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adopted here is Social Distance Theory. According to this view, the more social distance among people the less they influence each other. From this viewpoint an increase in social distance among kinsfolk leads to a decrease in mutual influence and this, in turn, affect the emigration tendency. This study is aimed at the investigation of the relationship between kinship solidarity and emigration tendency among educated people. The theoretical framework Based on this theoretical foundation, we have suggested that 4 main variables, the size of kinship network, the strength of kinship relationship, the frequency of kinship relationship, and the profundity of kinship relationship, have negative influences on educated people’s tendency to emigrate. A sample of social sciences and electrical engineering students of the University of Tehran has been surveyed and the empirical data have been analysed both in description and explanation levels. The results indicate that all of the above mentioned variables affect emigration tendency negatively and significantly. Also, our findings suggest that, generally speaking, a negative correlation between the above independent variables and dependent variable of emigration tendency is predictable. In particular, two variables (the strength of kinship relationship, and the profundity of kinship relationship) explain 35% of variances of dependent variable of the tendency to emigrate.

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The pattern in the last few decades, especially in countries and regions located in the desert of the earth are considered, as a reflection of climate change. A situation that threatens security, stability and development in many areas due to reduced rainfall and water scarcity. Iran has also been strongly influenced by these events and changes in its attitude towards its geographical position during the last decade and half. Southeastern Iran with center (Sistan and Baluchestan Province) which has been a region with low rainfall, daring several periods of time due to climate to the point that it has become one of the migrating provinces of the country. An event that has itself given rise to emerging security issues and challenges, especially in border areas
The present article is based on the hypothesis that the decrease in rainfall and threat of water resources has led to the emigration of the province. The methodology of the present study is descriptive-analytical and the required data and information are collected through the meteorological organization and the national statistics center and then using standard rainfall (SPI) and normal rainfall (PNPI) percentage investigate and analyze the spatial distribution of drought (period, 1996-2011) and its impact on the migration of residents of the strategic area. The results show that the occurrence of severe or very severe droughts in a region has negative reflections on the livelihood of residents in the region, which with the attitude of the people of the province to dependence on limited water resources and traditional agriculture and the lack of land management policies and hydro-political relations between Iran and Afghanistan have led to an increase in the crisis in the east of the country, and the people of this province have inevitably migrated to neighboring provinces and other parts of the country to provide better living conditions.

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  Mass transfer between packaging and its contents during the storage mainly affects physical and chemical properties of foods. Possible interaction between HDPE container and soft drink basis was studied in this work. GC-HS analysis was applied to identify the possible reactants of HDPE. Basis packaged in HDPE containers was stored at different storage temperatures; 4, 25 and 48˚C. Specific migration of n-Octane as possible reactant was determined by headspace chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer. Quality parameters of basis were measured during storage time at different temperatures. N-Octane was not detected in the samples stored at 4 and 25˚C, and at 48˚C was 0.7ppb, which is much smaller than permitted level of FDA (300ppm). The best storage condition was recognized at HDPE container and darkness condition in 4˚C. So the temperature was recognized as an important attribute in basis storage.

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Literature on migration from rural to urban areas has much increased over the last few decades, sharing a wide range of concerns over various social and economic problems associated with migration. But despite this burgeoning literature, it should be pointed out that terminology in the field of rural to urban migration is not yet well standardised. The definition of rural migration depends on several aspects and charactrestics of population. The theoretical model presented in this research demonstrates that a move is a rural migration when the villager leaves one housing and labor market to relocate in another. Almost everywhere, rural migration concentrates extremely havily on villagers age 15-30. In this research we examined the role of economic and noneconomic motivation on the rural youth migration. In fact the chief objectives of this research have been to contribute to the understanding of the process of youth migration from rural to urban areas. Empirical analysis show that although economic motivations are important in rural youth migration, noneconomic factors also have direct effects on subsequent moving behavior. For example, local amenities, residential satisfaction, social welfare, standard of living, need of achivenment, better life and valued goals significantly incrased motivation for rural youth migration.

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This article seeks to answer two questions: first, what effects has the experience of migration had on Bakhtiari poetry as a unique experience? And second, how do these poems represent and interpret the outer and inner worlds of these migrating nomads? In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze some aspects of the form and content of the Bakhtiari poetry which has been formed through the great experience of migration and to illustrate the philosophical and aesthetic aspects of this experience through folk songs and poems. The research methodology and theoretical foundation of the current research are based on the notions of “ Sporadic “ and “ Completed” experience outlined in John Dewey’s book entitled “ Art as Experience”. The results of the present study showed that the experience of migration as a great central experience has strongly influenced the mind and the worldview of these migratory humans in such a way that both the form and content of Bakhtiari folk poetry have been influenced by it and, on a more general basis, this experience has tied the mentality, aesthetics and ontological system of these people to their lifestyles.

