---

The true understanding of a word requires using the different semantic methods so that through them, the exact description of that word can be found. One of these methods is sense relations such as semantic opposition. The purpose of this article is to study semantic opposition in Quran. For this work, 106 opposite word pairs have been extracted and gathered from different sources especially “Tafsire Noor” by Mostafa Khorram-del with their frequency and verses in which they have used and then have been analyzed according to six types of semantic oppositions agreed by linguists. For the reason of the limited size of the article, mentioning all these word pairs was refrained and several instances have been mentioned for every type of semantic opposition. Studying and analyzing data indicates that the six types of semantic opposition, that is gradable, complementary, symmetrical, directional, lexical, and semantic contrast are found in Quran and gradable, complementary, symmetrical, lexical, semantic contrast, and directional ones have the most and least frequency respectively. In some cases, there is overlap among these oppositions. The use of semantic opposition can be effective in the true translation of Quran words. The issue of most of these oppositions is human and his moral and educational affairs.

---

In the field of textual analysis and detailed understanding, we can benefit numerous mechanisms, In the meantime, attention to the mutual semantic opposition, has a special place. In the collocation of the word that one of the issues is invaluable semantics, Semantic opposition with their Types can lead translators and analysts to the exact meaning of the words of text. This means that a translator with knowledge of the mutual semantic opposition between words of coincide sentences, can lay behind the many challenges to achieve the accurate translation. According to the Nahj al-Balagha full of valuable semantic opposition, in this article we Following the Performance of Persian translations in translate of semantic opposition of sermons of Nahj al-Balagha And the extent to contexture have consider. In this regard, the types of collocation of the word and semantic oppositions have mentioned. And continue, some of the phrases that contain such opposition are offered and then to explain and evaluate the performance of five Persian translation of Nahj al-Balagha sermons on the correct translation of the semantic opposition. The results of this study suggest that in many cases, translators with a lack of attention to the symmetric sentences with each other, have been far from such the Strict sense of phrases while considering the context, we can overcome this problem.

---

The purpose of this study is to determine the type and frequency of lexical semantic relations between Persian and Arabic terms, and to investigate the meaning of Arabic terms in Persian. For this, Bozorg Sokhan dictionary and Abdolnabi Ghayyem Arabic dictionary was chosen and common Arabic words in Persian were extracted from the above dictionaries. Then based on some linguistic tests, six  types of lexical semantic relations including synonymy, hyponymy, semantic opposition, meronymy, member collection, portion-mass, were identified and the frequency of each of them was determined at the level of words, along with the meaning of each word. The frequency of the occurrence of each of the semantic relations in 4506 words was as follows: synonymy 76,83%, hyponymy 14,75%, semantic opposition 0,28%, meronymy 0,57%, member collection 0,04% and portion-mass 0,13% determined. Also, by matching the 4506 words with each other, a total of 26326 matchings were performed, the frequency of occurrence of lexical semantic relations among these adaptations were synonymy 16,75%, hyponymy was 2,61%, semantic opposition 0,04%, meronymy, member collection 0,007%,  and portion-mass 0.02% respectively.
 
 

---

The holy Quran is an ocean of meaning, therefore translating it from Arabic language to Persian language and other languages requires the understanding of language delicacies. Today, semantics provide the readers with methods which help them understand the text better and understand its hidden meanings. In words level, the issue of conceptual relationships between the words has been raised in semantics which provide the readers with methods which help them figure out the relationships between the words of a text and detect its implications. One of these relations is semantic opposition between the words.  In this article, we have tried to understand the implications of opposite words of Quran in ten last parts of it based on semantic opposition principle using descriptive-analytical method. And we have tried to explain the pathology of these equivalents by critically reviewing Moezzi and Payandeh equivalencies. The significance and importance of this research is that it introduces some of delicacies of literary texts to the translators and shows them some of the probable challenges. Results of this research indicate that ignoring the opposition and emphasizing on basic meaning of words, not paying attention to the multiple implications of opposite words in the context, neglecting morphology of opposite words, not paying attention to the context and collocations of opposite words, and translating the opposite words with incomplete words are the most important pathologies of the two abovementioned translations which have resulted in deficiency in transferring the meaning or in redundancy in these equivalencies in some areas.

