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 A. Nabilou.PH.D. 
M.Akbari.PH.D.
Abstract
This research has surveyed the stories in “Toti-Nameh” from a variety of different aspects. “Toti-Nameh” is a series of lyrical prose and allegorical stories related like “A Thousand and One Night” stories. Most of the story features can be traced in the “Toti-Nameh” stories; such as emphasis on incident, the existence of supernatural factors, loose connection between the cause and the effect within the events, absolutism, ending with moral conclusions, the inalterability of characters, the quality of narration and also having an assumption about the setting- including both the time and place. The tone of all the stories is serious and there is actually no sign of humor and wit in them. Toti-Nameh is combined of 100 stories. About 521 characters are used in these stories; while 67.5% are general and 32.5% of them are specific ones. Most of the characters are chosen from the animal species ( 22.5%) and then the important individuals with a high position possess the second place with 19%. The narrators and storytellers in “Toti-Nameh” stories include; the parrot ( the Persian name is Toti) which relate about 57% of the stories. Animals such as shark, snake and jackal etc make up 11% of the stories, humans such as the monk; minister and king etc narrate 18% of the stories, whereas the narrator of about 6% of the stories is unknown. Among the 100 stories, 69% enjoy action while the other 31% lack any specific action at all. Also about 54% of these stories bear moral conclusions and advice, while the rest don’t bear this characteristic. Thirty five percent of these stories point to supernatural incidents, fifteen percent have a particular time setting, but eighty five percent of them lack any specific refer to the time. In addition, about 50% of these stories possess a place setting, though the other 50% do not mention any certain place for their setting. This survey has revealed the findings through charts and tables for a more clear and tangible understanding.
 

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The response from the different branches of humanities to the environmental crisis has led to the formation of a new interdisciplinary topic, Ecolinguistics with its branches such as Environmental Ethics and Ecocriticism in literature. The term Ecocriticism was first coined in 1978 by William Rueckert. It was a reaction to the environmental crisis. Ecocriticism reflects on the relationship between human and physical environment in literary works. It also talks about the relationship between religion, ethic, language, and gender with the environment. This article deals with the necessity of ecocriticism in the humanities and introduces some of the research methods and topics in this field.

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"Syntactic change should not arise, unless it can be shown to be caused"(Longobardi, 2001:278). Historically placed in second position of the clause, Persian Pronominal Clitics behave differently today and appear in three different structural-typological patterns: a) preposition + clitic assigned oblique case; b) nominal + clitic assigned genitive case; and c) immediate adjacency of a transitive verb assigned accusative case. Aiming to discover the causes of Persian's achievement to this trio of patterns, this study was conducted in the framework of Generative Grammar. The diachronic analysis shows that a sequence of some factors has been involved in changing Persian’s historical second position Clitic System: firstly, some morphological changes and the speaker’s attempt to remove the ambiguities have paved the ground for other structural changes to happen. Secondly, after particular morphological feedings, patterns a & b have been established as a result of analogical generalization of pre-existing linguistic structures. Pattern c has gradually come to existence by frequently reanalyzing the position of clitics in the sentence. This pattern can be a part of the grammaticalization process of Persian clitics that has been accelerated by morphological changes and Reanalysis. As a final step, linguistic contact to Arabic was recognized as an accelerating factor in applying this trio of patterns in Persian Standard Language.

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  This research deals with the learning style of the non-Iranian learners of Persian as a second language in Iran. The primary objective of the study was to identify the learners' perceptual learning styles. The second objective was to study the relationship between demographic variables like language (Arabic versus non-Arabic languages), nationality in both Asia and Europe, level of education (undergraduate versus postgraduate) and the gender of Persian language learners with various perceptual learning styles. The participants of this research included 131 non-Iranian male and female students who were randomly selected from the Persian Language Center in Imam Khomeini International University. Reid's (1987) Perceptual Learning Style Preference Questionnaire (PLSPQ) was administrated and the results obtained showed that the major preferred learning styles were tactile, auditory and kinesthetic while visual group and individual styles were minor learning style preferences of the learners. Other findings indicated that the mean score obtained by the European learners was significantly lower than that of Asian learners on auditory and group learning styles. The mean score obtained in the kinesthetic learning style by non-Arabic speakers was significantly higher than that of the Arabic language speakers. Other results did not reveal any significant differences in score between two groups of men and women in their preferred learning styles.
 

