---

The present study aims to investigate the distribution of meaning in the narrative space of Abu Torab Khosravi's novel "Rood Ravi" drawing on the views of Yuri Lotman (1922-1993), a prominent semiotician and founder of the Tartu-Moscow School of Semiotics. Lotman posits that active sign systems within specific social and geographical contexts derive their significative power from their interaction with a large body of signs present in the collective memory of the people of that context. In his book “Universe of the Mind” (Lotman, 1990), he refers to this conglomeration of signs as the "semiosphere," which he characterizes by features such as boundary, heterogeneity, and centrality. According to Lotman, significative density within the semiosphere is not uniform, and the density of meaning increases as one moves from peripheral regions to the center with cultural meta-structures charging more elements with meanings in the central regions. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to investigate how temporal-spatial elements and character actions acquire meaning in the narrative space as the story progresses towards the center of Dar al-Miftah. The findings suggest that cultural meta-structures load more elements with signification in the central regions, resulting in a higher concentration of meanings in these areas.

---

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of telling social stories on the use of some morphological features of speech in children with autism such as adverb, adposition, possession, article, compound noun, adjective and plural form of noun. This is an Interventional, quasi-experimental single group study with a pretest-posttest design. The study subjects were selected by convenience sampling method which included 10 Persian-speaking aged 7 to15 years old with autism spectrum disorder, requiring support, from all autism population in Qazvin Autism Center in 2019. The framework was based on the model of Brown 1973 and Naigles 2014 (taken from the research of Tek et.al 2014). Social stories were designed and organized, based on the model of Gray 1993. The children of autism received the intervention program in 10 individual sessions 30 to 45 minutes. The pre-test and post-test comparison of morphological categories in visual test and spontaneous test showed that the average use of names and particles in the post test was more than the pre-test for all cases. The biggest difference is related to the adposition. The result of the Wilcoxon test analysis showed that the training had a significant effect only on the visual test and on the article (according to the average of the pre-test and post-test, the statistical value and significance level = p˂0.05). 

 

---

در نشانه – معناشناختی ، نشانه ، گونه­ای منعطف ، سیال ، پویا ، تغییر پذیر ، متکثر و چند بعدی است . همه­ی اینها معنا را تعاملی ، فرایندی ، تحول­پذیر ، پویا و چند وجهی می­سازند . از این دیدگاه ، نشانه – معناشناختی نویدی است برای شناخت چگونگی کارکرد ، تولید و دریافت معنا در نظامهای گفتمانی ، زیرا فرایند معناسازی خود تحت نظارت و کنترل نظامی گفتمانی قراردارد . و دارای سطوح مختلفی است تا بتوان با توجه به وسعت حضور نشانه – معناها ، کارکردهای متفاوت معنایی آنها را ارائه داد . کارکرد­های مختلفی با توجه به  حضور نشانه - معناها  در  گفتمان  وجود دارد که مهمترین آنها عبارت است از : کارکرد  مقاومتی ، ممارستی و  مماشاتی که مبنای شکل گیری بسیاری از گفتمانها به شمار می­روند . از این دیدگاه ،  نظام اسطوره­ای ، نظام نشانه - معنایی است که چارچوبی کیهان شناسانه و ادراکی برای تبیین پدیده­های پیرامون انسان ارائه می­دهد که دقیقا در کارکرد ادراک معنایابی و تفسیر آن نوعی نگاه به جهان مطرح است که منجر به ایجاد نوعی التفات به جهان می­انجامد که متاثر از زیست جهان انُسانها  شکل گرفته است . در این پژوهش مساله مهم این است که نظامی جهت تبین جهان بینی و ایدئولوژی اسطورها­ی خود از چه شگردها و راهکار­هایی  بهره برده است ؟ همچنین کارکرد­های ویژه اسطوره در گفتمان هفت پیکر چیست ؟  این پژوهش نشان