---

Tales are the heritage of the public in literary, intellectual and cultural contexts that have a powerful and creative function.  They can be considered the first and most valuable subjective and linguistic creations that are highly prominent in their depths. The narrators have also created stories of events, human concerns and dreams benefiting from artistic structure and multi-dimensional meaning as a permanent function. Yazd area has a special place in this regard. Hence, the diversity of research based on binary opposition and structural analysis in the field of storytelling have reduced the meaning of folk tales. The purpose of this research is to examine the perverse basis of the confrontational structure in Yazdi's popular stories. Research methodology in this paper is descriptive- documentary and analytical. In such an approach, it is clear that the binary opposition in the folk tales have the potential for reversal of meaning, and through the notion of deconstruction, the reproduction of other meanings which corresponds to the mind of the audience and the reading time would be possible.

---

Ajaib-Nname is written document from the fifth to twelfth centuries. This study hypothesizes that there is a relationship between Ajaib-nameh and mythological views. To text it, eight texts of this genre were described and analyzed. Using Foucault's theory of genealogy, it was revealed that collective imagination in Ajaib-nameh has a relationship with the quasi-mythological motifs, despite the former's methods and objectives. The evolution of these texts has been explained in three distinct eras, including the geography-based era, the narrative era, and time-based era. The intensity and weakness of imagination in these texts are highlighted in three colors: yellow, orange and dark red.
 
 

---

Dogmatic approaches interpret literary texts in definitive ways. However, literary texts do lose their supposed absolute and final meanings when approached from a poststructuralist perspective. Consequently, it is possible to have multiple readings of a text from different perspectives. Drawing on Derridean deconstruction of binary oppositions, this paper studies a miniature painting by Sultan Mohammad Naqqash based on Hafez’s poetry. Hafez’s divan is always open to various interpretations between spiritual and worldly approaches. Contrary to the classical interpretations in which a definitive meaning is sought after, “Heavenly and Earthly Inebriation” painting by Sultan Mohammad deconstructs this opposition and presents a new reading of the poem. Based on an analytic-historical method, we argue that this painting creates a new hermeneutic world by geometric composition, colors, and characterization. The painting, we conclude, maintains the poetic ambiguity of Hafez’s poetry. Accordingly, we can say that there is no final meaning in this painting because the spectators simultaneously experience both poles of this opposition and, as a result, for them there is no absolute interpretation.  

---

Abstract
Binary opposition is one of the fundamental concepts in the critique of structuralism, and post-structuralism as well as the theories of linguistics and semiotics which are rooted in the mythological and cultural beliefs. Binary opposition shifted from linguistics to cultural studies and was challenged in the postmodern condition eventually. Claude Levi-Strauss espouses a bipolar-oppositional structure to the logic of myth, including proverbs. In his view, the structure of the human mind to understand phenomena puts each continuum in a binary reciprocal polarity. This pervasive mental action will eventually lead to the binary opposition, such as nature and culture. The purpose of the present study, however, is to represent the value binaries in the proverbs of the Ilami people. Due to the reconstructural nature of the case study, the research paradigm was qualitative and the method used was qualitative content analysis. The data is the published books about the proverbs of the Ilami people and some key informants were asked to supplement the information. These people were selected through purposeful sampling and were questioned through semi-structured interviews. The findings indicated that the binary value of the Ilami proverbs includes the following general binary oppositions: rational/irrational; collective/individual; dynamism / stagnation; universalism / particularism; order/ disorder; social capital development/ social capital erosion; moderation/ extremism; and justice/ oppression. These binaries consist of more detailed subcategories that represent a society saturated with opposition. The binary oppositions derived from the findings are largely consistent with the Talcot Parsons model variables.  