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The identity crisis and Existential dichotomy are among axial issues of immigration literature; however one of the principal critters of postcolonial literature is the effort of author to inverse the power status between the colonizer’s language and colonizer’s language which is a form of Soft Clash with Colonialism. That way, the study of intelligent exchanges between these two languages in literary work, explains the position, skill, and creativity of the author for using the language tool. This paper proposes to highlight the influence of common and similar experiences of Italian-somalin author, Cristina Ali Farah, and Algerian francophone author, Assia Djebar in their novels: The Little Mother and The Disappearance of the French language. At first, we present the style of writing of these authors relying on postcolonial literature expert Zabus. Then, we study the tight relationship between the language and identity concept, by using analytical-comparative method and emphasizing the approach of American School.

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This research tries to study the migration Persian literature novels and analyzes the challenge of identity-makers elements in the motherland and host country in inter-discourse migration spaces. The aim of this study is to answer this main question: What challenges would build the motherland identity-makers elements relocate human subject from native Semiosphere to the host Semiosphere?
The article uses the theoretical foundations of cultural studies and the theory of Semiosphere of Juri Lotman to answer this question. This article assumes that identity-makers elements lose an important part of their power and influence after withdrawal from the sphere of their Semiosphere.
 These identical signs in the host territory, since they lose the supporting powers and because of the differences and conflicts they have with identical signs of host, may be sent to margin. Or they are inflicted with change in their value. And as the result, the human subject gets many identity-makers challenges. These challenges vary from liminal identity to identity crisis and identity less.
 
 

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Critical realism,as a branch of the literary school of realism,seeks to convey objective and accurate experiences of reality to the reader by looking at the social problems of man in the new age,and to criticize the prevailing situation in society with a reformist attitude. Samuel Shimon In his first novel,“An Iraqi in Paris”,was able to gain a special place in the field of fiction in Arabic literature;Reza Ghasemi is one of the most prominent novelists of Persian literature that wrote the novel“Nocturnal Harmony”.Both novels reflect the realities of their society and the phenomenon of migration.The purpose of this study is investigate the harmful challenges of the migration phenomenon.In this research,by examining the components of immigration literature from the perspective of critical realism based on description and analysis in the context of the American comparative school, two novels are examined.The results of the research show:Doubt in the basis of insider culture and cultural contradiction in the novel"Nocturnal Harmony"is more prominent than the novel"An Iraqi in Paris" but this is manifested in both novels in the form of alienation.In both novels, critically reviewing the past,while criticizing the political and social conditions prevailing in their society,the way of teaching some religious and cultural teachings has also been criticized.The challenges of immigration are manifested in both novels in the form of disappearance,identity crisis, homelessness and insecurity,but the author has a positive view of the future in the novel"An Iraqi in Paris",but in the novel" Nocturnal Harmony"the authorchr('39')s view is hopeless.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of producer cooperatives (PCs) on rural development in Fars, Khorasan, Semnan, Golestan and Hamadan provinces of Iran in 2007. More specifically, this paper focuses on the economic aspects and social changes occurred in rural area concerning the cooperatives development. In order to measure quantitatively the effectiveness of economic and social changes, we included per capita income, factors productivity, expansion of rain irrigation, technology changes as economic indicators and the rate of participation in social activities, rate of migration and job creation as social indicators in the model. The findings based on 212 Producers Cooperative sampling data in the selected provinces show that the PCs have played a positive role in preventing migration to urban area. Moreover, the PCs have statistically significant and positive effects on the production, employment and labor productivity in this sector. In addition, in some areas they contributed to develop commercial agriculture.

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In this article, which is a descriptive – analytical research, and the first research done about Nænæji dialect, the use of kinship terms and terms of address in this dialect is studied. This dialect is spoken in village of Nænæj, in Malayer County, Iran. Nænæji can be considered as a variety of Persian being influenced by Lori, Laki, and Kurdish languages.
In “introduction”, some basic points about the research and its goals are presented; then the village of Nænæj is briefly introduced; and finally the main questions of the research are presented as:

1. Concerning age degree of the informants, what kinds of changes can be seen in use of kinship terms and terms of address in Nænæji dialect, in recent decades?
2.  What are the causes of change in kinship terms and terms of address of Nænæji dialect?

The data, gathered in a field work and through network participation in the language community, are analyzed in four separate categories: kinship terms coming from consanguinity, kinship terms coming from affinity, kinship terms coming from RAḌᾹ and brotherhood formula (based on Islamic jurisprudence or Fiqh), and address terms for nonrelatives. Data have been analyzed through using concepts and terms of George Peter Murdock and Lewis Henry Morgan. In other words, partly, this research is based on what Murdock and Morgan have said about kinship terms in different languages of the worlds.
In “review of the literature”, a number of researches done about the use of kinship terms in different Iranian languages, namely Persian, Kurdish and Gilaki, are reviewed, to show that the present research can complete the researches done in this field.
This research reveals, among the rest, that Nænæji has a rich array of kinship terms and terms of address. Also, analysis of Nænæji kinship terms coming from consanguinity, Nænæji kinship terms coming from affinity, Nænæji kinship terms coming from RAḌᾹ, and Nænæji address terms for nonrelatives, shows that in using all of them we see deep changes in recent decades; in a way that decrease in variety of kinship terms and address terms of the dialect is something clear. In fact, in recent decades, Nænæji kinship terms have moved towards missing distinctions based on age, disappearance of derivative and descriptive terms, and accepting standard Persian’s norms and terms.
The research also reveals that today in Nænæji, the use of some of the kinship terms and terms of address is restricted to middle and old age groups.  It also indicates that change in community relationships and family structure, migration and urbanization are the causes of Nænæji kinship terms and terms of address become obsolete and even extinct; and the standard Persian equivalent substitute them. This is a clear example of dialect levelling in Iran.

