Search published articles


Showing 26 results for Temporal


Volume 3, Issue 2 (6-2023)
Abstract

Temporal experiences are experiences that represent the temporal aspects of the world. Phenomenologically, our temporal experiences directly and immediately belong to temporal properties. This obvious phenomenological truth leads to a paradox with the addition of other premises. Three models have been presented to explain the possibility of direct perceptual experience of temporal properties to solve this paradox. These models are the snapshot or atomic model, extensionalism, and retentionalism. The snapshot model or atomism is that perceptual experiences are only instantaneous or short-term conscious events that occur in succession, and their succession is explanatory and adequate for temporal experience. We will first describe the paradox of temporal experiences and the approach of temporal experience models, try to explain the criticisms of the atomic model and their rejection, and finally show the explanatory adequacy of the succession of atomic experiences for the temporal experience.
 


Volume 4, Issue 4 (12-2016)
Abstract

The moisture flux convergence (MFC) and relative humidity in dusty days at different times and levels over the Alvand Mountain was investigated. The required basic data for the years 2009-2012, including relative humidity, visibility and synoptic codes, were gathered from Hamadan synoptic station, while sea level pressure, uwind, vwind and specific humidity data were gathered from NCER/NCAR site. The dusty days were categorized into four groups, according to WMO protocol. Sea level pressure (SLP) patterns were classified using cluster analysis (CA). MFC function, jet stream and omega maps were computed using special moisture and horizontal and vertical components of wind, SLP and omega data in various levels and times for each sea level pressure pattern. The results showed 6 categorized patterns of sea level pressure. The highest values of MFC were observed at 1000, 925 and 850 hPa levels and at 12:00 and 18:00 UTC. MFC value strongly decreased in dusty days at the 700, 600 and 500 hPa and at 06:00 UTC. The relative humidity significantly decreased at 12:00, while the maximum increase was recorded at 18:00 and 00:00 UTC.
Rafiq Nosrati, Farindokht Zahedi,
Volume 4, Issue 16 (12-2011)
Abstract

The experience of time, like anything else in the world, can manifest itself in the text. Time is regarded as a structural element of the text. One characteristic of narrative is that time is considered as the main element of representation tool and the represented object. Therefore, time is described in the light of the chronological relationship between story and the representing text. By analyzing the time of the story and the time of the representing text, it can be concluded that in all the four plays of Naghmeh Samininarrative has two kinds of temporalities: the cyclic and the linear. The linear temporality gives a dramatic characteristic to the text, while the cyclic temporality gives an epic characteristic to the text. The cyclic temporality is always connected to a particular place and somehow reveals the feminine subjectivity governing the text. This study aims to show that when the linear temporality is dominant, the text is dramatic, and when the cyclic temporality is dominant, the text becomes narrative, while both temporalities exist in these four plays simultaneously.

Volume 5, Issue 3 (10-2014)
Abstract

Proverbs are particular types of discourse that function similar to phrases and despite of polylexicality, they possess certain rigidity where the concept, semantically, is stable and has been restructured. However, the most remarkable and considerable aspect is that how proverbs produce the time of experience once addressee listen or read them? And how proverbs create different temporal conditions? Since the process of statement is dynamic and dynamism inevitably has a temporal dimension, how addressee of proverbs, in this interaction, arrives at a new situation? To respond to the above research questions, the current paper has used the semiotic-semantic approach that was propounded by semioticians of the Paris School as "Temporality in Discourses". Relying on this approach as well as using philosophical phenomenology, the temporal system in proverbs would be analyzed.   The research intends to show as how addressee of proverbs could transform from the existing stage of suspension to the stage of connection that is an agent of the experience and similarly reaches to the consciousness level so that he could understand the moment. Finally, how the grammatical time where speeches are in "present form" intervenes this process.
Narges Khademi,
Volume 5, Issue 17 (5-2012)
Abstract

Paul Simpson is one of the researchers who have worked in the field of stylistics and critical linguistics. One of the topics which he has studied systematically is the “point of view.” In his opinion, point of view is related to the degree of narrator’s interference in the act of narration. It has three dimensions: (1) spatial; (2) temporal; and (3) psychological. The writer or narrator unites these items through modality. Furthermore, focusing on modality, Simpson introduces his narrative model which includes nine different points of view. In this model, he incorporates Genet’s discussion on four points of view and also the model of Uspensky and Fowler. Simpson believes that by studying the three spatial, temporal, and psychological dimensions of the point of view, we can reach at its ideological dimension.