---

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of telling social stories on the use of some morphological features of speech in children with autism such as adverb, adposition, possession, article, compound noun, adjective and plural form of noun. This is an Interventional, quasi-experimental single group study with a pretest-posttest design. The study subjects were selected by convenience sampling method which included 10 Persian-speaking aged 7 to15 years old with autism spectrum disorder, requiring support, from all autism population in Qazvin Autism Center in 2019. The framework was based on the model of Brown 1973 and Naigles 2014 (taken from the research of Tek et.al 2014). Social stories were designed and organized, based on the model of Gray 1993. The children of autism received the intervention program in 10 individual sessions 30 to 45 minutes. The pre-test and post-test comparison of morphological categories in visual test and spontaneous test showed that the average use of names and particles in the post test was more than the pre-test for all cases. The biggest difference is related to the adposition. The result of the Wilcoxon test analysis showed that the training had a significant effect only on the visual test and on the article (according to the average of the pre-test and post-test, the statistical value and significance level = p˂0.05). 

 

---

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) represent one of the most frequently occurring and costly occupational issue in nursing. The nursing profession is one of the most stressful occupations today, because of the quantity and diversity of risk factors associated with the work environment. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between burnout syndrome and musculoskeletal disorders. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study a questionnaire survey was carried out among 415 nursing personnel in five educational hospitals in Hamedan, Iran. Data were collected through two unnamed questionnaires including Maslach Burnout Inventory, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results: Statistical analysis showed that the most commonly painful regions among the nurses were lower back (5.53%), left foot (5.08%), and head and neck (4.43%), right foot (4.90%), right knee (3.84%) and left knee (3.74%). The lowest pain, were found to be in right and left elbows (1.99%) and (1.91%), respectively. Also emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment has significant correlation with musculoskeletal disorders (P = 0.000, r = 0.122). Conclusions: The results showed high prevalence of MDS among Iranian nurses that could be due to emotional exhaustion and depression.  

---

---

Borders represent the main security interests of countries and determine the extent of a country's geographical area. Considering that the continent of Africa was a colony of transcontinental powers for many years, therefore, most of the borders of the countries in this continent have been drawn colonially and by European governments in order to secure their national interests and goals. This has caused borders to be one of the most important sources of tension between African countries after decolonization and independence. This research with descriptive-analytical method and using Super Decision software, seeks to answer these questions, which are the most important differences in the African continent? And what is the weight of each of these indicators? The findings of the research show that the borders in this region include three groups of border disputes (land- related conflicts, border-related conflicts,  conflicts over common interests and sources), factors that aggravate border disputes ( inefficient leadership, inefficiency of regional and international organizations, political instability, bio ecological issues, geo-economics,  …. ), and factors that reduce border disputes ( commitment to cooperate as African union , regional cooperation in the frame of regional organizations and border complementation, and border age). The results of the research also indicated that the border disputes in the African continent are the result of the colonial period, and in the initial stage of border development, i.e. border delimitation, it has stopped. Therefore, in order to resolve border disputes and determine border points, we need to formulate and approve border laws at the regional level through the creation of dispute resolution mechanisms at the level of the African continent. 

 

---

One of the important problems in Structuralist narratology is the relation between narrative and time and the manifestation of time in narrative.Some philosophers such as Paul Ricour believe that understanding time in an abstract form is very difficult but the action in narrative makes the time objective and concrete.According to Structuralists’ analysis, time, -with causality- is one of the essential components in developing the narrative.In addition, every narrative text has two times:the narrative’s signifier time ( the time it takes a reader to read a narrative text) and the narrative’s signified time ( the time taken up by the events of the narrative).The Structuralists, especially Genette, have posed three issues regarding the time in narrative: 1- Order,i.e.the way the events in the narrative are ordered and presented 2- Duration,i.e.the relation between the length of time of the story and the time of the speech or the signifier of the narrative 3- Frequency,i.e.the number of times an event occurs and the number of times that event is narrated.In addition,at the end of the article, different kinds of relations between the time of occurance of the events in the narrative and the time of their narration by the narrator are examined.

---

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are concerned as costly health problems worldwide. Rural people are more susceptible to musculoskeletal disorders. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and related factors among adult living in Aq Qalaian, Iran.
Methods and Material: This was a cross-sectional study which performed among 200 adult living in rural region in north of Iran named Ag, Qalaian. The data were gathered through Nordic Standard Questionnaire and were analyzed using SPSS, version 18. To compare subgroups in terms of different variables, the significant level of %5 was considered.
Results: Totally, 200 adults including 100 women and 100 men with mean age of 38/36 ± 7/72 and 41/84 ± 9/39 respectively were studied. Seventy nine percent of the studied participants suffered from a type of musculoskeletal disorders. The most musculoskeletal disorders were occurred among housewives. Low back pain was the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders.
Conclusions: Considering the high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in people living in rural areas, ergonomics interve­ntion and education programs are guaranteed.

