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In spite of the potential merit of technology-enhanced education in offering an innovative educational game in the arena of English teaching and learning, they have not garnered much momentum in terms of practical research, particularly in ELT speaking domain and their potential role in the Covid-19 pandemic and post-pandemic eras. This constitutes a substantial gap in the extant corpus of literature, which will be addressed in the current study by exploring the short- and long-term impacts of immersive virtual reality  and space team ESL games on the speaking abilities of Iranian EFL learners. To this light, 54 basic EFL students from private language institutions in Urmia were selected through convenience sampling and an intact group design. Three classes were randomly exposed to two treatments, encompassing virtual reality, space team, and a control group receiving traditional instruction. The participants were pre-tested with the IELTS speaking test before receiving the treatment, and the same instrument was utilized for post-tests and delayed post-tests. In contrast to the traditional group, the results demonstrated that both immersive virtual reality and space team games enhanced students' short- and long-term oral performance. The findings of this study could be well-regarded as an important proposal for considering game-based instruction as an integral component of ELT classrooms and a technique for promoting language proficiency in non-native contexts.In spite of the potential merit of technology-enhanced education in offering an innovative educational game in the arena of English teaching and learning, they have not garnered much momentum in terms of practical research, particularly in ELT speaking domain and their potential role in the Covid-19 pandemic and post-pandemic eras. This constitutes a substantial gap in the extant corpus of literature, which will be addressed in the current study by exploring the short- and long-term impacts of immersive virtual reality  and space team ESL games on the speaking abilities of Iranian EFL learners. To this light, 54 basic EFL students from private language institutions in Urmia were selected through convenience sampling and an intact group design. Three classes were randomly exposed to two treatments, encompassing virtual reality, space team, and a control group receiving traditional instruction. The participants were pre-tested with the IELTS speaking test before receiving the treatment, and the same instrument was utilized for post-tests and delayed post-tests. In contrast to the traditional group, the results demonstrated that both immersive virtual reality and space team games enhanced students' short- and long-term oral performance. The findings of this study could be well-regarded as an important proposal for considering game-based instruction as an integral component of ELT classrooms and a technique for promoting language proficiency in non-native contexts.
 

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• Is Iran's fiscal policy countercyclical or procyclical?
• Is Iran's fiscal policy sustainable?
• What is the effect of cyclical fiscal policy and fiscal sustainability on the Iranian economic growth?
• How is the mutual relationship between fiscal sustainability and cyclical fiscal policy in Iran?

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Previously, neighborhood units were considered as the first identity unit of cities and the most important base of citizen’s social relationships, however recently they have been lost in the shadow of new urban developments. Nowadays, the quantity of citizen’s relationships has been increased but it happened at the cost of quality reduction in social relationships alongside replacement with virtual relationships. It seems that the identity and cultural structure of urban society are being threatened by new urbanism development and loss of their original functions in Iran. This is the result of shrinkage in the function of neighborhood centers and interior public spaces in the neighborhood units. On the other hand, green spaces and valuable natural countryside of cities are destroyed because of population increasing, industrial development and undefined urban expansion. Not only reduction in appropriate urban green spaces has suppressed their effects on urban pollutions but also limited the recreational and social open spaces in the cities. Design and construction of neighborhood parks as a part of urban green spaces, are among the most important issues in the design and planning of contemporary urbanism. In the developing countries such as Iran, establishment of new neighborhood parks is part of the Improvement of minimum necessary urban green spaces, but the effect of such green spaces on the type and quality of citizens’ relationships has not been deeply noticed. Noticing the” neighborhood unit” as an informant unit of city is basically one of the fundamental strategies for solving this problem. Revitalization of old neighborhood unit centers in the form of new neighborhood parks and using the potential of neighborhood green spaces could develop social relationship in the neighborhood units. This research aims to answer two questions: 1) What is the function of neighborhood parks in the social relationship quality of neighborhood communities; and 2) How the neighborhood parks can be used for development of neighborhood social relationships. Two successful samples from the developed countries and one successful sample from Iran were selected for analytical –descriptive analysis of the subject. Besides analyzing the operation quality of these parks in urban spaces, different impacts of such green spaces on neighborhood social relationships were studied. The results showed that, for increasing of neighborhood social relationships, the appropriate conditions for increasing the presence time of people in the parks must be provided at first. Some of these conditions such as easy accessibility, attractiveness, etc have impact on peoples’ attraction to the parks, and some others such as physiological comfort, sense of security, natural scenes, etc have impact on people’s presence time in the park. Suitable tactics for increasing interaction between people were stabilized; such as park furniture arrangement types, multiple and social activities and, good aggregation points. Based on the results of this study, appropriate strategies for the design of  neighborhood parks were developed.

