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This study explores how Lacanian psychoanalysis governs and understands the mother-child relationships in Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie (1944/2014) and Darren Aronofsky’s Black Swan (2010). In so doing, the primary purpose of this study has been to establish the links between the central characters' behaviors and the psychoanalytic concept of 'deferral of desire’.' The research proposes a novel aspect of 'psychoanalytic meaning' by basing it on the counter-intuitive process of evading the jouissance of actualizing and immersing oneself in one's object of desire. To support the proposition mentioned above, this study has explored the eventual fate of the children in Black Swan (Nina), and The Glass Menagerie (Tom and Laura), analyzing their respective experiences of (dis)satisfaction after their ultimate success or failure in their attempts to attain their objects of desire. This study has employed the Lacanian psychoanalytic concepts of the objet petit a and register theory to posit that satisfaction lies not in obtaining one’s object of desire, but in repeatedly failing to do so, due to the fact that possessing the object of desire shatters the lack which is the necessary condition of maintaining the desirability of the object of desire. The article concludes that while we are intuitively equipped to think of satisfaction as the effect of the realization of the object of one's desire, psychoanalytically speaking, satisfaction is found in precisely the opposite direction, that is, in a repeated failure to obtain the object of one's desire.

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Since the old times, Persian literature has had a wide scope and a deep content; therefore, there are more rooms for ample investigations. One of the literary forms of old Persian texts is the structure of minimal and long story. Here, Attar’s two works (Mosibatname & Manteghotteire) are studied based on the Lobav Valtsky’s and Grimas‘s patterns. The authors start the investigation based on the hypothesis that structure of Mosibatname’s stories, because of their similarities of plot and ethical points to tales and narrations, are conformed with the Lobav Valtsky’s pattern; but the overall structure of Manteghotteire ‘s story, because of its similarities to long story, is corresponded with the Grimas’s criteria. There are many short narrations in Manteghotteir based on the Lobav’s pattern; however, here we investigate the overall structure of the book as a long story. This paper using descriptive-analytic method and library resources, investigates the structure of minimal story in Mosibatname and its conformity with the Lobav’s pattern, and then investigates the structure of long story in Manteghotteire and its conformity with the Grimas’s pattern. Finally, it concludes that conformity of the two aforesaid patterns on one writer’s works does not make linguistic and structural differences in these works, rather it shows the structural differences of these two patterns.  

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The pteromalid genus Zolotarewskya Risbec (Pteromalidae: Cleonyminae) is reported from India after a gap of 45 years with the description of a new species and one new species of Cleonymus Latrielle are described from Southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India. Affinities of the new species with closely related species are discussed and a key to the oriental species of Cleonymus is also provided. Male of Dipara hayati Sureshan is also described for the first time.

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In classical Persian literature, there are many references to the “green” sky. However, many Persian speakers today use the color blue to refer to the sky. Several researchers have discussed the status of the green color in mythological, astrological, poetic visualization, and religious beliefs of Iranians to explain this difference. Nevertheless, they have ignored the fact that this discrepancy is not limited to classical texts and still can be observed in different parts of the country and, moreover, there are similar examples in languages and cultures all around the world. This article studies the colors attributed to the sky in Persian literature drawing on linguistic relativity theory about the influence of language on color perception. I conclude that Persian speakers in the absence of a word indicating all shades of blue have associated the color of the sky with a type of green color. This, however, was not just a linguistic choice. Older generations under the influence of linguistic relativity perceived the color of the sky as a shade of green color.

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In the present article, the effect of the substrate type in virtual concurrent classes is studied on the growth of the oral comprehension of the Iranian language learners. After studying the features of Adobe Connect Platform and Skype Software as two modern distance and online learning substrates, the growth of the capability of the Iranian language learners is compared in virtual and non-virtual courses. For this purpose, a practical pilot study was performed on 18 language learners at the level A1 using pre-tests and post-tests and the control group in two language institutes in Tehran. Data were examined by covariance analysis test after measuring their normality and variance consistency. The statistical results indicated that the oral comprehension is developed positively in all three groups (those language learners learning French using Adobe Connect Platform, those learning French using Skype Software, and those non-virtual language learners). However, learners of virtual courses were more successful than non-virtual language learners and those language learners learning French using Adobe Connect Platform grew more desirably than those learning through Skype software.  

