using only a pair of specific language pairs ​​or texts, and may not apply to other languages ​​or genres and should therefore be limited and narrowed down. As it was shown in this study, both T-universals examined here were not present in Persian with the same quality as indicated by previous research.
Since it is not possible to proceed with any claim about the presence of universal tendencies in translations without validation, further work needs to be done to establish whether TU hypotheses are supported, at least in their current account, in other, especially unexamined, languages and genres. Although the results of the present study did not support any of the hypotheses presented in the previous studies, this may not be a good reason to dismiss the universals altogether. The authors believe that, instead of abandoning the whole possibility of translations displaying common features, we may find, at least, new tendencies that are different from those of the previous hypotheses; for example, simplification in translational language may be universally manifested through features other than lower lexical density or less lexical variety. Nevertheless, the present study indicated that the claim of the existence of "universal" features in its absolute sense (in all languages ​​and text types) is unfounded. Much more research should be done on translational Persian and other non-European languages ​​in order to clarify the validity and nature of TUs and the role of language, text type, translator skills and other intervening aspects involved in the minifestation of certain linguistic features in translations.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the syntactic merging process of the middle constructions in Persian within the minimalist framework proposed by Bowers (2010, 2018). Within this framework, Bowers analyzed the merging of active, middle and passive sentences based on the two categories of 'Predication' and 'Transitivity'. It is worth mentioning that in his latest works, Bowers (2010, 2018) has replaced the transitive phrase (TrP) by 'voice' with its core features intact.
The voice category used in Bowers (2010) is a generalization of the transitivity category previously proposed by Bowers (2002). In general, this category enters into a "matching relationship" with objects. Bowers (2018) in his approach calls this node a role of "transitive voice" which is represented as (Vtr). In fact, Bowers goes back from a more general interpretation of this node to a more detailed one. These changes are merely in the name of syntactic nodes and have no effect on the syntactic properties of transitive nodes, because it is evident that Bowers still knows transitive active constructions, middles and passives, including the transitivity category, and unergative and unaccusative constructions without this category

According to the theoretical framework of the Minimalist Program is there any evidence of the middle voice found in the contemporary Persian? 2. In case it is proven, as proposed by Bowers, does the process of syntactic merging of middle construction follow ‘the universal order of merge’? 3. What is the distinction between middle, unaccusative and unergative constructions in Persian? Based on the mentioned questions, these hypotheses can be made: 1. although the active and passive constructions are common in Persian, there might be also some evidence for the middle voice. 2. The process of middle formation in Persian follows the universal order of merge. 3. Middle, unaccusative and unergative constructions are different in terms of the merging process.
Regarding middle construction, the limited number of studies by Iranian linguists has focused on the presence or absence of this construction in Persian. For example, Jabbari (2003), by accepting the existence of middle construction in Persian, has used ‘intransitive construction’, instead of the term ‘middle construction’. He considers it as a construction between active and passive. He claims that although these verbs are formally similar to active verbs, semantically they are comparable to passive verbs. On the other hand, Rasekhmahand (2007) assumes that middle construction cannot be attested as a ‘voice’ in Persian and it is not at all comparable to active and passive constructions. He referred to it as ‘inchoative construction’ which is the reverse of causative sentences.
The data of the present study are collected from Dadegan website (The corpus of syntactic dependency of Persian language). For a better illustration, tree diagrams of Minimalist Program have been used during the data analysis.
The findings of the present paper confirm the hypothesis on the existence of middle voice in Persian. Moreover, the universal order in the process of merging middle constructions (Bowers, 2010, 2018) has been attested. According to this arrangement, the merging position of the subject of the verb, which holds the semantic role of 'agent', is the lowest position in the diagram and the other verb arguments are merged subsequently, based on a determined order. Representation of verb arguments in the form of syntactic nodes is the innovative aspect of this research within the framework of the Minimalist Program.
 

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Abstract- The comfortability of car passengers, reduction of fuel consumption in order to reduce the emission of CO2, and increasing the efficiency of fuel usage are the main goals of car manufacturers. Therefore the combustions in internal combustion engines must be done at temperatures as high as possible. These high temperatures have negative effects such as impact, rattling status in gearbox, low-pitched sound in gearbox, and vibration of vehicles. These vibrations interfere with the comfortability of passengers. In order to reduce the unwanted vibrations as much as possible there is a need to uniform the radial velocity of the flywheel and the inlet torque to the gearbox. In this study the available methods are reviewed and a new approach is proposed which is the two-mass flywheel. The effects of this new flywheel are carefully investigated. The experimental results are compared with the numerical ones and a very good conformation is observed.