Volume 7, Issue 3 (7-2018)
Abstract

Small walnut aphid (SWA) Chromaphis juglandicola is an economic pest of walnut trees. Population fluctuation of SWA was studied in Mamaghan walnut orchards (East Azarbaijan Province, Iran).Three factors affecting population density of SWA, including vertical divisions of canopy (upper and lower half), geographical orientations of canopy (at four levels) and elongation of branch (basal and distal ends), were investigated. Sampling unit was a cluster of five leaves. Totally 128 samples were taken weekly from all strata upon eight chosen trees, repeating 30 times during the season. Natural enemies also were counted. The first SWA individuals were observed early May, consisting of first instar larvae and alate females. A sudden population increase occurred in mid-May. Maximum 40 aphids/leaf were observed in early June with first and second instars dominant, followed by a sudden decline in late June. A small peak was observed at early October. A partial tendency was observed toward north of canopy, at basal half of downward branches. Positive linear correlation between natural enemies' and SWA populations suggests density dependence. Moreover 2-4 week delay was present between them. Trioxys pallidus (Holliday) was dominant natural enemy in the region. Contrary to previous works, overwintering stages of the SWA in the region were predominantly developed stages (third and fourth instars as well as pre-reproductive winged females).

Volume 8, Issue 4 (9-2020)
Abstract

Aims: The main objective of the current study was to assess the efficiency of four-time series prediction methods to forecast the values of total dissolved solids (TDS) using a time series of over sixteen years.
Materials & Methods: The applied methods comprised of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) as the most traditional method, two neural network based techniques including multilayer perceptron (MLP) along with extreme learning machines (ELM) and a novel approach known as temporal hierarchies (TH) which was applied for the first time in water resources and water quality researches.
Findings: It was found that with respect to the forecasting accuracy, the MLP outperforms the ARIMA model for the training series where the MAPE (%) and MASE (mg/l) were reduced from 5.109 to 3.146 and 0.553 to 0.323, respectively. On the other hand, the forecasting accuracy of ELM was lower than that of MLP however the respective out-of-sample generalization ability of this model was higher with MAPE and MASE values of 6.526 and 0.683.
Conclusion: Meanwhile, it was concluded that temporal hierarchies gave the best results for the test part of time series. The main shortcoming of neural network based approaches was their reduced out-of-sample prediction due to overfitting. Based on the results, TH is a viable alternative for conventional time series forecasting techniques.

Volume 10, Issue 3 (7-2019)
Abstract

After the World War II, the notion of spatiotemporality plays an important role instead of space and time independence from each other. This emphasizes time category and all its strata and dimensions. Based on the theoretical framework of geo-criticism and according to Bertrand Westphal's point of view, the present study attempts to investigate spatiotemporality from textual space, relying on La Modification novel by Michel Butor in order to create a new study of this novel on elements of geo criticism. Space evolution during time is described in textual space by Michel Butor's novel. Research questions are: what is the role of time in space evolution? How the spatiotemporality evolution in Butor novel is described? Therefore, results of this paper demonstrated that space cannot be analyzed without considering the temporal strata and intervals; space and time have created a spatio-temporal continuum. Space and time are inseparable elements in geo-criticism. If time is dynamic and variable, the space is also variable and dynamic. Therefore, the only way to represent transformed and stratified space is paying attention to textual space. This paper aims to scrutinize the represented space and its changes in literary discourse, so that the reader can imagine this space and represent it in his/her mind.
 