Keywords: Binary oppositions; proverbs; social value; social capital; conflict.
Introduction
Popular literature or "oral literature is an important branch of popular knowledge or folklore that includes a large collection of songs, lullabies, riddles, stories, myths, and proverbs" (Zolfaghari, 2013, p. 9). Proverbs reflect all aspects of life, material or spritual (Zolfaghari, 2005, p. 18). Proverbs represent the life of a people who have illustrated their aspirations, wishes, values, norms, different issues of life, and their social behavior through an artistic expression. In this context, proverbs are nowadays considered as one of the most important sources for cultural and social studies, and can be used to realize individuals' cultural and social viewpoints among which "binary oppositions" is a case in point.
The term "binary oppositions" was coined in the school of structuralism, and employed as a means to examine and analyze the fundamental structure of thought and culture. This term refers to opposite pairs in an area, which usually shows the dominance of one over the other (Ghiyasi and Mahmoodi, 2015). Binary oppositions dominate one pole over the other one and leave the identity and presence of one in the absence of the identity and presence of the other. Similarly, ideology is largely based on oppositions since it depends on values, and values oppose anti-values to be defined. Some other examples include religion against infidelity, good against evil, infallibility against sin (Talebian et al., 2009).
Conceptual Framework
Binary oppositions include values based on which actors act. These values are at the two ends of a continuum that is generally privative and demanding.
Social values are the bases of social actions. According to Pasrons, values associated with actions are not imposed on individuals from the outside but in their interactions with the society. In fact, the values, in practice, form the constructive conditions of the social actions. All actions involve these choices and reflect the system of the actor's choice. There are four major alternatives in this regard (Azkia and Ghaffari, 2008, p. 184), which Parsons calls "pattern variables". They include universalism vs. particularism, specific vs. diffuseness, achievement vs. ascription, affective vs. affective neutrality, and self-interest vs. collective-interest.
Aims, questions, and procedure
This study aims to investigate the representation of binary oppositions in proverbs of the people of Ilam. Within the same line, the following question was raised:
what is the representation of the following binary oppositions in the proverbs of the Ilami people: rational / non-rational, individualism / collectivism, individualism / collectivism, social dynamism / social static, universalism / particularism, order / disorder, formation / destruction of social capital, balance / indulgence, and justice / injustice?
This study employed a qualitative content analysis method of investigation. The scope of this study was the printed books on proverbs of the Ilami people. To triangulate the data, key informants, who were selected through purposive sampling, and their competence was determined based on the saturation principle, were interviewed.
Conclusion
The binary oppositions in proverbs of the Ilami people were represented in eight general pairs, including:
In the binary of rational/non-rational, there were the binaries of considerate/inconsiderate, prudence/non-prudence, and rationality/ irrationality. The binary of collectivism/individualism included opportunist/altruist, responsibility/ non-responsibility, cooperation/ competition, common grief/indifference, and facilitator/ troublemaker. The binary of static/dynamism included social dynamism/ coercion, and incorrigibility/ reversibility. In the binary of universalism/ particularism, the following values were found: specialization/non-specialization, and achievement/ ascription. The binary of order/disorder included the categories of social order/social disorder, agreement/non-agreement, and taking turns/ignoring turns. In the binary of formation of social capital/destruction of social capital, the binary values of social trust/distrust, honesty/demagoguery, trusteeship/ barratry, dignity/ stinginess, forgiveness/ reproach, and humility/ arrogance were represented. The binary of balance/indulgence represents the binary values of patience/ impatience, tolerance/ intolerance, understanding/hostility, adaptability/ dominance, and observing the rights/indulgence. The binary of justice/ injustice included equity/inequity, and the value of women/ patriarchy.
Such binaries are, to a great extent, consistent with Parsons's pattern variables. The difference is that in order to distinguish the traditional societies from the non-traditional ones, Parsons believed that each of the mentioned societies has only one of the attributes in the oppositions, while the representation of oppositions in proverbs of the Ilami people is based on a kind of attitude dynamism and jelly thinking as well as reciprocal movement between the two ends of a continuum. In this sense, we face a society saturated with oppositions, which sometimes tends to the affirmative values and sometimes to the negative ones. It sometimes tends to the rational actions and sometimes to the emotional ones. It sometimes demands individualism and sometimes collectivism. It sometimes calls for dynamism and sometimes emphasized coercion; sometimes calls for order and sometimes for disorder. It sometimes emphasizes formation of the social capital and sometimes its destruction. It sometimes considers balance as its ideal and another time puts indulgence on its agenda.
References

•  Ghiyasi, N. & Mahmoodi, F. (2015). Deconstruction of binary interpretations in Hafez's poems in the painting of Sultan Muhammed Naghash. Literary Criticism, 32(4), 105-131
•  Talebiyan, Y., Sarfi, M., Sharifpour, E. & Kasi, F. (2009). Binary oppositions in Ahmadreza Ahmadi's poems. Persian Language and Literature Journal of Research (Gohar-e-Guya), 3(4), 21-34.
•  Zolfaghari, H. (2005). The stories of proverbs (in Farsi). Tehran: Maziyar
•  Zolfaghari, H. (2013). The dictionary of Persian proverbs (in Farsi). Tehran: Elm Publication