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Abstract
In the present study, we have set out to depict the relationship of mythical and modern Iranian stories from the perspective of the philosophy of Art. Hegel, in his idealistic formation of the history of philosophy of Art, showed that in the primary stages of civilization, Art was the outcome of the connection of “absolute” and “essence.” As a result, Art has failed to show absolute unity with “absolute.” Along the same line, Heidegger and Lukács considered the distance between Art and “essence” as a sign of decline. Meanwhile, the members of the Frankfurt School, put forward new ideas in the Hegelian context of the time; they demonstrated that modern Art and literature, are moving away from reality and attempted to approach “essence,” “universal,” and “unity.” In modernist stories, employing myth is one way to establish a relationship between “unity” and “universal” and so we experience deformation and disintegration of the contemporary world, we witness a flashback, a mythical unity in the shape of formal avant-gardism. From the same perspective, Hedayat and Golshiri are main representatives of two fundamental breaks in modern Iranian stories from 1300 to 1357. Along with modern deformation of the contemporaneous forms, they included flashbacks and Iranian myths, in the form of transformation and deconstruction, in their stories. The results indicated that these two authors, in a dialectical fashion, depicted both the spirit of modernity and the need for historical rereading and representation.
Extended Abstract
Hegel's dissatisfaction with the art of his time reflects, on the one hand, the idealistic aspect of his philosophy and, on the other hand, its opposition to modern optimism. Hegel predicted that modernity leads to ultimate rationalization and the absolute soul will come to terms with itself. Although Hegel himself did not address this contradiction, his art theories led some of the twentieth-century thinkers to adopt newer formulations of the relationship between contemporary art and philosophy. The members of the "Frankfurt School" known as the advocates of "critical theory" have the most complex relation to Hegel's philosophy of art. Their literary and artistic views are on the one hand in a Hegelian tradition, and they were completely sympathetic to Hegel in that the mission of art is to discover essence, existence, and truth. However, they did not accept the impasse of modern art, and in a multifaceted effort sought to show in the works of art of their time the relation of critical modern art to genuine essence and consciousness. The Frankfurt School found that writers such as Joyce in the process of shaping the modern form, progressed dialectically. At the same time, inventing new fictional structures that disintegrated the modern world and the ever-changing world of the twentieth century, showed that the united and mythical world of the past has also been summoned in various ways in their modernist work. In the works of these authors, from the heart of the opposition of the modern and the absolute, and their apparent contradiction, a general unity is achieved, and through this unity it can be seen that the duality of form and content - which is the dominant basis of literary analysis, does not exist in the essence of art. This rereading of Hegel by the Frankfurters is one of their richest lesser-known achievements. If we look at the Persian modernist fiction from the perspective of the Frankfurt school and its relation to myth (from 1300 to 1357), we can say that Sadegh Hedayat and Houshang Golshiri are the main representatives of the two main breaks in Persian story.
The analysis of Hedayat's "Blind Owl" and Golshiri's "Innocents" revealed to us that these texts possess many of the brilliant aspects that the Frankfurters considered for modern art: the incoherence and disintegration of the modern in the form of the disintegration of the fiction form, the meaninglessness of the duality of form and content. Formal avant-garde and mythical recurrence, which are two opposing aspects, have been used simultaneously in the text, and from their contradiction, a dialectic has been formed that guarantees the general unity of the work. The representation of the unifying and mythical matter - regardless of its function - has created a "aura" for these texts and this aura has linked the text to a historical and mythical tradition and has summoned the spaces of the past to the present. The mythical nature of these texts has made them difficult, misunderstood, and obscure, and has led to the rebellion of the text against the simplification of the contemporary cultural industry. Rereading the past has helped critics of the present, and both are used to understand future possibilities. In the close connection between the past and the present, and the continuous and simultaneous rotation between the two, the originality of these texts and their openness has been realized. These texts constantly revolve around essences and absolutes that are beyond the reach of everyday reality and instrumental rationality. Pure moments are depicted in the text through which the reader can reach genuine ontological experiences.These texts escape easy access and have found a place in the discourse of the specificity of modernist texts. The combination of the above-mentioned aesthetic features - all of which derive from the dialectic of the forward and avant-garde form of movement, and its mythical backward movement - has enabled the two authors to make a connection between Iranian society and modernity. In other words, Hedayat and Golshiri are turning points that have shown the transformation of mythical foundations in contemporary Iranian society and have outlined the way we Iranians deal with these foundations. Rereading, rethinking and deconstructing these mythical foundations are the main features of the avant-garde of these two authors.

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Throughout the years, philosophers and psychologists have striven to solve the mind-boggling question of learning by juxtaposing the two competing theories, namely, empiricism and rationalism. They have usually opted for one and ruled out the other on the grounds that it cannot account for learning because theoretical and empirical evidence discredits it. Since 1965, with the publication of Chomsky's Aspects of the Theory of Syntax in which, he explicitly introduces the notion of Universal Grammar and implicitly employs the term to support Fodor's philosophical view of learning in terms of 'language of thought', the rationalistic arguments seem to have taken over this never-ending and perpetual battle. Here in this article, it is argued that despite its popularity among a good number of scholars, the rationalistic account of learning suffers from serious flaws. A conglomerate of empirical and theoretical evidence challenges the notion of 'language of thought'. Self-interpretive power of the language of thought, inaccessibility of cognitive theories to truth conditional meaning, meaningful experiences, inability to test memory, problems with modularity and regulation are simply some of the arguments that might be raised against the idea of 'language of thought'. Finally, a framework for the acquisition of language is presented.

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Jonathan Dancy advocates a radical particularist theory of ethics. Arguing against a variety of generalist doctrines, he maintains that there are no moral principles and that our ethical decisions are highly context-dependent: they are made case by case, without the support of such principles. In this paper, drawing on a number of theoretical concepts used in science as well as the philosophy of science I shall try to develop a moderate generalist-pluralist model. This model, I shall argue, is less vulnerable to Dancy’s criticisms and better equipped, in comparison to Dancy’s own model, to deal with moral cases.