Volume 10, Issue 3 (7-2019)
Abstract

Iranian learners of the Russian language face numerous problems when learning the Russian grammar. One of these problems is the complexity of Russian prepositions, especially spatial and temporal prepositions in comparison with the Persian language. Since the task of the teacher is to facilitate the learning environment, to improve the learning process and to classify the content of learning from a logical point of view, it is necessary, first of all, to identify students' errors and study the causes of their occurrence. At the next stage, the teacher needs to think about ways to overcome these mistakes. The main objective of this study is to classify the frequent errors of Iranian students who use the spatial and temporal prepositions of Russian by identifying the reasons for their occurrence and the ways to overcome them. The corpus of the present study consists of 150 students of the middle stage of Allame Tabatabaei University. Research methodology is experimental –descriptive. The results of the study show that the most frequent errors in the application of spatial and temporal prepositions are associated with the interference between the native and the studied language, and the possibility of using simple Russian prepositions with several cases. Strategies are also being shown to reduce errors, among which the most important is the introduction of the subject “teaching prepositions” into the program of teaching Russian in Iran and teaching students to think in Russian, rather than translating Persian thoughts.
 
 

Volume 11, Issue 1 (5-2011)
Abstract

In macroeconomics literature inspired by traditional economists, it is said that economic growth and more equal distribution in income, are two opposite targets since moving toward more equality of income, will reduce propensity to saving. Based on the optimum growths models, it seems that the highest levels of growth can happen in a system just when in allocating the resources among the generations the attention is more paid to the concept of justice. If in this process the attention is more paid to the present generation compared to the future ones, the available resources for the whole system will decrease and as a result the economic growth will be stabilized at far lower rates. The more economic justice means the higher rate for economic growth. In this paper we use an optimal growth theory for studying the mechanics of this regularity. Empirical calibration of the model to the Iranian economy reveals that if economic policy makers in a planning period via a scenario can decrease social time preference to a 5%, real per capita GDP, consumption, saving and per capita capital formation will increase by 6.5%, 2.2% and 42% respectively.

Volume 12, Issue 1 (6-2008)
Abstract

Urmia lake is located in the north-west of Iran and is recognized in the world as a largest habitat for Artemia. The last decade drought episodes and recent dam construction programs have simultaneously caused more evaporation of the lake water and thus considerable variations of water surface levels. The main aim of the present study was to map of Urmia lake water surface changes on a seasonal, periodical and over long-term scales. For this purpose, some different types of multi-scanner, spectral and temporal images (MSS, TM, ETM+, IRS-1C, MODIS and TOPEX/Jason data observing from 1976 to 2005) were processed to generate most of the thematic models in spatial and temporal contexts. First, to choose a number of referred images captured, some ground-based observation data and the obtained information from TOPEX/Jason satellites were analyzed. Then based on the available archived imageries, all the multi-date satellite data were chosen and progressively geo-referenced and then geo-rectified by ERDAS Imagine software package based on the reference ground control points. Subsequently, all the time series images were analyzed to derive some pre-defined segmented Classes such as water surface categories and shorelines changes. The revealed models demonstrated several seasonal persuaded fluctuations and considerable periodical change on the Urmia Lake coastlines particulaarly during the last decade. These great variations have occurred as the result of 3.5 meters decrease in the height of water in the lake and about 23 percent decreasing of water surface during the past 30 years. This has successively caused a diminishing of shorelines particularly on the southeast and east coasts of the Urmia Lake, changing landcover and landuse types by depletion of significant wetlands. Implementation of such significant changes illustrated that the majority of local biotic and biotic components all over the surrounding areas and inner islands, would be in crucial threat in the near future.

Volume 12, Issue 4 (10-2010)
Abstract

Sclerotinia Stem Rot (SSR), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is believed as the most important disease of canola (Brassica napus) in Iran. Temporal analysis of the disease epidemics was carried out by evaluating SSR in 80 fields in four locations of: Gorgan, AliAbad, Kalaleh and Gonbad in Golestan Province during 2006 and 2007. Scouting of the fields to record disease incidence (I) and disease severity (S) was started before the end of flowering and continued weekly up to harvest time. Disease Progress Curves (DPCs) were studied using mathematical growth models and their goodness of fit determined based on such statistics as coefficient of determination (R2), standard error of estimates (SEE) and residual plots. Gompertz model with a mean R2 of 94.69% was selected as the most appropriate model for describing SSR progress in field conditions of Golestan Province. Rates of increase (rG) per unit of disease in the canola fields were 0.003 to 0.077 (with an average of 0.03). This is the first temporal study of canola SSR in Iran.