---

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) represent one of the most common occupational health education problems in both developed and developing countries. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an occupational ergonomic training educational programon awareness, attitude and work-related musculoskeletal disorders behavior among Office Workers.
Methods and Materials: Firstly,200 office workers from 12 health centerswere recruited. Withresponse rate of 90%, 180 eligible participants, were assigned to receive an 8-week participatory ergonomic occupational training educational program available in Shemiranat, Tehran, Iran. A self-controlled longitudinal study with pre/post design was used to evaluate the effects of the intervention among office workers in 2015-2016. Post-test was then administered to the participants to identify changes at 3 months after intervention.
Results: Totally, 200 participants with a mean age of 37.48 ± 8.78 years old completed this study. The 3-month follow-up rate was 90%. After the intervention, the awareness rate, attitude and MSDs work-related health behaviors were improved. The self-reported prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders for neck, shoulder, upper and lower back pain or discomfort were significantly lower than before intervention (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: The MSDs work related behaviors as well as MSDs prevalence can be improved through the health education program. It is recommended that further research with larger sample and longer follow up be conducted to confirm the findings of this study.

---

Introduction: Spatial planning is a set of measures to organize the distribution of human and activities carried out in the geographical space. Each area should enjoy a range of economic and social activities based on its capabilities, needs, and situation. Spatial planning is the basis of organizing regional development and it is the main instrument for regional and national planning and policy making; it provides the basis for the preparation of socio-economic development plans for each area or country. Since for the fulfillment of development objectives all social resources, including human, economic, spatial, and environmental resources should be used and making use of all these elements needs planning, spatial planning is the basis of comprehensive development plans and projects and connects spatial, social, and economic planning, or as a whole in the form of comprehensive planning, in regional and national scale. Border areas have special characteristics due to their contacts with the external environments. The cross-border exchanges and spatial connections between the adjacent countries as well as the various vulnerabilities and threats posed by this issue necessitate special care to the process of development planning in these areas. The aim of the present research was to investigate the employed strategies for spatial plannig in brder areas in Five-Year economic, social, and cultural development plans of Islamic Republic of Iran (1st to 5th Plan).
Conclusion: In general, and especially in the 3rd and 4th plans, the economic strategy is more important. Also, spatial differences have not been considered in 5-year development plans; strategies ignored the differences in the various border areas of the country and looked at all areas in the same way. In addition, a special type of strategy is focused in each plan.
 

---

Abstract
Child sexual abuse is one of the social problems that has devastating effects on various aspects of children's personality. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the psychological consequences of sexual harassment in related to children. The main purpose of this study is to identify the psychological, behavioral, cognitive and emotional consequences of sexual victimization of children under 15 years of age among those referred to four social emergency centers located in Tehran province.
     In this research - which is quantitative in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in terms of method - First, different indicators were selected as the effective factors of sexual victimization and each of the selected data was entered into the statistical tables using the available sampling method and using the researcher questionnaire. Then, the relationship between the variables was measured using statistical tests and the correlations were analyzed.
     The results of the analysis of child sexual abuse cases referred to the social emergency confirm that there is a significant relationship between child sexual abuse and subsequent mental disorders. Hypothesis testing suggests that sexual abuse has psychological, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional consequences for children's personality. Due to the need to identify these factors in order to prevent the occurrence of psycho-behavioral disorders afterwards and increase ways to eliminate or reduce it, early detection of child abuse, intervention, treatment and prevention of horrific complications of child abuse seems necessary.
 