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Abstract
Aims: Today, due to a large change in economic, political, and other relations, the spatial structure of cities, especially metropolises, is subject to rapid changes. Regarding the influence of structural components, especially the component of politics (power), on space, on
one hand, and the existence of oil revenues and structural features of Iran on the other hand, consideration of the spatial transformations of metropolises is necessary in terms of politics and power. The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of spatial transformations of Tehran and Tabriz metropolises in the context of Iranian oil economy.
Instruments and Methods: In this analytical-descriptive study, the required data, information, and concepts related to the indices explaining the spatial transformations of Tehran and Tabriz metropolises were collected directly with access to some information sources, including the Central Bank site and the Statistical Center. In the theoretical foundation, the most part of the study was done in library. Pearson correlation coefficient and Simultaneous regression test were used to determine the relationship between oil revenues of the country and building approval certificates issued by the municipality of Tehran and Tabriz.
Findings: The oil revenues had a direct correlation with the number of building approval certificates issued in Tabriz (r=0.5663; p=0.0025) and Tehran (r=0.7440; p=0.0005). The oil revenues could explain 56.63% of the building approval certificates issued in Tabriz and 74.44% of the building approval certificates issued in Tehran.
Conclusion: Production, spatial transformations, and construction activities in Tehran and Tabriz metropolises are directly affected by oil revenues.
 

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Abstract
Aims: Affected by natural and human phenomena, the spatial order forms the urban network. In a balanced urban system, due to hierarchical functions and activities in different cities, and fair provision of services to the existing population, there are hierarchical links between cities. The aim of this study was to investigate the urban network based on functional analysis and factors affecting the urban network deformation in Khorasan Razavi province.
Instruments and Methods: Using survey research method, the present descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2015 among 118 experts of the provincial government, Road and Urban Development Office of Khorasan Razavi province, Governorate, Municipalities, University Jihad of Ferdowsi University, Geography professors of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, and mayors of Khorasan Razavi province; In this study, convenience sampling method was used. The research tool was researcher made questionnaire. Factors affecting spatial imbalance were evaluated through structural equation modeling and confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, using SPSS 22 and Lisrel 8.52 software.
Findings: Economic, infrastructural, and political factors had the greatest effect on spatial imbalance with factor loading of 0.77, 0.75, and 0.75, respectively.
Conclusion:  Mashhad is at the highest and Bajgiran is at the lowest level in terms of development factors. Among the factors influencing the spatial imbalance, the changes in the country's division in the provincal level (change village to city), centralized system governance, the lack of attention to the role of the middle cities in division of labor (political factors), the focus of activities in metropolises, disproportionate allocation of credits at the provincial level, the focus of roles in Mashhad (economic factors), and the focus of superior educational and health-care services (infrastructural factors) have a more effective role.

