---

Dolatabadi is the most prolific author of the last two decades in Iran. Before writing novels and creating his great works such as Saluch's Absence and Kaleidar, Dolatabadi wrote long short stories, which shows his interest in writing novels. There have been only a few studies on his works and those available are mostly about the content of his stories and novels. This paper is a study of fourteen short stories by him with a particular attention to issues such as plot, point of view, characterization, and the type of beginnings and endings in them. A brief review of Dolatabadi's life and works before 1357 as well as some scholars' views of the narration and narratology in his works will precede the main discussion.

---

Grammatical markers are those types of words by which the function of other words in the sentence is recognized. At first glance, grammatical words have no task except linking other words together, and are not amongst words towards which poets have any special concern. But studying them in poetry shows that they have various artistic functions and can be counted as effective tools by poet for constructing the language of his poem. This study aims at analyzing the aesthetic functions of grammatical words in contemporary poetry, and with an inductive method delineates that they are as essential as other words in the structure of poetic language and the effectiveness and foregrounding of speech. This category words influence the foregrounding of poetry both semantically and syntactically, and are employed as instruments for the emphasizing and foregrounding meaning, emotion and thought, and also as elements in creating music, irregularity, building of new linguistic forms, creativity and innovation in the field of poetry. Beginning or ending poems or lines of poems by some of these conjunctions, creative clustering or omitting of these words, and emphasizing the meaning by the proper employment of these words in the syntactic context of the poems are examples of the most significant aesthetic functions of grammatical markers in contemporary poetry.

---

Leila Kordbache. PH.D.
Hussein Aqa Husseini Dahaqani. PH.D.
Seyed Morteza Hashemi Baba Heydari. PH.D.
Abstract
Reduction of rules of the standard language; derailment from the rules governing the association of terms; addition of outward rules to the standard language; rearrangement of the grammar of sentences and adoption of inward changes in the standard language are a string of approaches considered by the majority of poets to attain a poetic language. Reduction and addition of rules lead to prominence and distinction of the poetic language. The changes made by contemporary poets in the framework of grammatical outlines, in majority of cases lead to a return to ancient forms of language and is known as one of the subgroups in the reduction of temporal rules that has distinguished the language of a number of present day poets. This study, via adoption of a formalist approach has taken into consideration the poetic language of Nima Youshij, Ahmad Shamlou, Mahdi Akhavan Saales, Shafiee Kadkani, and Foruq Farokhzad. Sohrab Sepehri, and Hamid Mosaddeq and their focus on the ancient literary models in the framework of grammatical outlines; as well as the impact of this factor on distinction of their poetic language. The study has shown that the focus of this group of contemporary poets on the framework of grammatical outlines has usually been coupled with a tendency toward the linguistic achievements of ancient literature.