Volume 13, Issue 1 (4-2013)
Abstract

Central nervous system (CNS) uses an abundant set of joints and muscles to ensure both flexible and stable movements while interacting the environment. How the CNS faces the complexity of control problem and solves the question of physiological and mechanical abundances is not still clear. Modular control is one of the most prevalent hypotheses in answer to these questions. According to this point of view, CNS combines a few building blocks, here this will be muscle activities, named as muscle synergies, to present a vast repertoires of movements. In this study the algorithm of sample-based nonnegative matrix tri-factorization (NM3F) is used to extract spatial and temporal muscle synergy modules from muscle EMG data for three different types of point to point reaching (simple straight, reversal and via-point) movement in the frontal and sagittal planes. After extracting different features of the muscle synergies, physiological interpretation of these decomposed parts has been discussed. The first temporal module coded the direction and type of movement, while the spatial modules describe some via postures. Also the extracted modules are not similar for subjects. The recruitment of the spatial and temporal modules are correlated due to the movement direction.    

Volume 13, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract

Leaf rust is one of the most important diseases and influences the sustainable cultivation of wheat. Therefore, for the first time in Iran, the spatial pattern and temporal progress of this disease were assessed in five wheat cultivars, including Chamran 2, Star, Ofogh, Kavir, and Boolani, with different resistance levels in 2015-16 and 2016-17 cropping years. In both years, disease progress curves (DPCS) showed a sigmoid-like shape, and the rate curves had an obvious inflection point, both the features of Gompertz and logistic models. Plots of transformed, predicted disease intensity values and residual patterns indicated that disease intensity data fit closely with Gompertz and logistic models. Gompertz and logistic models with a bit of variation gained R2 above 90 % in all cultivars. Based on the results, there is no direct relationship between cultivar resistance and best-fitted models, as in both years, logistic and Gompertz models fitted properly with disease intensity data for all cultivars. In the Gompertz model, the mean rate of increase (rG) per unit of disease in the resistance (Chamran 2) and susceptible (Boolani) cultivars were 0.052 and 0.09, respectively, and in the logistic model (rL) were 0.12 and 0.144, respectively. Results indicated that in the first weeks after the appearance of the disease symptoms, the spatial pattern of diseased plants was aggregated, and the amount of the dispersion index and lloyd’s Index of Patchiness in the first and second years were 8.9, 9, and 1.3, 1.2, respectively. Three weeks after data collection, the spatial pattern became random.

 

Volume 13, Issue 2 (5-2022)
Abstract

Voicing is one of the most important phonological features in distinguishing consonants in many languages. In this study, we investigated the temporal parameters such as constriction duration, voice duration, and vowel duration in stop and fricative consonants of Azeri Turkish language in intervocalic position (VCV). The main purpose of this study is to study stop and fricative consonants in Tabrizi dialect. An attempt was made to answer the question of how the voicing of stop and fricative consonants of Turkish language affects the temporal parameters. Twelve selected words of Turkish common words were repeated by fourteen Tabrizi speakers. They were produced three times in citation form. The results showed that temporal parameters are considered as potential cues in distinguishing voiced and voiceless Turkish consonants. The results related to stop consonants also showed that only voice duration and vowel duration were effective in the voicing contrast. The results for the closure duration confirmed that there is no significant difference between voiced and voiceless stops and this cue can not be used as a distinguishing cue to voicing in Azeri Turkish stops.

