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Language learners find it hard to change a text’s wording and present it differently while maintaining the original meaning in the text. This research therefore examined the effect of concept mapping instruction on summarizing short stories for EFL learners. Two intact grade-eight classes were assigned to experimental (n = 20) and control (n = 18) groups randomly. They summarized a starter-level short story, Drive into danger, using a maximum of 450 words as pretest. Next, the experimental group experienced concept-mapping instruction whereas the latter group received the traditional way of teaching summarization, for six consecutive weeks. Both groups summarized the same story again, based on their instruction, into a 450-word text at a maximum as posttest. Pretest and posttest summaries were assessed in terms of content, organization, vocabulary, and language use. The experimental group positively improved on overall performance, content, and organization, marginally improved on vocabulary, but did not improve on language use. Furthermore, the participants’ feedback on the instructional treatment support the statistical results. The findings offer several instructional implications.

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Aims A family history of obesity, physical inactivity, and an unhealthy lifestyle was associated with an increased risk of diabetes in young individuals. Most published studies had focused on single risk factors such as BMI, Physical activity, and dietary lifestyle, while the combined effect and existence of those factors were largely neglected.
Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 666 male students. Based on their family history of diabetes, their anthropometric measurements were also taken, and their BMI was calculated and categorised based on WHO standards.
Findings The results showed a significant correlation between obesity, family history, and diabetes, with a significant correlation between diabetes and obesity and also had a high positive correlation. While remaining correlations were also significant.
Conclusion The study concluded that a high proportion of students are at risk of diabetes and recommended an integrated intervention program to encourage healthy eating habits and physical activity and improve awareness.

 

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Abstract:
Zarrin Qabā Nāme is a huge verse in 23133 couplets that probably has been versified in the Safavid period. Its poet is unknown and beginning of itś matter is coming of Solomonś messenger (Zarrin-qabā) to Keyxosrowś court and his confronting with Iranians. Afterwards several stories are narrated that their important persons are Sistanś heroes. Structure, language and content of Zarrin-Qabā-Nāme are storytelling-folklotic. Therefore, studying of its important motifs is useful in knowing and completion of Iranian folk- storytelling literatureś motifs. In this paper, some of these kinds of points and motifs are studied in four parts: 1) Semitic and Islamic matters 2) Rare and single indications, 3) Other matters and contents, and 4) Modeling from other stories.
abstract abstract abstract abstract abstract

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   Abstract:
Women in the prose folk tales have various roles. In contrast to the position of women in official and lyric literature, the living, dynamic, influential and basic role of them in folk tales is noteworthy. Active women with positive character are the initiator of love, heroe’s helper, protector of their freedom and dignity, warrior, heroe’s physician and nurse, against the mandatory marriages, consistent in love, sly, devoted, kind, intelligent and advisor. Women with negative character are sly, witches, malicious, wicked, evil, treacherous, envious and corrupt. Passive women are as a reward for the hero, unsophisticated, beloved or spouse, agree with polygamy and oppressed. This descriptive-analytical paper cheks twenty-two long famouse folk stories and analyzes the popular types of active and passive women's role in them.

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 This article basically deals with the fact that there exist masterpieces in the domain of children’s literature by looking beyond which one realizes that by posing the most fundamental ontological questions and by living and seeing the world as children do one can ascend as high as the firmament.
Moreover, one can link the apparently affirmative but actually interrogative sentences latent in these seemingly simple stories and their symbols with the Quranic tales and mystical lessons.
From such a perspective and with an analytical look, the article is assessed as an endeavor through which the author tries to link The Hansel and Gretel story (one  piece of the story collection of Gream Brothers) and the discovery of the symbolic depths of the story which though disguised in a childish mask are quite wonderful and informative, to the Quranic teachings and mysticism of Jalaeddin Roumi.
 

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Khaje Abul-Hassan Ali-Ibn Hassan Sirjani is one of the Sufi’s great men in 5^th Hijri century. He was Kerman’s Sheikh and has pharmacy, pious and a lot of followers there and was respected by famous Sufis, like Abusaid Abi-Alkhayr and khaje Abdollah-Ansari and Hujiwiri. He, traveled extensively, finally passed away in Sirjan, and his tomb is now maintained in the shrine place. Khaje Ali Hassan’s book titled “Bayaz and Savad” that is remained in manuscripts is in fact a classification of famous Sufis spoken words till the end of 4^th century that is arranged in 73 chapters and involved over the 3000 sentences from the sufis’s great men. One of the most important chapters of Bayaz and Savad is chapter of recognized Sheikh History that includes introduction of 78 persons of Sufis Sheikh’s that distributed based on their geographical location and their activators place.
 