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Aims: Dynamic cultural World Heritage Sites, as irreplaceable resources with tangible and intangible dimensions, have been shaped by a result of the processes of sociocultural production and experiences in the temporal and spatial context and are going through a series of changes over time. The main purpose of this research is assessing the state of conservation of dynamic cultural World Heritage Sites, which is one of the most fundamental issues in the World Heritage monitoring process.
Instrument & Methods: This study elaborates on applied-developed research methods, using an analytical descriptive method in two sections. The theoretical section is based on the logical reasoning method and technique of content analysis and logical inference; and the practical section is based on the survey method and analytic hierarchy process technique.
Findings: Achieving the effective assessment for the state of conservation of dynamic cultural World Heritage Site is based on two substantial criteria: 1) “securing and conveying cultural significance of the heritage site” with the sub-criteria of “integrity” and “authenticity”; 2) “heritage site experience” with the sub-criteria of “perception of cultural significance” and “experience of authenticity”.
Conclusion: The results show that the “sense of place attachment” indicator is the most important factor in assessing the state of conservation. And periodic use of this proposed model in the monitoring process provides a coherent platform for measuring the efficiency of the study heritage site management system. The developed framework might be used by Tehran Beautification Organization and Tehran Municipality in culturally-rich sites of Tehran.

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Aims:
It is to achieve practical criteria for designing and improving the quality of social behavior settings in accordance with the spatial qualitative values of social behavior settings in neighborhood parks and considering the components affecting the quality of the behavior settings with a holistic approach (objective-subjective) which include objective and subjective criteria which lack of proper attention to them, overshadows the overall function of the park spaces. Based on the Persian garden lessons, it can strengthen social interactions.
Methods:
This study was based on fieldwork with an analytical-descriptive approach. Quantitative analysis tools of indicators include questionnaires and cognitive maps to examine objective and subjective criteria from the landscaping perspective in behavior settings and the objective quality of space is evaluated by the syntactic indicators of space syntax.
Findings:
Findings indicate that among the objective criteria of place in behavior settings of neighborhood parks in the 5th district of Tehran, safety and social activities and also among the subjective components of place, security and sociability in the physical quality of the park have higher priority.
Conclusion:
The results show that People use spatial places that are designed openly and adjacent to active social settings as subjective settings without regard to physical values. Numerical intervals obtained from modeling in the depthmap show the attention of designers to the shape of ground in the design of park and lack of attention to spatial quality of behavioral settings, which is directly related to security and sociability of the park.

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The fact that many indigenous languages in Indonesia have been dying out as a result of the ineffective way of language planning. This study aims to construct critical thinking indicators and to describe the strategies used for enhancing critical thinking in language planning (LP) concerning local language maintenance, particularly Banjarese language. The qualitative method was employed in which all data were elaborated in a descriptive manner by employing an interview and documentation to collect the data. The former was performed by interviewing the two older native Banjarese persons: The one is a researcher focusing on native languages as well as on Banjarese maintenance; and the other is the main official person in charge of history and tradition maintenance of the Education and Culture Service of South Kalimantan. The latter was done by taking articles concerning Banjarese maintenance and its teaching, and policy documents issued by the government. The data were analyzed through content analysis. The result shows that there is no curriculum design to maintain Banjarese at schools. The local government’s support in maintaining Banjarese does neither run well nor seems to be serious. The existence of local government regulation No. 7/2009 about the local language maintenance does not continue to practical procedures on how local language should be designed and taught at schools. Therefore, the issues of Banjarese should be the main indicator to map needs analysis in local language maintenance and strategies for language planning dealing with the classroom as the way of teaching Banjarese