Keywords: Mental Disorder, Mental Health, Mental Consequences, Sexual Victimization, Social Emergency

---

It does not take much time to use the term "confession" in Iran. Less than five decades, the minds of our scholars and planners have become familiar with this concept. Adjustment is the regulation of the relationship between man and space, and essentially involves human activities in space. The purpose of regulating this relationship is to use a rational utilization of all facilities in order to improve the material and spiritual condition of society over time.  In this regard, the purpose of this study is to study the distribution of the border areas of the Oman Sea from Bandar Abbas to the Persian Gulf. Using the SWOT model, it looks at the strengths of the Bandar Abbas to the Goethe Bay, and then proposes proposals to address the problems and deficiencies that are tailored to the conditions in which these border regions are located. It is expected that the results of this study will lead policy makers and planners to the optimal development of the border areas of the Oman Sea. Unfortunately, despite the sensitivity and importance of the issue, in the history of land planning, environmental and defense considerations have been marginalized and have not been seriously addressed. Which could result in security consequences and the collapse of territorial unity and territorial integrity in various dimensions and threaten the power and national authority.
In this regard, based on the issue and the purpose of the research, the following question has been asked: 1.What are the factors that determine the distribution of the border areas of the Oman Sea from Bandar Abbas to the port of Goater? In line with the research question, the proposed hypothesis included: 1- The distribution of the border areas of the Oman Sea from Bandar Abbas to the port of Goater depends on the political and security factors of the border regions.
 

---

The formation of the border and the establishment of a border line between the two countries have political, economic and cultural-social consequences and impacts, especially at local and border settlements level. In this research, the consequences of the border establishment, border policies, and the plan to strengthen border guard (Forces) at several points of settlements such as Yazdan, Kaboodeh, and Nazarkhan have been discussed. This descriptive-analytical research, based on library and field pieces of information/findings seek to investigate the formation process of eastern borders within South Khorasan province and also the developments that during about six decades have taken place in these areas. The results of researchers showed that the determination and establishment of this border caused that some border villages such as Kaboodeh and Yazdan placed on this side of the border, and Nazarkhan was placed on the Afghan side. The consequences of these border policies have led to evacuation and destruction of border villages such as Kaboodeh and Yazdan, along the Nomands resettlement plan and security, and also their inhabitants were resettled in the Barenjgan city; in the other hand, Nazarkhan farm across the border has now changed into a linear village with a population of over 5 thousand people. The evacuation of these border villages along with the border privacy delimitation project, and also the forced migration of its residents to a new location has resulted in tensions between old residents and new immigrants in addition to causing discontent between borderers.
 

---

The present paper seeks to examine factors affecting the sense of security of religious tourists on the border of Mehran as a model of border towns. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Data was collected through library studies and a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and hypotheses. Findings show that there is no meaningful relationship between personal characteristics of respondents between their age and their sense of security. There is a significant relationship between the sense of security and gender, the sense of security and education of the respondents, and the sense of security and the status of the marital status of the respondents. In terms of tourists' safety, the security of a person with T=37.4 is most secure. Road safety with a T-value of 97.2 is in the lowest category security. According  the Sperman test, in the study of the relationship between total safety indices and sub-indicators of tourism development, the highest correlation coefficient between total security and re-visit with a correlation value of 5.30 is obtained. In examining boundary measures for border city security, the predicted variables predict 0.79% of the safety sensitivity variance, and all variables significantly predict safety. The efforts of security officials to secure security on both sides of the border with (Beta=0.526; has the highest impact on the variable of security.
 
 

---

The spatial boundaries are not just important in the macro and international levels, but also are significant at the local, regional and national levels. They are significant in areas such as Mamasani County in which the social structure has the tribal nature. The spatial-identity boundaries are appeared due to the dominant tribal atmosphere. On this basis, the areas of culture, society and politics are overshadowed. Tribalism and socio-political boundaries in these areas consolidate each other through factors such as identity, geographic space; the creation of symbols and values; the emphasis on the notions of one's self and others; friendship, hostility and competition and the elections in local level (city council and village or parliament). This kind of solidarity plays an important role in stabilizing local- tribal and traditional political behavior on the one hand and perceptual and spatial boundaries on the other. This situation has consequences such as tribal divergence, cultural introspection and border demarcation. The current research is based on the question of what is the relationship between tribalism and socio-political boundaries in Mamasani. In explaining the research hypothesis, it seems that tribalism and socio-political boundaries mutually reinforce each other. The research is conducted using the descriptive-analytical method and the required data have been collected through library, documentary and field (observation) methods. The findings show that tribalism and socio-political boundaries had mutual effects on each other so that tribes were socialized and politicized during the reign of the Khans and after the fall of the Khans, tribal boundaries have also been influential in intensifying clannish attitudes.
 