---

Semiotic Square, as a model trying to analyze and explain the foundation of signification, was ‎firstly developed by Greimas. This model is the logical outcome of the development of binary ‎oppositions, and is based on the primary structure of signification. It was first used in the ‎structural analysis of narratives. However, Greimas, Rastier and some other members of Paris ‎school applied it in the field of semiotics of poetry, as well. Nevertheless, researches using ‎this model in the field of Persian literature are mainly concerned with its application in the ‎structural analysis of either prose or verse narratives, and as a consequence, there is no ‎comprehensive research which analyses the process of signification in poetry according to this ‎model. Hence, after providing the basic assumptions of semiotic model, the present article ‎tries to apply it in a semiotic reading of poetry. Therefore, at first the basic components of ‎semiotic square and their combination methods is explained and afterwards the internal ‎organization of the components of a poem by Attar, Mowlavi, and Hafiz is respectively ‎analyzed. Such a research not only provides the possibility of the analysis of the poem's ‎structure, and brings forth some of its latent perspectives, but also offers a reader-oriented ‎model which indicates how a potent reader recognize and categorize the semantic ‎components of the poem so as to arrive at a better understanding. ‎

---

  The employment of philosophical/literary theories has become a common thread in the published literary studies in Iran in the recent years. This may be the result of various reasons, for instance, the superior knowledge of theory of these critics over the traditionalists. Although the merits of such studies cannot be denied, their weaknesses should not be simply dismissed. This paper reviews some of the applications of deconstruction—one of the theories favored by many researchers—and their shortcomings. These shortcomings can be categorized under three headings: (1) lack of understanding of the concept of deconstruction—for example, some of the oppositions proposed in these studies stand in contrast to the kind of oppositions Derrida utilizes in his deconstructive studies or, in some cases, external elements such as class, education, etc. are focused on in some of them while for Derrida there is nothing outside the text; (2) reduction and simplification of Derrida’s philosophical propositions to mystery and mysticism; and (3) providing non-deconstructionist interpretations of stories.

---

1- Introduction
There are semantically different words and structures in Persian that are identical in pronunciation except for the place of stress. These pairs which are called stress oppositions are of two types; the first type includes a lexical stress opposition between two lexical entries called a stress minimal pair. The second type is either the result of some phonological processes or the interaction among morphological, syntactic and phonetic factors at post-lexical level. One or both sides of these stress oppositions are syntactic phrases. There are many stress oppositions in Persian; however only five of which are stress minimal pairs. Being a minimal pair is not the sole analyzable feature in these stress oppositions. There are other features which merit further consideration. The objectives of this research were to introduce and discuss features of stress minimal pairs, to introduce and classify the whole possible stress oppositions in Persian according to their lexical/ syntactic categories, and to figure out whether stress shift caused semantic changes or it was the effect or consequence of different elements in stress oppositions.
 
 2- Theoretical framework
Phrase Structure Grammar (Chomsky, 1957) is the theoretical framework which was used in this research to classif post- lexical structures. In this theoretical framework the structure of constituents is specified using phrase structure rules:
S       → VP NP
NP    → {Art (Adj) N, Pro, PN}
VP    → V NP (PP) (Adv) 
 
3- Methodology
This research aimed at introducing different lexical and post-lexical stress oppositions in Persian. To this end, structures other than lexical entries were classified into noun/verb phrases using Phrase Structure Grammar. Accordingly, various stress oppositions might include two lexical entries, a lexical entry and a noun/verb phrase, two noun phrases, two verb phrases, a noun phrase and a verb phrase, as well as emphatic stress. It is noteworthy that the phonetic representation (PR) rather than the underlying representation (UR) was used to specify stress oppositions. Finally, the morphemes of stress oppositions where compared in order to specify the main reason of their semantic (or grammatical) difference.
 
4- Results & discussion

Although Persian is so rich in terms of having stress oppositions, it only has five stress minimal pairs. The necessary condition that must be there for a stress opposition to be considered a stress minimal pair is that both its members must be lexical entries.  Hence, a post-lexical stress opposition of which one member is the result of a phonological change, or one member or both members are a syntactic phrase is not considered a stress minimal pair. Lexical stress or being a stress minimal pair is not the only criterion to evaluate stress oppositions. Stress shift is regarded the main reason for meaning change if there is no other distinctive factor at work, that is, we can say stress shift has caused meaning change when both members of a stress opposition consist of identical morphemes, or one of the members is not the result of a phonological process. Otherwise, stress itself is the consequence of different morphemes or application of a phonological process. Accordingly, the findings of this research are in contrast with the studies in the literature which regarded the stress opposition between a word and a phrase as a minimal pair, or posited that the meaning difference between two unlelated words of a stress minimal pair is due to stress shift. 