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This study examined blurbs in the discipline of economics to investigate how evaluative lexico-grammatical resources are employed in the logogenetic constructions of these blurbs. The study was informed by the appraisal framework proposed by Martin and White (2005), which describes the language of our attitudes, viewpoints, and personal judgments toward people, objects, and things. All three categories of the appraisal framework, including attitude, engagement, and graduation, were thoroughly explored. Findings demonstrated that economics blurbs are densely packed with appreciation. Graduation was also found to be realized both as intensification and quantification. The study showed that blurbs can be dialogically or monologically constructed based on the presence or absence of external voices as well as engagement resources and locutions. Meanwhile, lexico-grammatical realizations were found  not to be restricted to one type of grammatical structures. Various forms  including adjectival qualities, nominalized qualities, and processes are employed for encoding evaluative resources. The findings of the study provide those interested in this genre insights into the practical details of blurbs’ advertising discourse and keep them informed of the curricular rules and regularities dominating promotional discourse

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One of the important measutres in exploring the evolution of literary criticism in Iran is the review of critical works with the aim of identifying their stregths and weaknesses along with quality evaluation. Given the need for such an attitude in the realm of literary research, the authors resolved to evaluate the critical approach assumed by Mohammad Hoghoogi, one of the most renowned pioneers of New criticism in Iran. Hence, his critical works have been studied using content analysis and descriptive-analytical approaches and their characteristics have been explained. According to the finding, Hoghooghi is mostly concentrated on formal features and morphology of literary work and his critiques are majorly structured on three principles, namely language and diction, settings and idea, and form and structure which are commonly referred to as Hoghooghis critique traingle. Such formalistic propensity along with his interest to structure have led some of his interpretations to become roughly superficial or enthusiastic, and though approximating modern and scientific criticism, his critiques go to ex tremes in some cases and fail to demonstrate the true value of literary work.

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This study explores the experiences of two high school students learning English in rural Vietnam through the lens of ecological systems theory. It also aims to gain in-depth insights into learners’ constructions of motivation within the nexus of personal and ecological elements. Data gathering spanned approximately 18 months and was based primarily on interviews, observations, and written and visual reflections. The analytical procedures drew on deductive category application in which pre-formulated theoretical constructs were used for content analysis. Findings show that given the constraints of rural context, the learning experiences of the two participants were vividly unfolded through their dynamic role in perceiving and evaluating language resources, support and learning opportunities, and their ongoing interaction with elements within and across ecosystems. Such processes contributed to shaping the ways in which these learners constructed their L2 motivation against the challenges in their lifeworld. The study reiterates the importance of examining motivation in context, incorporating both personal and ecological aspects underpinning language learning at both micro and macro levels. It calls for dialogues, discussions and negotiation among various educational stakeholders in creating language environments and opportunities for learners in rural settings.

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In the course of this study, empirical models were developed for the pressure-density relationship in a large cubic baler for baling alfalfa and barley straw. Least squares regression analysis was employed to develop the empirical model and estimate the model coefficients by minimizing the summation of the squared differences between data resulting from the developed empirical model and the corresponding experimental data for a certain distance from the plunger. The effect of the flake size and load setting on the plunger pressure (pressure exerted on the bale via the plunger) as well as bale density were also determined for bailing alfalfa and barley straw. Results showed that the developed empirical model for either one of alfalfa or barley straw was a combination of a quadratic and an exponential equation which exhibited a good correlation with the experimental data (R² of 0.89 for alfalfa and R² of 0.94 for barley straw). Results also revealed that load setting significantly affected the plunger pressure and as well the bale density so that plunger pressure and bale density increased with increase in load setting (up to 70% for alfalfa and 100% for barley straw) in both of the forage materials. Flake size (position of the pre-compression sensitivity lever) had also a slight effect on the plunger pressure and on the bale density.