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Abstract
Introduction: Nowadays, Tehran is the most important challenge of political management of space in Iran due to the accumulation of problems in natural and human dimensions. The most important dimensions of this challenge are population density and the lack of coordinated management to overcome this problem and its consequences. Since one cannot consider Tehran separated from far and near hinterland, the first issue is the lack of spatial/geographical justice in these hinterlands. Tehran's problems can be analyzed in three levels: physical-residential, regional, and national. This descriptive-analytical research was carried out based on library resources with the aim of analyzing spatial justice in Iran and organizing political space in Tehran.
Conclusion: The lack of spatial planning and sustainable development approach on the national, regional, and local scale in the Iranian planning system has, above all, resulted in intense centralization, institutionalized, and has led to the formation of the center of the periphery pattern in the country. The performance of development programs, before and after the revolution, has led to the imbalance of the governing pattern of the spatial structure of the country. Also, the spatial/geographical injustice in the country and consequently in Tehran province, as well as the lack of integrated management in Tehran's urban management have caused Tehran's current problems. In order to solve the problems of Tehran and its optimal administration, it should be planned based on the available resources with the fair spatial planning approach to space and in the framework of the spatial planning strategy, using the space justice in three short, medium, and long periods, in order to provide the optimal administration of Tehran.
 

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Cultural activities can play a key role in communication between people in a city and help the identification of the space and people through the social memories’ creation. Nowadays, performing rites in Iran as an access to identification and displaying of our culture and tradition, lost their past values and it is necessary to pay attention to them and their magnificent role in the improvement of the urban spaces. In this research, the area around the grand bazaar in Tehran in the center of the city where thousands of people go for everyday shopping and has traditional places like Golestan palace which attracts many tourists every year, has been selected as a study case. Bazaar has always been the significant cultural-social pivot in the center of the cities and every year many social activities such as religious rites like Ta’zieh and Moharam mourning are held in this place. In this research, with the use of analytical-defined method and historical documents in order to reach more information about concepts and after the study of different cases in other parts of the world, the analysis of this case study has been done and in the end, the essential measures have been suggested for the improvement of this place for holding the social rites which emphasize that it is possible to provide the bilateral communication between public urban spaces and these events. 

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Smart materials and shells affect on represent the space and identity of a society with their special activity and like any technology and element, it has its own effects and consequences and it can be said that based on the visual attractions and philosophy of the age of communication and visualization the culture of societies founded. The aim of this research is explaination of these effects on urban smart surfaces from psychological and intellectual and cultural anomalies aspects and helping designers to use it logically and in accordance with the culture and smart buildings of the community. The present research has a positive-content aspect and from another aspect, has a normative-content structure. Also, the research method includes descriptive and analytical research along with qualitative strategy, because it addresses contemporary social and cultural conditions. Data collection is based on library studies and documentation. The physical and material effects of smart shells that make urban facades based on perceptual visual cultures in perceptual aspects are criticized: truth and reality, time and space, experience and event, equality and justice, knowledge and information in a society and consider equal the meaning of firmness with persistence, generosity with lavishness, tolerance with indifference, adherence to affection and beauty with pretense and and in sensual aspects: Unity, distance and distance from the world, distorting other senses, undermining the message and meaning of the sender of the message, separation, isolation, apparent attachment, limiting taste, inhumanity of architecture and urbanization would be the results of increasing use of them.

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Abstract
"Internet pornography", is dealing with attractive sexual content behaviors through the Internet. The harms, the exploitative nature and unlike consent  of the children and juveniles provoked reactions from the international community, and several international instruments have called for criminalization and cooperation of governments in combating this behavior, but adult pornography is met with the advocates and opponents .The advocates know it as a symbol of women's freedom that provid material benefit and prevent violence and its opponents regard it inconsistent with ethical and moral values and human rights, which result in commodification of women. In Iranian Law. This phenomenon includes children, juveniles and adults and it is referred to by “vulgar”, “obscene” and “pornography” modifiers. It is due to the Islamic mandates and ethical values which regard any kind of pornography as a religious prohibition. These profligate behaviors are measured against chastity and continence, advised vehemently in Islamic teachings and therefore, they are regarded as utilities of indecency, prostitution and corruption of ethical values and virtue. In Iran, different acts have criminalized internet pornography including Islamic Penal Code, Children and Juveniles Protection Act, have created a new order in this case. Considering these acts, criminal behaviors of internet pornography include principal, connected and accessory criminal behavior, each acquires their unique conception and legal elements. The present study proposes that a comprehensive law should classify pornography into three levels: extreme shameful, shameful and disagreeble, and concurrently provide differential support to vulnerable people, according to the degree of promiscuity, its different types Subject to appropriate disciplinary and criminal responses.
 