1. Introduction
Glottis and its condition is one aspect of describing consonants; So the vibration in vocal cords during consonant production produces voiced sounds unless the produced sound is voiceless. Voicing is one of the phonological features that has been discussed in most languages ​​and has certain acoustic cues. Some of these cues are defined as temporal features, which include constriction duration, voice duration, and the preceding vowel duration. In other words, these temporal features are considered cues for distinguishing obstruent consonants. Steriade (1997, pp. 6-7) offers a list of cues to voicing and their distribution and believes that changing stop consonants’ position in a syllable can cause a change in the number of voicing cues. closure duration and closure voicing are two essential cues to study stop consonants voicing. Moreover, there are sixteen acoustic features classified into three groups including pre-closure, closure, and post-closure features (Lisker, 1986). Lisker (1986) argues that these features are potentially perceptual cues to voicing distinction in the intervocalic position. This means that closure duration and voice duration are associated with closure, and vowel duration relates to pre-closure features.
Turkish language is one of the most common languages in the Altaic language family which has the largest number of speakers (Crystal, 1987, p. 307). The southwestern branch is one of the main branches of Turkish language, which includes Azerbaijani, Turkish, and Turkmen (Hayat, 2001, p. 8). In general, the Turkish language of Azerbaijan can be divided into two dialects: the northern dialect in the Republic of Azerbaijan and the southern dialect in Iranian Azerbaijan (Johanson, 1998). Among the common non-Persian languages ​​in Iran, Azerbaijani Turkish with 15 to 20 million native speakers has the highest number of speakers (Crystal, 2010) and also among 26 types of Azeri dialects, Baku, Guba, Lankaran, Shirvan, and Tabrizi dialects are common in East Azarbaijan region (Heyat, 2001). This language is agglutinative ​​and has 24 consonants and 9 vowels. Vowels are /ɑ, ɯ, o, u, æ, e, i , œ, y/. Also out of 24 consonants, there are 6 stop consonants / b, p, d, t, ɡ, ɟ / and 9 fricative consonants /f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, x, ɣ, h/ in this language. Additionally, there are two other stops /c/ and /k/ that are used only in the Southern dialect and in loan words (Ghaffarvand Mokri and Warner, 1396).
The main purpose of this study is to examine stop and fricative consonants of Azeri Turkish in the Tabrizi dialect, acoustically. So that these consonants will be evaluated by measuring acoustic cues such as closure duration, voice duration, and vowel duration in intervocalic position. This is an experimental study that will be performed by designing a production test. In this study, we aim at providing an answer to the following question: whether voicing has a significant effect on the duration of acoustic cues in stop and fricative consonants in Azeri Turkish language? We assume that the duration of above-mentioned cues is significantly influenced by voicing feature of obstruents.

2. Literature Review
There are several studies done on many languages evaluating acoustic cues in obstruent consonants such as stop closure duration (Shen et al., 1987; Lisker, 1957; Nikrahi, 2012; Razavi Najafabadi & Nourbakhsh, 2013), fricative constriction duration (Jongman, 2000; Nartey, 1982; Klatt, 1976; Baum &Blumstein, 1987; Rahimi, 2013), affricate closure and frication duration (Hosseinpoor Damirchan & Nourbahsh, 2021), voice onset time (Jahan, 2009; Ünal-Lugacev et al, 2018) and vowel duration ( Ladefoged, 2006, p. 58; Chen, 1970; Raphael, 1972; Warren & Marselen-Wilson, 1989).

3. Methodology
Fourteen Azeri native speakers participated in the production experiment. Twelve Turkish words containing 4 stops /d, t, b, p/ and 8 fricatives /z, s, ʒ, ʃ, ɣ, x, v, f/ were produced in the intervocalic position between vowels /ɑ/. Participants were in a quiet room and produced syllables three times in citation form and also they were asked to repeat with a short interval between each word. Thus, 504 data were obtained (14 speakers × 12 words × 3 repetitions). Praat voice Analysis Software Version 6 .1. 30 were used for acoustic analysis of data. All measurements were done manually considering both waveforms and spectrograms. Also, SPSS software Version 23 was employed for statistical analysis.

4. Results
4-1. Stop closure duration and Frication duration
Closure duration in stop consonants provides two main acoustic information associated with the voicing feature. Examining this cue showed that the length of closure is not significantly longer in viceless stops than voiced (p ≥0.05). The mean closure duration is 93.87 and 98.86 for voiced and voiceless stops respectively. Therefore, closure duration can not be considered a proper acoustic cue to contrast voicing in Azeri Turkish stops.
The results of frication length measurement showed that voiceless fricatives (mean duration: 161.7) are longer than voiced fricatives (mean duration: 91.58). Mean and standard deviation are shown in table 2 for each fricative. The longer duration of voiceless fricatives is significant (p ≤ 0.05) and leads to the result that length of frication is an important cue to fricatives voicing. Table 1 shows descriptive statistics of stops closure duration and fricative constriction duration.

