Mojahed Gholami,
Volume 13, Issue 50 (5-2020)
Abstract
From the early twentieth century in Europe and America and then with a few decades’ delay in Iran, a new understanding of literary criticism was formed on the basis of interdisciplinary theories. Though such a theory was absent in the history of literary criticism in Islam and Iran, it does not imply that there were no literary criticism at that time. Such criticism was traceable in historical and rhetorical accounts. It should be mentioned that this kind of criticism was built on theorization as well, since no literary criticism could be formed without conceptualization. The present paper has explored the book “Naghd Al-Sher” [Poetic Criticism] by Qudama ibn Jafar (260- 337 AH.), to analyze the literary criticism, as a historical account on criticism in Islam and Iran. Upon analysis, the researcher came to conclusion that Qudama’s theory is better be called as a rhetorical literary theory, rather than a theory on the basis of classicism and formalism. His theory was observed to be text-based, and provides the reader with a basis to evaluate poemst to say”.
Volume 17, Issue 70 (5-2020)
Abstract
Translation and publication of the Persian novel in the epic genre after the revolution and war; especially in the West, despite the rapid, growth of quantity, major changes and new forms of content, has been very slow. It seems, Regardless of the political aspects and disagreement of the sacred and ideological content of these works with a Western audience, at least, Failure to discover and selecting suitable examples of existing novels – which have most harmony with Western taste - is something that by Attention and correction, can be Reinforcement for Publication and promotion these works outside Iran's borders. In this article, a random selection of war novels based on rhetorical (audience-based) criticism, Based on the national psychology of the English people as exemplified, in the manner of Kenneth Burke, is criticized and analyzed. The critique and analysis of the three novels "Clash" "Under the Cherry Tree" and "In Search of me", which are almost at the top, below and in the middle of this adaptive spectrum, are fully embodied. The result is a wide and varied range of maximum to minimum conformations, as the capacity for acceptance and persuasion by the English audience. So it seems, on the possibility of promoting and propagation a Persian novel in England, we should have to go into detail: some of these works are well-suited to be present in the UK's cultural space, and some are not. A group may also, with some form of editing, find the context needed to better communicate and attract Western audiences for persuasion and influence. The results can also serve as a mirror for Iranian writers to expand their global audience.