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Formula is a structural element of popular romances. This essay analyzes the situation of this element in the romance of Amir Arsalan. First, the concept of formula in the field of oral composition is defined; then functional arrangement of formulas is presented (formulas construct linear process of the story, shape the space of the story and dialogical formulas); afterward, through analyzing the subset of this three major groups, qualitative and quantitative effects of the factors such as literary tradition, naqqali's (storytelling) tradition, naqqal (the storyteller), addressee, writer, social setting and other factors depending on this romance have been demonstrated. It should be pointed out that among the above factors the influence of epic and lyric text and artistic prose, domination of metaphorical pole of language and poetic quality of the text and sensible effect of the addressee and the writer of romance (Naser al-din shah and Fakhr al-dowleh) on the process of creating the romance have been also influential.

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The purpose of present article is to introduce the basic constituents of the story blueprint, and principles governing them. By the story blueprint I intend the reader's inference about some relatively short sequences of narrative events. The local rules operative on these sequences help the reader discriminate story characters' goal-directed actions from unintentional events and states, before mentally modeling an overall structure of interlinked larger sequences within a storyworld. Action, event, and state are among the concepts inextricably connected with the notion of story and reiterated through the history of narrative analysis. The concepts at issue, and with them the nature and scope of narrative itself, have been further illuminated by recent insights offered mainly by linguists, philosophers, and cognitive scientists. Most of these developments occurred long before the establishment of cognitive sciences, and even before the heyday of structuralist narratology. But despite their availability at the time, they have been brought within the compass of classical theories of narrative since only a couple of decades ago. Narrative theorists argue that to tell and comprehend stories is to operate within a system of rules in which events are preferentially viewed as structural sequences of intentionally-oriented actions. In recent works on the semantics of verbs, however, language theorists have made finer-grained classifications of expressible events, with actions as a mere subcategory. This article is thus meant to explore some of the implications of verb semantics for narrative theory, especially as concerns typology of narratives under various genres.

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  The title of the story is the threshold to the mysterious world of the text. Thus it must be selected artistically to show the quality of the text, despite its quantity and restrictions. Sometimes, the title sheds light on the world of the text and lights the text`s whole material, but sometimes, it hides the text and the reader does not resieve any sign of it. It makes a tension in the mind of the reader to draw him/her to the text, and makes him/her to arrange his/her disturbed mind by reading the text and finding the meaning of it. This research is aims to investing ate the most important textual and extra textual factors, which are efficient in choosing the title of Sadeq Hedayat and Zakaria Tamer`s works, and study the structure and context of the titles and their relation with intra-textual and extra-textual factors that are used to hide the meaning of the text. have several res sons. Attracting the reader and closed political conditions (extra-textual factors) are the main reasons. These titles show the familiarity of the two writers with rhetorical devices. Also they are the reflection of the difficulties and hard conditions of the people`s life and the writer`s current cultures.

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Julien Greimas, a French man with Lithuanian descent, has a great knowledge on semantics and narratives. Greimas, who is one of the highlighted European thinkers on the grounds of “Componential analysis” of semantics, has tried to present a coherent and systematic pattern for the study of narration and story. This article is based on the semiotics analysis of “Mahi seyah kochoolo” (Little black fish) story and it tries to review the semiotics phase of this discourse according to Greimas model of study. In this article, we examine the semiotics process of “Mahi seyah kochoolo” story in order to find a right answer to this question: “What are the main elements, which make meaning in the aforesaid story?” In other words, “What are the elements of meaning production in this story?” The aim of this article is to review the narrative features of this story in order to make clear that how a story will pass from itself to break the narrative restriction and cause narrative diversit.

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The scientific view and analysis of folk culture causes to the understanding and recognition of nature of internal elements and factors in fluential in the process of oral culture. Storytelling is one of the oldest forms of oral folk literature. In ancient times, the storytellers used to transfer their history, traditions, religion, customs, heroism, and ethnic Pride from one generation to other generation. Basically, the story is created and objected when it is quoted from the language of its narrator. The storyteller or narrator finds his/her ego in the story, and in order to attract the reader or listener, employs the best of his/ her artistic taste and talent to help to further define the story. This cause changes in the structure and content of the story. The present study explores the role of story teller in the formation of the story, and seeks to find the teasons encouraging to make changes in course of creating a story. A note worthy point obsersved the authors during the recording and collecting the collecting the Amureh stories within the last two decades is that there are a huge lurden of various narrations of a single story due to the multiplicity of story tellers and their possible manipulation of the story.

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Ferdowsi's Shahnameh has always been interest of readers, and many authors have tried to imitate it. Like other Iranian orators, the Kurd poets have recreated different stories of Shahnameh with innovations and sometimes translations. No doubt, the introduction and thinking of the epic verses after Shahnameh can expose some of the important issues of this valuable work and be effective on the morale of unity and patriotism among Iranian ethnic groups; therefore, in this study, we first introduced the verse of "Kordish Shahmghal and Rostam" and then compared it with the narration of " Shahnameh's Rostam and Shaghad", Salby's historical narratives, Toomar Naghali Shahnameh, Haft Lashkar, and Ferdowsinameh.