Table 1.
 Descriptive statistics of constriction duration in stops and fricatives
Mean SD Min Max
Stop voiced 93.87 16.88 58 145
voiceless 98.86 23.26 48 148
fricatives voiced 91.58 24.38 50 166
voiceless 161.7 25.54 104 218
4-2. Stop and fricative voice duration
Mean and standard deviation are shown in table 2 for stop and fricative consonants. The average voice duration obtained for voiced stops is 57.79 which is longer than voice length in voiceless stops with 25.13, therefore the significant difference between voiced and voiceless stops (p ≤ 0.05) demonstrates that voice length is the main cue to voicing recognition.
The overall average voice duration for voiced fricatives is longer than the voiceless with 86.33 and 29.93 respectively. In other words, voiceless fricatives have shorter voice length and this difference is considerably significant (p ≤ 0.05). Thus, voice duration is considered an important cue to voicing category of fricatives.

Table 2.
 Descriptive statistics of voice duration in stops and fricatives
Mean SD Min Max
Stop voiced 57.79 27.37 10 112
voiceless 25.13 11.45 7 63
fricatives voiced 86.33 26.32 17 166
voiceless 29.93 10.89 10 80

4-3. Vowel duration preceding stops and fricatives
Mean and standard deviation of vowel length before stops and fricatives are shown in table 3 and indicate that length of vowel before voiced consonants are longer than voiceless ones. The significant difference of voiced and voiceless stops and fricatives (p ≤ 0.05) shows that the duration of vowel precesing obstruens is an essential cue to the voicing distinction.
Table 3
 Descriptive statistics of vowel duration before stops and fricatives
Mean SD Min Max
Stop voiced 114.87 23.43 60 184
voiceless 96.94 23.02 59 170
fricatives voiced 135.74 32.34 76 234
voiceless 101.33 23.11 53 159

6. Conclusion
In this study, three acoustic cues in stop and fricative consonants voicing were investigated for speech production in Azeri Turkish language spoken in Tabriz. Except for stop closure duration, the other cues showed significant differences between voiced and voiceless obstruents. Hence, frication duration, voice duration, and vowel duration before obstruents are potential cues to voicing distinction in Turkish language in Tabrizi dialect.

 
Neda Azimi, Bahman Namvarmotlagh, Hasan Bolkhari Ghehi, Nasrin Dokht Khattat,
Volume 13, Issue 51 (8-2020)
Abstract

Karbala has been a multiple and dynamic space and so the writers’ perspective on it was multiple and dynamic as well. Geocriticism is one of the new interdisciplinary approaches that focuses on space in postmodern era. Geocriticism investigates the relation between subject and space and studies the geographical space and the imaginary space of literary texts. The current study was aimed at investigating the effect of space stratification on readers in a selected number of poems. Such stratification was influenced by time as well, creating different layers of texts in space. The researchers tried to unfold the space-time layers in these poems that shaped the space of Karbala, based on the spatiotemporality principle of Westphal theory. The results indicated that poets would identify themselves with these layers of space, as they unveil the dialectic between the self and the other. Moreover, in this study the viewpoint of the Christian poet (exogenous) was studied against the Muslim poet (endogenous), by applying multifocalization principle of Westphalian theory. The principle focuses on different points of views being endogenous, exogenous and allogenous. The study reveals the convergence of selected poets’ perspectives
Farzane Ghasemi, Esmaeil Baniardalan,
Volume 14, Issue 54 (7-2021)
Abstract