Keywords: Internet Pornography, Obscene, Vulgar, Virtual Space.

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Abstract
The insistence on using the word illegitimate relationship on behaviors such as sending photos, videos or text between men and women in cyberspace, has led to misunderstanding the behavior and the criminate or incriminate of this behavior under sec. 637 of Islamic Penal Code Act 2013, while the actus reus of such behavior is different. A correct perception of the actus reus is always a behavior that leads us to the mens rea and whether or not it is a crime. The mere use of the word illegitimate relationship to send text, video and photos between a man and a woman cannot be a reason to impose a tough religious penalty with a tougher penalty on a mere virtual behavior. This misconduct can affect other audiences as well. In fact, the actus reus of such behavior is out of sec. 637 and it is subject to sec. 14 of the Computer Crimes Act.
   This research has been formed by descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, with the aim of examining the nature and material element of the virtual illicit relationship and correctly identifying its legal element so that heterogeneous behavior is not included among the examples of sec. 637; At the same time, the principles and rules of law, exemption and jurisdiction principles should not be violated.
 
Keywords: Actus Reus, Mens Rea, Illegitimate Relationship, Cyberspace.
 

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Aims: In cities, limit is used to meet the needs of the city as a tool to restrict unauthorized construction, and limit is a good place to set up different and annoying industries that cannot function in cities. The aim of this study was to present a strategic analysis of the status of political management system of the limit of urban area of Tehran.
Instruments and Methods: The current applied documentary-analytical research was carried out in Tehran, using a strategic approach. In order to collect the data, library and survey studies were used and to evaluate in-system and out-system terms, the combined model, Analytic Hierarchy Process- Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (AHP-SOWT) was used. Therefore, a list of effective variables was prepared and, then, by means of a survey of experts, each of the variables was weighted and internal and external factors and strategies were obtained.
Findings: The total final scores for implementation of integrated management of limit of Tehran metropolis were 3.48 for external factors and 3.6 for internal factors, and acceptable strategies for integrated management of limit of Tehran were aggressive strategy.
Conclusion: The most important aggressive strategies include preparing the Hadi project for villages without project, compiling a comprehensive plan for the effective participation of organizations and stakeholders, identifying and locating appropriate spaces for the deployment of activities that are consistent with the limit of the city, seriously monitoring the reduction of pollution, planning, designing and creating urban green infrastructure, creating an atmosphere for effective participation of citizens, holding national, and international congresses and tours for identifying limit.
 

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Introduction: During the history, political organization of Iranian space from the Achaemenes to the rise of the Pahlavi dynasty has been faced with many ups and downs in terms of administrative centralization in the capital and different levels of delegation to local authorities. In the modern governing era of the first Pahlavi, the centralized administrative structure created new problems for service delivery to the public, which could be attributed to bureaucracy and discrimination in peripheral areas due to maladministration. The society is also suffering from the consequences of a centralized administrative structure, and many executives and elites seek to establish local and decentralized structures in the form of local government, local regime, and autonomous regions or municipalities. Despite the constitution's stipulation for the existence of local structures and the establishment of Islamic councils of the city and villages in Iran, the community still has not benefited from the positive outcomes of decentralized structures. The aim of this study was to reform the local and decentralized administrative structure in Iran, especially to find the priority of these reforms in the organization of Islamic councils of city in two parts of the reform in the structure of urban management or content reform and its legal mechanisms. This research has a descriptive-analytical nature and the findings of the research have been studied by a library method to study the evolution of the formation of local structure of the Islamic councils of the city and villages.
Conclusion: Finally, the analysis and selection of the priority of the local structure reform was investigated; by examining a set of studies, structural-physical factors are introduced as the most challenging factor and priority of the experts to address the existing system defects.