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Two poorly known species of the zodariid spider genus Zodariellum Andreeva & Tystshenko, 1968 – Z. spasskyi (Charitonov, 1946) and Z. zebra (Charitonov, 1946) – are redescribed based on type specimens from eastern Uzbekistan. Additionally, a lectotype is designated for the former species.

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In this article sub-grid modeling of Smagorinsky and Localized Smagorinsky Models are investigated. In modeling sub-grid scales, it is necessary to determine the Smagorinsky coefficient which is an experimental constant. Dynamic Models are developed to estimate this value more efficiently. In this research, the test filter is Gaussian, numerical method is based on the finite volume scheme, and a SIMPLE algorithm is used to evaluate the pressure. To perform computations on a personal computer, value of Reynolds number had chosen enough low to make a two dimensional modeling and comparison with respective experimental results possible. Comparison of numerical results shows high accuracy of the localized dynamic models. More numerical investigations reveal that although localized dynamic models need more computing time, but the higher resolution of the method makes it possible to use a coarser grid and hence compensate the extra CPU time.

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Verb valency is central to dependency grammar, but its role in generative grammar is ambiguous. The first theory gives a central role to verbs, determines certain groups of relations among the components of a sentence, and assumes free valence around key elements of a sentence, especially for verbs. The second theory is based on formal and relational structures of subject and predicate and assumes the generation of grammatical layers. The main objective of this study is to compare the two grammars to find out if Chomsky's sentential transformations are controlled by the concept of valency or not, and to discover how verbal valency affects the basic structure of a sentence and determines the surface structure. In order to answer these questions, the authors have first taken a look at new analytical and developmental views on Tesnière's theory through examples. Then, by an analytical approach, the authors have provided a comparative study of Tesnière and Chomsky's views. According to Tesnière, speech acts like the translation of a “linear system” into a “syntactic system”. Conversely, the action of understanding in its turn acts like the translation of a syntactic system into a linear one. He differentiates between both and believes that the syntactic system is not necessarily linear. Moreover, by defining a concept of zero (free) valency, Tesnière’s approach is better able to explain the transformations and permutations in the sentences compared to Chomsky’s approach. The concept of "universal sentence" in Chomsky’s theory seeks to describe the abilities of language users in the production of complex sentences.
By analyzing some examples in this study, the authors have shown that Chomsky’s approach, which considers the transformations of a sentence as an ability of the main to accept additional ones, is more similar to Tesnière’s approach. Chomsky’s theory, takes into accounts a free place for an additional syntagma to explain the development of the basic structure as well. So, this syntagmatic load resembles free valence in Tesnière’s theory. The results showed that as a dynamic system, language automatically creates free valence around or next to central elements and ultimately provides the possibility of certain grammatical transformations.
 

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The present study examines the image of the Pery; It is dedicated as an Iranian myth in the poem of Andrey Podolinsky (1806-1886). Paying attention to this archetype is explained by the universal nature of this Iranian myth, which reveals a wide range of cultural meanings and carries a global meaning. This goes back to the existence of fairy images in Russian literary works at different times. The image of a fairy in the poem Demon and Pery by Podolinsky is borrowed from Iranian myths: Pery is a beautiful winged creature that lives in heaven. When he descends to the earth, he mourns the separation of the abandoned homeland and carries the idea of ​​true repentance as salvation and return to heaven. The image of the demon is formed in opposition to the image of the Pery. The origin of the formation of the image of a Pery in Russian literature goes back to the poetic translation of the oriental story Lalla Rookh by the Irish poet Thomas Moore, which was done by Vasily Zhukovsky. Despite the fact that Zhukovsky's translation was a free translation, he introduced the theme of "The Pery Driven Out of Paradise" to Russian literature. 