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Minimalism is a movement in art and literature which is said to have its origin in the post- Vietnam- war America. The movement, which took place in visual arts first, has been always associated with the notions of smallness, shortness and the minimum usage of artistic representation devices; which is a sort of "reduction". This essay analyzes the minimalist short story. For this purpose, a brief history of minimalism as a movement in art and fiction has been provided first. Afterward, the nature of minimalist short story has been described and then some characteristics of the minimalist short story, such as language, characterization, plot, etc are discussed.

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The article is a study of the structure of "Zal and Roodabeh" (in Ferdowsi's Shahname). To do so, it presents a description of the story at first and then of its structure. It continues to seek for these features in the texts of "Zal and Roodabeh" by presenting some proves while analyzing these elements of structure and determining the appropriateness of them. The conclusion is that the text is narrated – dramatized in which the story elements are used for promoting the story. A design including cause relations of it from the beginning to the end and strengthen it. 

 

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Both Jalal-e-Ale Ahmad and Ebrahim-e-Golestan belong to the second generation of Iranian writers. Their close relationships and common experiences in youth have created similarities, especially in the early stories, in their stories. Ale Ahmad expressed his thoughts much earlier than Golestan; however, Ebrahim-e-Golestan has been more accurate and more successful in expressing the same ideas in his fiction. The following paper tries to study these two writers’ works from two dimensions of contexts and techniques. There are many similarities between the contents of their works especially in the first period of writing story.
The similarities between the first series of the stories are of such level that perhaps it can bee said that they were influenced by party-related ideas. From the story techniques, Ale-Ahmad was influenced at the first stage by the French writers in the 19^th century and Golestan was influenced by the American writers such as Hemingway and Twin and Bek who were the recently known writers. The closer their physical relation, the more the differences in their stories is.

 

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Hermeneutic theory of literary history suggests the "history of readers" or "literature audience" rather than the history of the author and the text. In this approach, the literariness of a text - for example Hafiz poems - is measured according to its vividness, dynamism and ability of its conversation with different generations. Therefore the literary historian should write the "history of the effects of Hafiz poems" upon its readers rather than the biography and history of Hafiz himself.. By doing so, the historian actually writes "the life of Divan of Hafiz" and "the history of Hafiz meanings" i.e. the story of the text after its birth, and it's moving on in the history. By recognizing Hafiz readers in 15th century, the article has studied the echo of Hafiz voice in the first century after his death and according to the information obtained from sources in 15th century, classified Hafiz readers based on their types of reading. According to the biographical information and also some given titles and addresses to Hafez, his social position has been illustrated, and eventually the developing process of Hafez meanings from simplicity to complexity and from literary discourse into the sacred discourse, has been demonstrated

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Bayat ,H. ,PH.D.
 
Abstract
 
The stream of consciousness stories are called sometimes as time stories ,due to its special approach toward the concept of time. In such stories, present and future times are removed in order to present a revelation from the present time. In such situation, time continuous sequences is replaced by intensive interlinked memories systematized not only based on the time sequentional but based on the depth of the experience.In this stories  past, present and future times are also interlinked.
            The writers of stream of consciousness approached to various types of skills for reflecting the human mind and its adjustment with time. Final return to time, continual change of narration between past, present and future time, long narration from past in form of the whiles limited to present time, continual change of the narration of the story between the person’s mind layers of difference and so internal and external time or clock time and mind time, exploiting the reverberations integrating past and present time, unflavored use of verb tense ect, are the methods applied to show the various  considerations of minds upon the time concept.
            In this paper when the most important west stream of consciousness stories are studied from the view point of the way for time concept use, it is tried to study the various writers’ special approaches in this regard and then they are compared. Finally, some Persian novels are studied from this view points.
 
        
 

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Taslimi ,A. ,Ph.D
Abstract: 
This article presents the characteristics of the postmodern fiction. The examples of these characteristics are found in a variety of Persian novels, long and short stories, although sometimes the foreign stories have been quoted as well. The main concern of the article is the manner of the arrival and presence of postmodern characteristics, postmodern theories and mechanisms in short story and novel. This matter has been categorized into three headlines:
 
1-Expressing the theory in text through establishment of the theoretical story ;  
2-Applicating the theory on the surface of the text ;
3-Applicating the theory on the deep structure of the story which is the highest achievements of postmodern art;
 
A theory revive in fiction; for example, non–obedience of the  character from the author shows the death of author idea in the deep structure of the fiction.