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The spatial arrangement of the elements of the spatial organization will lead to sustainable development, if it considers three main components of the environment, economic growth, and social development, with emphasis on human-centeredness. In order to identify imbalances and balances in spatial distribution, it is very important to use appropriate methods that have the ability to combine various indicators into the spatial organization. The purpose of this study was to determine the strategic factors affecting the political management of the Arak township spaces through library and field studies in the first stage and, secondly, the ranking of these factors based on their importance and their impact through the Analytical hierarchy process for the proper management of geographical spaces of the Arak Township.
This study is a descriptive approach based on nature and is applied developmental based on the goal. The research method is descriptive-analytic and library, internet, and interviewing materials are used for gathering information. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique have been used for weighing the factors.
Conclusion: After determining the importance of each of the factors, The existence of suitable business development Potentials with cargo and passenger terminals and the international exhibition site in Arak, Unstable exploitation and overcapacity of natural and environmental resources, existence of target markets, especially in neighboring countries, market failure and unpredictability of some agricultural production support policies were recognized as the most important internal and external factors of the township.
 

 

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Urban spaces have been best place for public arts such as Tazieh science old ages. People can be gathered in urban spaces for sighting and social interactions. Iranian Traditional urban spaces have been had special characteristics such as pedestrian-orientation and physical proportion that Iranian and Islamic public arts have been done in its spaces. But these qualities were threatened by modern buildings, traffic and spaces that affected tradition urban space. The aim of this research is study relation between Iranian and Islamic public arts and physical and social dimensions of urban spaces. Tazieh is one of the most important types of Iranian and Islamic public arts that are done in urban spaces. These dramas need central public space which peoples can be gathered around and tazieh is done in center of place. Other ceremonies such as local games and competitions, religious ceremonies also need human conditions, physical proportion. Order of Tabriz historic bazaar in social and cultural, economic and physical Dimensions can be extended to explain the features of the identification and analysis, planning and decision-making will be used. Hojreh system based on Hojreh spatial and physical Tabriz, Iranian-Islamic culture; Tabriz cold climate, politics, growing gradually over time and tailored to the needs of his time and in harmony with its surrounding context etc.

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A specimen of an ascomycetous fungus collected during a field trip was identified as Gymnoascus Baran. Soil samples collected from 0-20 cm depth were studied for isolation of fungi using a soil dilution plate method. Based on the morphological and molecular characters the specimens were identified as Gymnoascus reesii. Genomic DNA was extracted and a nuclear rDNA region, containing the internal transcribed spacers 1, 2 and 5.8S gene of rDNA (ITS) were amplified and PCR products were sequenced. Amplicon was purified, sequenced and submitted to the GenBank (Acc. No. JQ387570-71). The resulting sequence (600 bp) was submitted to a BLAST search to find most similar sequences in GenBank. The search results showed highest similarity of Iranian isolates to other isolates of G. reesii from GenBank. In the light of literature on ascomycetous fungi, Gymnoascus Baran is a new record for Iran mycoflora. The specimens are kept in fungal collection of the Department of Plant Protection, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

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In human-made materials, aerogels have the least thermal conduction coefficient. The least thermal conduction, which aerogels can have, is equivalent to air conduction, about 0.021W/mK. In some applications, lowest conductions is to be needed. In this study, novolac aerogles are used as spacer, for designing and making multilayer super insulators with aluminum foil reflective layers. The performance of these insulators, are extremely depends on density, porosity and the size of pores in aerogel and number of layers in the overall thickness of insulator. In this study, for decreasing effective thermal conduction of multilayer insulations, tow parameters of density of aerogel and ratio of number of layers to thickness of insulator (layer density), are examined in 25 ˚C to 200 ˚C boundary conditions. First, by assessment of aerogel novolac density effect on thermal conduction, aerogel with density of 0.076 g/cm3 was chosen as the best spacer. In the next part, ratio of 25 layer per centimeter of thickness was chosen as the best layer density. Finally, by making multilayer super insulators, based on this results, an insulator with 5×10-4W/mK effective thermal conductivity was obtaind without evacuation of spacer.