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This article introduces factors the effective on creation and enforcement of ‎organizational commitment, and then surveys these impact among the staff of ‎public banks. This study uses the survey research method to answer the basic ‎questions and hypothesis. Population is 8450 people including all staff of the ‎public banks in Shiraz City (in2007). Finally, based on pilot study and using ‎stratified sampling method, 440 people were elected as sample. The results ‎indicated that the factors such participation in organizational decision making, ‎job security, participation in goal setting and participation in ownership, with ‎‎95% confidence level, are the important factors on the creation and enforcement ‎of organizational commitment in the research population. ‎

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.Setting time is considered as an identification boundary of fresh and hardened of concrete. Initial set refers to a change from a fluid to a rigid state, accompanied by a rapid temperature rise in the body of concrete structures. The early hydration of C3A and C3S in presence of gypsum plays an important role in concrete rheology, and setting points of concrete. The final set, on the other hand, express the start of strength development. Knowledge of the initial setting time will help not only in determining the time available for the transportation, placement, and consolidation of concrete; but also in identifying the effectiveness of various admixtures and pozzolanic materials. The use of different types of pozzolanic materials has allowed to reduce the carbon dioxide emission per ton of produced cement. In the present work, the effects of silica fume, fly ash and slag on the setting times and strength development of different concrete mixtures are examined. The setting times were conducted accordance to ASTM C403. The Concrete specimens were prepared with three water cement ratios of 0.35, 0.45, and 0.55. Silica fume at 7%, fly ash at 15% and 25% and slag at 25% and 35%, by weight of cement, were used as replacement for cement. The results showed that the setting times of the concrete increased as water-cement ratio increased and the lowest setting times corresponded to the specimens with 0.35 water-cement ratio. The setting time of the specimens with water cement ratios of 0.45 and 0.55 increased by 10% and 18%, respectively, compared to that for 0.35. Using silica fume, fly ash and slag, as replacement for cement, retarded the setting times of the mixtures. The more replacement contents led to increase of setting times. The setting time of the fly ash specimens at 15% and 25% increased by 6% and 12%, whereas addition of slag at 25% and 35% retarded the setting time by 11% and 18%, respectively, compared to those for reference specimens with 0.45 water-cement ratio. Silica fume caused a slight increase of setting time by 5.5% compared to those without pozzolan materials. These may attributed to the low cement content in the pozzolanic specimens which resulted to the low friction surface between cement particles and on the other hand enhancement of effectiveness of the super-plasticizer in the mixtures which led to the increase of setting times. The results also indicated that silica fume, as a very fine supplementary cementitious material, enhanced both the early and later age strength. Fly ash and slag, as replacement for cement, increased the later stage strength of the specimens, but had a negative impact on the early- age strength. This may attributed to the low pozzolanic activity of these cementing materials in the early age, however in the later ages which calcium hydroxide content increased in the mixtures the secondary induced gel enhanced the compressive strength. A power relationship was proposed for the early age strength and the final setting time relationships

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Compared to non-academic contexts, the use of address forms in academic settings is insufficiently researched. To fill this gap, the present study investigated the address forms commonly used by students and lecturers in Iranian universities in their oral and written communication. The analytical framework of this study is semio-cultural conceptualization. A qualitative descriptive research design was adopted, which included six open-ended questions. Thirty Iranian EFL lecturers participated in this study, 20 males and 10 females, representing 14 different universities. The average age of the participants was 50. The thematic analysis of the data revealed that in addition to the conventional polite forms, some innovations have emerged in the academic address practice in Iran. While students always addressed their lecturers using respectful forms and honorifics, the lecturers’ address choices varied according to sociolinguistic factors such as the students’ age, gender, degree of intimacy and distance, and educational status. In the majority of cases, the lecturers employed title plus last name; nevertheless, some of them opted for more intimate forms. However, such forms were never reciprocated by students owing to the perceived power dynamics and elevated respect for teachers, which is deeply entrenched in the culturally-constructed conceptualization of the unique teacher-student relationship in Iran. The findings also suggest that the scope of address studies can be expanded to include semio-cultural conceptualizations, such as emotion schema, and symbolism.   