  • Abstract
    The formation of Khayr al-Nisa’s narrative language is based on a unique feature of Persian language called narrative essence. It creates the logic of events in this linguistic context through its combinational property and combinability as well as the interactions of components. Therefore, based on the aforementioned information and concerning the question of how the language of Khayr al-Nisa is formed regarding its narrative logic, this study seeks not only to realize the interactions of the components forming the narrative language, but also its importance and position in the contemporary literature and culture. In this journey, with respect to the heuristic essence of the story, the components constituting its language have been considered as the theoretical framework and then their mechanism in the formation of narrative language has been studied. This research which is qualitative and is conducted through a descriptive-analytical method addresses the fourfold aspects of combinational property, temporality, locality and character in the story’s language and examines some parts of each. The result suggests that paying attention to the principle of combinability in Persian language and its power to materializing and making the story tangible are the main reasons for the existence of a narrative language in Khayr al-Nisa, which made the narration believable and facilitated the process of logical reasoning. In addition, the realization of the story in this context requires establishing logical relations between successive events through the components of time, place and the character of Khayr al-Nisa in a harmonious and coherent way, which has been done in the story of Khayr al-Nisa with regard to the nature of heuristics and the tradition of Iranian fiction. Besides, the language of the narrative reveals the Iranian culture and shows the written contemporary narrative being rooted in its tradition and therefore causes an intuitive unity among its inhabitants.

    Extended Abstract
    Introduction
    Ghasem Hasheminezhad is a well-known writer, critic and translator who has a record of research in mystical texts. Khayr al-Nisa is a long documented mystical story which was published in 1993 for the first time and is rooted in its long-time literary context. The language of narration in Khayr al-Nisa is based on the combinational property of Persian language and the logic of mystical texts in Persian literature which constitute the theoretical framework of this study. Therefore, this research is written based on the question that how the language of Khayr al-Nisa is formed regarding its narrative logic to not only realize the interactions of the components forming the narrative language, but also its importance and position in the contemporary literature and culture.
    Theoretical Framework
    The narrative logic in Khayr al-Nisa is rooted in a unique feature of Persian language called narrative essence. In this context, the components of time, place and character through their harmonic function and based on the history of fiction writing in Iran, create the narrative language through defining a cause and effect relationship. The time of current life and the spoken language of the period are the primary bases of the creation of narrative language. Furthermore, time should be studied chronologically with regard to the rule of presentiment in the tradition of fiction writing in Iran. Moreover, duration and frequency in Genette’s theory about the narrative time are other important components in creating language which are studied in this research by considering the mystical essence of Khayr al-Nisa. In addition to temporality, locality can also disclose the importance of creating situations which can visualize the space of story and make the relation in it more logical and believable. Finally, it is the character of Khayr al-Nisa, which is the basic aspect of forming a narrative language based on the role of famous characters in Persian literature.
     Conclusion
    1. Applying the combinational property and combinability of Persian language in Khayr al-Nisa leads to a believable story which has a heuristic essence because of objectifying and materializing the mystical events through the combinational verbs and words of the spoken language. Therefore this is the basic context which facilitate the interrelations of the components in narrative logic of Khayr al-Nisa.
    2. The component of temporality consistently coordinates with the combinational property in the narrative language. The language reveals a period of time in the past and not only tells the individual story of Khayr al-Nisa as well as the ineffable events in her life that constitutes the basis of the narration, it has also addressed its socio-cultural and historical context. Accordingly, the narration has a kind of certainty for the readers that they can follow the logic of events without hesitation which improves the acceptance of the cause and effect of each event. Furthermore, the order of events based on the principle of presentiment and not creating a sense of ignorance and surprise in the readers in the tradition of fiction writing in Iran, is conducted in such a way that each of them is the effect of the initial event and at the same time has a causal relationship with the other on the basis of an invisible affair. On the other hand, because of heuristic essence of the story, duration and frequency are considered in a way that the mysterious and sacred aspects of the story are not reduced through the expression.
    3. Locality in narration is a part of the logical structure because it objectifies the situations in such a way that can complete the causes and effects. In Khayr al-Nisa, from the beginning, through language embodiment which shows accessibility and entrance, the variety of spaces, the quality of boundaries and openings and the symbolic things, Khayr al-Nisa’s identity and situation are explained. By elucidating more details such as measure of space, materials and the form of plan, Khayr al-Nisa’s financial ability, mood and desires, aesthetic emotion and worldview alongside cultural issues like limits and territories in her dwelling place are shown.
    4. Khayr al-Nisa is not just a character in a plot; rather, she is a real person who is the grandmother of the narrator/writer, well-known, respected and dear in her life. In the first aspect, the narrative language has such an intimate and honest quality that facilitates the making cause-effect relationship of events logical and more believable. In the second aspect, characterizing famous personalities in narration increases validity and acceptance of the story which is a common basis in Persian literature. Therefore, with regard to this component, the character of Khayr al-Nisa is the primary aspect of forming its narrative language.
    5. All the components have harmoniously created a narration with concrete language that represents some aspects of the Iranian’s life and culture during a period of time. Therefore, Khayr al-Nisa has a significant role in contemporary literature as it causes an intuitive unity among Persian speakers.