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The subject of this article is to study the factors and criteria of urban street desirability and citizens' expectations from them. The problem of research is the lack of accurate knowledge of the components of urban street utility in its various sequences. The theoretical proposition of the research is that the existence of quality in the physical, spatial, semantic-symbolic and activity-social components leads to vitality, memory, safety and flexibility as dimensions of citizens' expectations of the urban street. . The research method of the article includes descriptive-analytical and survey methods. Data collection method Interview is an open and semi-structured questionnaire. The statistical population of citizens is three sequences from Valiasr Street.
The results of the research show that vitality and memory play an important role in meeting the expectations of citizens from the city street. The two dimensions of flexibility and safety play a lesser role than these other two dimensions. The proximity of the importance of the four components leads to greater desirability. For the desirability of an urban street, the role of physical, spatial, semantic and activity components is very different according to the nature of the street sequence, but the effectiveness of all four components in creating desirability and creating a unique street character is very important. Physical and spatial components lead to greater vitality and safety, and semantic and activity components lead to greater memory and flexibility.

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Introduction:
Cities, as the main areas of human life, consist of components and elements such as open and public spaces. Today, advances in digital technology in various fields, including public spaces, have had a tremendous impact.
Aim:
The purpose of this study is to address the impact and effects that cyberspace has on public spaces and their presence.
Materials and Method:
Based on its objectives, the research is fundamental and is in the category of descriptive and explanatory-analytical studies. After reviewing the basics related to smart city and public spaces by referring to valid documents and texts, the impact of cyberspace on urban public spaces has been considered and according to the criteria of presence in space, 100 questionnaires of Tehran citizens have been completed and analyzed.
Findings:
Findings show that most people use cyberspace as a stimulus and tool to be in public and not as a competitor to not be in public. However, this trajectory in Iran is close to the average because some people (older or with special characteristics) still use cyberspace and the mentioned technologies in a more limited way.
Results:
The results show that cyberspace serves citizens as a stimulus to increase their presence in public spaces. Therefore, it is necessary for urban planners to try to improve services and use cyberspace and technology as a tool to facilitate the presence in cyberspace.

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Surrealism has had a great influence on the modern poetry in Iran. Spacementalism (Hajm-geraii) was influenced more than any other poem by surrealism. This style of poetry in Iran was founded by Yadu'llah Royaee. The purpose of this paper̦ is to study Spacementalism (Sheˊre Hajm) according to the Surrealism School. This article tried to prove that the poem (Hajm) is a form of Persian surrealism. Picture, language, music and thought in Sheˊre Hajm have been studied. At the beginning of this article, we briefly discuss the surrealism movement. Then, the history and the statement of Spacementalism are death with. Common characteristics of surrealism and poetry are also considered in this paper. In Hajm Poem, we see paradoxical images, ambiguous language and defamiliarization; the same features are observable in surrealism. These issues are documented in this article.  

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Urban space is combination of two parts including form and meaning. The signs in the urban space together with its codes form the part of urban space meaning. Signs are the part of the visual media which are presented for the citizens, So the citizens discover code's meaning by decoding of internal concept and are influenced by it. The question is that the signs which are presented to citizens as a visual media what relations they have with national identity elements? Urban signs can have meanings of national identity elements into their codes. It is notable that prominence of some elements and factors rather than others has role in formation, reinforcement and representation of national identity. Therefore in this research an attempt has been made to evaluation of relations between the signs meaning in urban space and elements of national identity factors in the 6th, mural district of Tehran as a case study by using of qualitative analysis and the basics semiotics. The results of this research in the 6th district of Tehran indicated that urban signs are influenced by national identity factors and they have meanings and concepts of it inside themselves. Also prominences of some national identity features rather than other features lead to formation of national identity and also play the important role in reinforcement and representation of national identity by repeating the meanings influenced by national identity.