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In this study, severe plastic deformation of 7075 aluminum alloy was investigated using a new method, based on the combination of conventional upsetting and direct extrusion. In this process, which is called repetitive upsetting-extrusion, cylindrical samples were first subjected to upsetting and were subsequently subjected to extrusion at 250 °C with various processing cycles. Die design was carried out considering the possibility of conducting both upsetting and extrusion by using a single die and the maximum of four RUE cycles were successfully performed on the samples. Finite element method was used to simulate the deformation behavior of 7075 alloy during repetitive upsetting-extrusion processing and the strain distribution was obtained for the deformed samples. The finite element simulation results correlated fairly well with the microstructural observations. Based on the simulation results, the maximum effective strain was observed at the central region of the samples. The deformation behavior and the flow pattern were discussed based on the experimental and the simulation results. In addition, the effect of applied strain on mechanical properties of processed samples was studied. Tensile strength and elongation of deformed samples increased with extending the number of repetitive upsetting-extrusion cycles.

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Several studies have been done on the rheological properties and setting time of cementitious mixes, but the relationship between these two important features has not been studied so far. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between rheological properties and setting time in self-consolidating concrete mixtures. In this study, six self- consolidating concrete mixture proportions were considered, in which the effect of water-cement ratio changes, silica fume and slag was used. The electrical resistivity method has been used in determining its setting time, and the performance of this method has been evaluated in determining the rheological properties. Since the electrical resistivity method is not standardized in determining the setting time, therefore, to verify the results, the standard penetration resistance method is also used according to the ASTM-C403. In the study of rheological properties, the studies have been done in two sections of efficiency and rheometer analysis. From the results, it was found that mixtures that have higher slump flow have recorded less time to take. It was also found that concrete mixtures that have higher yield stress (static and dynamic)  have shorter setting time. In this way, the relationships between these two important variables (rheological properties and setting time) were evaluated by the relationships.

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The present study attempted to understand pro-environmental behaviours among university students in the developing country of Iran. The Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) theoretical framework was used in this study. Data were obtained from 295 agricultural students at Bu-Ali Sina University using a self-administered survey. The data were then analyzed using the Partial Least Squares approach. The structural equation modelling findings showed that the VBN theory model could effectively be applied for the prediction of pro-environmental behaviour among university students in non-Western and developing countries, which in turn affirmed the validity of this theory in intercultural settings. The variables’ causal order in the VBN theory likewise was affirmed, i.e. each individual variable had a significant relationship with the next variable throughout the causal chain. Furthermore, as hypothesized, variables mediated relationships between their antecedent and outcome variables in the causal chain. These results suggest that the VBN theory is a useful framework for understanding pro-environmental behaviours in a non-Western developing country.
 

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Heavy metal pollutants containing lead have consistently been major sources of environmental contamination over the past decades. Human and industrial activities have directly or indirectly led to the introduction of substantial amounts of lead-based pollutants into soil and groundwater. The Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) technique using cement, by significantly reducing the mobility and solubility of lead in soil, serves as an effective tool for remediating lead-contaminated soils. Conversely, the heavy metal pollutant lead significantly affects the setting time of cement, and the setting time directly impacts the efficiency of cementitious compounds. Consequently, understanding the interaction between lead and cement is of paramount importance. In this regard, the present study aims to investigate the influence of the heavy metal lead on the setting time and microstructural interaction of lead and cement. To achieve this, lead nitrate solution with concentrations of 0, 10,25,50, 100, 250 and 500 kg/cmol-solid, was added to cement. The effect of lead on the hydration process and setting time of cement was examined through setting time tests, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and leachability analysis (TCLP). According to the research results, the precipitation and chemical complexation of the heavy metal lead in the form of Pb(OH)₂ and Pb-C-S-H delayed the cement hydration process, extended the initial and final setting times of cement paste, and immobilized and solidified lead pollution effectively. By adding 25 kg/cmol-solid lead nitrate, the initial setting time of cement increased from 65 minutes to 155 minutes. Microstructural results demonstrated that cement effectively interacted with heavy metal lead up to a concentration of 100 cmol/kg-solid during the Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) process, keeping pollutant levels within permissible limits for soil.