Volume 15, Issue 2 (7-2011)
Abstract

Monitoring of agricultural production is very important for the management of the world΄s food supply for social security. As the population increases, and the economy and industry develop, the quantity and quality of cultivated lands are decreasing rapidly. In this regard, accurate measurements of the crop production rates are of prime importance in agricultural statistics. Generally, in order to estimate crop productions, information such as the area and the corresponding yield is significant. Remote sensing technology can provide timely and accurate information about crop distribution, area planted and potential production for decision makers at many levels. In this paper, we focus on a crop area estimation method by using remote sensing satellite images. Over the recent decades, different methods and algorithms have been proposed for classifying and estimating the crop areas from the remotely sensed data. The aim of this research is to estimate rice cultivated area in Guilan province (located in the north of Iran) by using AVHRR (a sensor installed on NOAA satellite) multitemporal data. For this purpose, we used a multi-temporal classification method based upon a maximum value-based composition technique to produce multi-temporal and cloud-free data sets of NDVI. The innovation presented in this research is related to applying a variety range of algebraic operations on the images for discrimination of the crops that have different maximum greenness during the growing season. In spite of the fact that NOAA/AVHRR is a low resolution data, the results of the area estimation are promising particularly when regional data of major agricultural crops and their status are required. In this regard, the accuracy of rice area estimation is 91.96 percent in comparison with the reference map.Because of the acceptable results and low costs of the approach, further investigations and evaluations are recommended.

Volume 18, Issue 1 (2-2011)
Abstract

Time and perception are two major concerns of Woolf in many of her novels and short stories. Woolf as a modernist writer often tries in her fiction to find an epistemological solution to the problems of mortality and immortality, appearance and reality and diversity and unity and she succeeds, I think, by taking on a kind of perception that is intuitive and temporal. For her, true perception is time-bound, but like Bergson she divides time into mechanical and organic one. In her writing, she often associates symbolically the former with death and aridity and the latter with life and fertility, presenting them in the images, to name but a few of keyboard of a piano or alphabetical letters and tree or green shawl and dress, respectively. Evidently, in her views and the solution, she finds to the problems of time and perception Woolf is influenced by Bergson whose theory of time has also influenced so many other modernists. This paper elaborates on the relationship between time and perception in the works of Woolf, especially in her two major novels To the Lighthouse (1927) and Mrs Dalloway (1924) and her short story “An Unwritten Novel” (1921).

Volume 18, Issue 2 (8-2014)
Abstract

Maximum temperatures affect a wide range of activities especially in the afternoon hours and warm period of the year. This paper analyses temporal and spatial variations of mean maximum temperatures and the highest temperatures in Iran by using the statistical methods within a 45-year period (1964 to 2008). Temperature zonings were performed by using raster GIS capabilities, and evaluated by various statistical tests. Also the relationships between maximum temperatures and geographical factors, as well as temperature trends, were investigated via regression equations. The results of the study revealed six different zones of maximum temperatures in Iran. Analysis of the maps and comparison of the standardized β coefficients of multivariate regression models, confirms the latitude and then the altitude significant roles in controlling the maximum temperatures, especially during the cold period of the year, along with the lowest temperature variabilities in the southern coasts. Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests indicated respectively normality of the temperatures and in most cases equality of temperature variances between zones. Also Games-Howell and Gabriel tests proved that the mean maximum temperatures among the zones have significant pairwise differences in all time scales that prove the accuracy of the zonings. Mean afternoon temperature over the country was calculated based on raster calculations at the rate of 25.3○C, which has been increased at the rate of 0.62○C compared to the last 45 years.

Page 1 from 2    
First
Previous
1