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This paper is a comparative study of a modern Persian poet, Forugh Farrokhzād (1935-1967), and a Russian film-maker, Andrei Tarkovsky (1932- 1989). The works of two artists, from two different cultures, across time and space, have been chosen to demonstrate their morbid fear of death and their search for immortality. Following the postulates of comparative cultural studies, as developed by Steven Totosy de Zepetnek, the objective of this search is to find interrelations between two different production of art, namely poetry and film, as communicative acts. To quote Totosy in "the New Humanities," this study "is performed in a contextual and relational construction and with a plurality of methods and approaches…" (60).
Benefiting from the main tenets of comparative literature, cultural studies and psychoanalysis, this research show how the concept thanatophobia and the quest for immortality are treated in the artistic works of Forugh Farrokhzād and Andrei Tarkovsky. In Forugh's poetry, the focus would be on her last two collections of poems, Tavalodi Digar [Another Birth] and Imanan Biāvarim be Āghāz Fasle Sard [Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season], in which she illustrates the temporality of life and the urge to be remembered. In Nostalghia, Tarkovsky creates characters like Andrei Gorchakov, the Russian researcher, and Domenicos, the Italian who wants to save the world by sacrificing. Andrei lives his death and joins eternity. This intercultural and interdisciplinary study shows how one can owercom the fear of death by substituting the moral time for the actual time.

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A numerical study for the simulation of induced-flow by a two-room compartment fire has been accomplished using a fully-coupled Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model which incorporates Smagorinsky and One-Equation Sub-Grid Scale (SGS) turbulence models. Also, modified Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) and Discrete Ordinate Methods (DOM) are used for incorporating combustion and radiation, respectively. The models are applied for a range of total heat release rate (HRR) for fire source in the center and corner of the fire room. Numerical results of prediction by each SGS model are validated and compared against well-known available experimental data. The predicted time-averaged temperature profiles at different location of the compartment for each case have been calculated and found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The results also show that the accuracy of One-Equation SGS model for the prediction of the characteristics of fire is higher than those obtain by Smagorinsky SGS model. The air mixture at the fire room opening is higher for the centrally located fire source than the corner one.

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Processor memory capacity and update frequency are one of the main restricting constraints in star tracker design and development. In order to decrease the volume of the data required onboard, uniforming the star catalog which is eventually used as pattern recognition database is considered. Three different methods of uniforming the star catalog have been applied. Spherical patches, fixed slope curve and charged particles or Thomson’s problem. After generation of a sphere with uniform distribution of points, a star is assigned to each point according to its spherical distance or best magnitude. In order to evaluate the performance of each method, seven evaluation criteria are defined. Point distribution minimum energy, catalog size, minimum star required for pattern recognition, mean and standard deviation of star distribution in each frame, database size and pattern recognition true recognize percentage. These seven criteria are combined in weighted equation of “average” to choose the best star catalog uniforming method with respect to the star tracker mission. After having implemented the average equation it is demonstrated that uniforming the star catalog using charged particle or Thomson’s problem has better results.

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In this study Large Eddy Simulation method has been employed in order to investigate the effects of blade rotation direction of downstream turbine in two co-rotating and counter-rotating configurations. The acquired results are in good agreement with presented experimental data in literatures. Counter-rotating configuration is used in order to investigate the effect of blade rotation on the efficiency of downstream wind turbine. The results show that the efficiency of downstream wind turbine is increased about 4 percent without any change in wind farm layout and type of wind turbines. The upstream wind turbine absorbed a portion of wind energy. Hence stream wise velocity is decreased and lateral velocities are increased in downstream direction. The flow behind the upstream turbine is rotated in same direction with downstream turbine in a counter-rotating configuration. This is why the efficiency of downstream turbine is increased in a counter-rotating configuration. The results of the present study show that streamwise velocity profile is almost identical in both configurations, while, lateral velocities are changed considerably. In other words, a better efficiency of wind farm could be due to the lateral velocities. Hence, the efficiency of wind farm could be increased by decreasing the distance between two consecutive wind turbines in a counter-rotating configuration.