5- Conclusions & suggestions
 
The significance of this paper is that it is the first research to address lexical and post-lexical stress oppositions in Persian and to discuss how they were created. 
Moreover, this paper was an attempt to reduce the uncertainty in regard to the nature and identity of stress oppositions through introducing and classifying them and using the titles “lexical and post-lexical stress oppositions” to designate them.
 
     A future research suggestion could be investigating lexical and post-lexical stress oppositions in other languages.
 

---

Rouzbahan Baghli is one of the major figures of 6^th century who has his own particular mystic language. His language shows a set of particular features like abstractness. The present article has taken into account the semiotic square theoretical framework in order to analyze his language as well as to yield a better understanding of his mystic experience. Accordingly, having taken into consideration his mystic language, the properties of his language will be analyzed in the light of semiotic square. This study reveals that among the current oppositions like contradiction, contrast and entailment, Rouzbahan’s language incline towards contrast. This is due to the fact that Rouzbehan generally speaks about major existential categories, which are completely contradictory in two poles. Thus, whenever he talks about his experiences, he sometimes intermingles the binary oppositions in a complex meta-term. As a result, he sometimes collects these binary categories and puts them together to create a "compound" term. Sometimes he rejects both categories and creates a "neutral" frequency, and sometimes a "positive indicator" by deleting both. Other meta-terms like neutral, complex, positive deixis, and nameless are the dominant indicators of his abstract language.
 

---

This article studies the binary significations of Hafez/Zahed (Pious) in Hafez’s lyrics through a Derridean deconstructive approach. In order to do this, first we outline the deconstructive reading as the theoretical framework of the study. Within this framework, we would explain the Platonic binary oppositions, its effect on Saussurean binary linguistics, and Derrida’s treatment of the oppositions, specifically the binary of the signifier and the signified. Then we deconstruct the binary of Hafez/Zahed and conclude that this binary opposition is unstable and Hafez’s poetry is a self-deconstructive text.

---

---

 Mojahed Gholami, PH.D.
Abstract
 
This article, by taking into consideration novel theories on poetry, especially the formalist standpoints, intends to study the efficiency of what is referred to as the defects of eloquence in the contemporary analysis of Farsi poetry. This process has taken place in two generalized and detailed styles. In the generalized process, the issue of dominating element in Russian formalism has been taken into account and interaction has been made between the theories presented on the defects of eloquence in Farsi books. Also, the shortcomings of eloquence up until the end of period of promotion of Hindi styles have been classified and researched in the three domains of compatibility, lack of compatibility and regression. The analysis of this subject leads us to conclude that in the era of compatibility, concurrent with the development of Khorasani style, the views presented on the defects of poems were in line with Farsi poetry. However, this rate of compatibility gradually declined. In the incompatibility era, which was concurrent with the  promotion of Hindi style; the social, literary, and aesthetic needs of Farsi language wiped out the originality of the analysis of contemporary poetry in based on consideration of defects of traditional eloquence.
In the detailed approach, the views of formalists on establishment of unity in language via reduction and addition of a number of norms seem inefficient in identification of defects of eloquence. Based on the analysis of this topic, it was concluded that in the formalist approach and in dealing with modern poetry, the cases taken into consideration as the defects of poetry actually distinguish literary language from ordinary language and ultimately lead to creation of poems.
 

---

Structuralism is one of the method to analyze the text. Binary oppositions in this approach are considered as foundations. Structural theoreticians believe that the main function of human mind is to create these binary oppositions which are the underlying structure of each culture. In fact, our cultural actions originate from these binary relationship in which lexical contrast and contradictory thought are hidden. By adopting this research methodology, this article investigates Baharestan by Jami; a literary work with social, ethical and mystic thoughts or background whose foundation is based on these binary oppositions. In parallel with explanation of thought and origin of Jami’s stories at the level of deep structure; the authors tries to show these oppositions at the level of surface structure. The main question of this study is that to what extent the reading of Baharestan illuminates its literary value.

---