 

---

Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMD) are a common health related problem throughout the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydrotherapy training on health, function, motion, and occupational performance of the police personnel in Iran.
In this before/after prospective study, 30 participants were selected purposefully and divided into two experimental (n = 15) and control groups randomly (n = 15). The 8-week hydrotherapy training program was just assigned for intervention. The occupational performance and physical fitness tests, Health related Quality of Life (HRQoL) questionnaire and Visual analog Scale (VAS) were measured for both groups before and after intervention. data were analyzed through SPSS 16

---

To determine the occurrence of Work related Musculoskeletal Disorder (WMSD), its prevalence and risk factors among school teachers in India. 100 questionnaires was passed out and sent to teachers of different schools ranging from primary school to higher secondary schools across Kolkata and Aizawl. 72 percent of the teachers responded. A standardized Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (DMQ) was used. Neck pain was the most prevalent musculoskeletal complaint, reported by 53.52% of the respondents while chronic neck pain was not reported by the teachers. Shoulder and back pain were less prevalent than neck pain but the prevalence of chronic pain in these body sites were higher. Furthermore wrist/hand and knee pain were less prevalent than the other complaints. Working with hands above the shoulder was the highest reported risk factor (62.27%). School teachers are susceptible to WMSD with a significant prevalence for neck, shoulder, back, wrist/hand and knee pain. Prolonged working nature like bending the neck forward/backward or holding the neck in a Forward/backward posture, same movements with arms, hands or fingers many times, hands above the shoulder level, reaching with arms or hands and standing are important factors which affect the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders.

---

Abstract
China’s growing power and the existing vision for its future position play a prominent role in its foreign policy in general and China’s African policy in particular. In fact, as China’s power has grown, its sphere of influence has expanded not only to its periphery but also to the entire world. Although for decades, China’s policy on Africa has been focused on developing economic and trade relations, its military and security diplomacy have also undergone some significant changes. In this context, the important question is how to analyze the current characteristics of China's military and security diplomacy in Africa? In response, it can be said that Beijing, through military and security diplomacy with Chinese characteristics, seeks to portray itself as a security-building actor, thereby gradually weakening the legitimacy of the current international order led by the United States, and at the same time, enhancing its role in setting international agendas and norms related to international security. This, of course, does not mean ignoring the existing power gap between China and the US and adopting a revisionist approach to the international system. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this research examines the current structure of the international system and its impact on China's military and security diplomacy in Africa.
Keywords: China, Africa, International Order, Security, Peace, Stability
 

---

Banana Xanthomonas wilt is a systemic disease of banana plants. We investigated the risk of spreading Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Xcm) through asymptomatic mature bunches. Samples of banana fingers and rachis from markets within Kampala, Uganda and at border points of Uganda with DR Congo, Tanzania, Rwanda and Kenya were tested for the presence of Xcm through recovery of the bacterium onto semi-selective media. Fingers and rachis infected with Xcm were sampled weekly to determine survival duration in such materials. Characteristic colonies of Xcm were observed in 89 bunches. Within Kampala, various levels of Xcm were detected in the local markets at 21% from Kalerwe, 50% in Nakawa and Nakasera and 53% from Kasubi. At international borders, Xcm was detected at 17% in Malaba, 32% at Mutukula, 33% in Busia, 42% at Katuna/Kamwezi, 44% Mpondwe and 62% Mpanga. About 13% of the inoculated plants exhibited symptoms typical of Xcm infection. Xcm survived for up to six months, with colony counts of 25.3 cfu/gm, 23.1cfu/gm and 20.0 cfu/gm in the peel, pulp and rachis, respectively. This study demonstrated that Xcm is carried in traded banana materials over long distances and across borders. The pathogen can survive in the peel and rachis from markets up to 6 months and therefore these organs may act as sources of inocula for new infections. Consquently, there is need to improve on phytosanitary issues to manage spread of Xcm and spread of contamination to new areas.