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The present study is subjected to analytical, numerical, and experimental simulation of hydraulic characteristics of flow over the streamlined weirs. Numerical simulations were performed using an open source software namely OpenFoam. According to the objectives of the present study, to evaluate the results of numerical modeling, experimental investigation was conducted, studying different models of streamlined weirs, experimentally. The profiles of the experimental models as well as the simulated numerical models were designed based on the Joukowsky transform function. By analyzing the results of different turbulence models including standard k-ε model, realized k-ε model, RNG k-ε model, k-ω SST model and Reynolds stress LRR model, the k-ω SST model was chosen as the most accurate numerical turbulence model for the simulation of flow over the streamlined weirs. The results of the numerical simulations for different flow discharges and different geometrical characteristics, indicated that, increasing the flow discharge and the relative eccentricity in Joukowsky transform function, tends to increase the velocity and consequently decrease the pressure over the weir crest. Therefore, the lowest pressure and the most probable potential of cavitation belongs to the circular-crested weirs with λ = 1 and high flow discharges. Furthermore, the results show that the greatest bed shear stresses and the compressive forces occur at the downstream end of the circular-crested weirs, thus the downstream zone of the circular-crested weirs is responsible to large values of bed erosion. This is partly due to formation of shock waves, reduction of the flow depth and enhanced velocity of flow downstream of the circular-crested weirs. Furthermore, the lowest bed shear stresses occur at the upstream end of the circular-crested weirs. Therefore, potential of sedimentation upstream of the circular-crested weirs increases. Accordingly, by employing streamlined weirs with λ< 1, and an appropriate curvature, unfavorable flow conditions would be improved, leading to a more safe and economic hydraulic structure. The present study is subjected to analytical, numerical, and experimental simulation of hydraulic characteristics of flow over the streamlined weirs. Numerical simulations were performed using an open source software namely OpenFoam. According to the objectives of the present study, to evaluate the results of numerical modeling, experimental investigation was conducted, studying different models of streamlined weirs, experimentally. The profiles of the experimental models as well as the simulated numerical models were designed based on the Joukowsky transform function. By analyzing the results of different turbulence models including standard k-ε model, realized k-ε model, RNG k-ε model, k-ω SST model and Reynolds stress LRR model, the k-ω SST model was chosen as the most accurate numerical turbulence model for the simulation of flow over the streamlined weirs. The results of the numerical simulations for different flow discharges and different geometrical characteristics, indicated that, increasing the flow discharge and the relative eccentricity in Joukowsky transform function, tends to increase the velocity and consequently decrease the pressure over the weir crest. Therefore, the lowest pressure and the most probable potential of cavitation belongs to the circular-crested weirs with λ = 1 and high flow discharges. Furthermore, the results show that the greatest bed shear stresses and the compressive forces occur at the downstream end of the circular-crested weirs, thus the downstream zone of the circular-crested weirs is responsible to large values of bed erosion. This is partly due to formation of shock waves, reduction of the flow depth and enhanced velocity of flow downstream of the circular-crested weirs. Furthermore, the lowest bed shear stresses occur at the upstream end of the circular-crested weirs. Therefore, potential of sedimentation upstream of the circular-crested weirs increases. Accordingly, by employing streamlined weirs with λ< 1, and an appropriate curvature, unfavorable flow conditions would be improved, leading to a more safe and economic hydraulic structure.

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The size of database and minimum number of visible stars in the field of view of star sensor are two important, influential and contradictory parameters that should be considered in design of star sensor. In this regard, the purpose of this paper is to unify the database using the uniform distribution of points on the celestial sphere with the triangulation method. For this purpose, the choice of the suitable star catalog, minimum suitable magnitude and elimination of double stars are the other steps of the uniformity process that is carried out in this study. Thus, the results of the investigations showed that Delaunay's triangulation method is faster and more accurate than the geodesic grid. Also, by simulating and performing Monte Carlo tests to count the number of stars observed in the different FOVs of a typical sensor, it was found that Delaunay's triangulation leads to a significant reduction of the probability of viewing the high density of the catalog stars in the field of view, so that the probability of observation more than 25 stars in all possible FOVs has reached to zero. On the other hand, for observing 4 or more than 4 stars at a confidence level more than 95% in non-uniform catalog, the field of view needs to be at least 12.5 degrees, while in uniform database; this field is slightly increased to more than 13 degrees. In other words, uniformity has increased the minimum field of view needed to see the minimum number of required stars.