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In the current research, the issue of trauma in the novel Ulysses of Baghdad written by Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt and the Nocturnal harmony of the wood orchestra written by Reza Ghasemi have been investigated. In both novels, we see the migration of the main character of the story. The main character of the novel Ulysses from Baghdad (Saad) decides to migrate in order to escape from the civil war, and in the novel of the Nocturnal harmony, which depicts a surreal narrative of migration (Yadullah), we are looking for the reason for migration and the damages caused by it. Trauma or psychosis following a psychological injury that usually occurs to a person in childhood can have irreparable consequences that are very difficult and even impossible to treat. Migration, especially if it is unwanted, can cause a traumatic injury that sometimes causes multiple tears, feelings of depression, emptiness, loneliness and disorder. A person who experiences migration faces a new world in which many principles and boundaries will change. This comparative comparison shows that either voluntary or forced migration can have traumatic consequences and transform a person's identity. Also, a narrative of migration, whether real or surreal, leads to confusion in the writing and structure of the story, which themselves indicate a traumatic narrative.
 

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Behrouz Buchani, an Iranian Kurdish refugee, is one of the contemporary writers whose literary work is focused on portraying human crises arising from migration to the Western world and facing the inverted reality that is incompatible with his idea of ​​the destination world as a utopia and appearing in the form of a ruined city. The novel No Friend But the Mountains, which is the outcome of the tragedy of the death of the imaginations of the immigrant people in achieving utopia and the destruction of the dream built from the idea of ​​Westernism as a safe haven in escaping the political-social insecurities of the motherland, is a realistic account of the destruction of people's lives that their fate in the vortex of rejection and antagonism in the destination society leads to prison and violation of human rights and dignity and alienation and hegemony of the kyriarchal system in order to cast a shadow on the prisoner's will. Due to the fact that so far no independent research has investigated the consequences of the migration of diasporic and immigrant populations in the novel No Friend But the Mountains, the author intends to investigate this phenomenon in this novel. The fundamental issue of the current research is that the consequences of the migration of the immigrant and diasporic populations, how and in what forms are they expressed in this novel and with what concepts are they linked?

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The changes of total calcium content of Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus follicles were investigated during different stages of germinal vesicle migration. Total calcium content increased during maturation and ripening of the oocytes i.e. migration of nucleus toward the animal pole. According to data, the total calcium of follicles with Polarization Index (PI: the ratio of the distance of the germinal vesicle from the animal pole over the animal-vegetal oocyte diameter×100) less than 5.2 (group I) were significantly higher than those in groups with 5.7< PI< 8.1 (group II) and PI> 9.4 (group III). Also, there were no significant differences observed in total calcium content of follicles with PI> 9.4 (group III) and follicles retained for 20 days in body cavity with PI> 10.5 (group IV). As well, there was a significant negative relationship observed between PI values and total calcium content of follicles. It is concluded that calcium is accumulated during the final oocyte maturation in Persian sturgeon.

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One of the reasons for migration of the poets to India in the Safavid era was allegation of bad faith and atheism. Given the widespread repression of Sunni and Sufi sects as ideological opponents during the Safavid era, it is expected that the charge has been made on the basis of opposition to the Sunni and Sufi sects. Despite of this expectation, what was called the bad faith of the poets in a frank and clear way was the charge of Noqtavi. Referring to the Safavid era's sources, this paper has explained the reasons for the charge and emphasis on the allegation. According to the studies, contrary to the Sunni and Sufi sects who attempted to hide following the primary repression in Safavid era, the Noqtavian began to say stubbornly pagan beliefs and specifically distort some of Shia principles in on hand, and expressed some political claims on the other hand. In this way, they provoked strongly the powerful Safavid rulers and the mighty religions establishments of the day. The arousal made it necessary to suppress the Noqtavian and to explain their disdain ideas, causing further emphasis on charges of those who believed in and suspected to Noqtavie, including some poets.

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 This article aimed to introduce Paul Simpson’s model­ (2004) at the point of view of "Ayenehaye Dardâr" and "Ham Navayie Shabaneye Orcestre Choobhâ". Simpson applies "sequence, duration, and frequency" in the spatial planes of point of view from "camera angle". He also uses "Modality" in psychology, and "Helidian transitional system" in ideological. Exploring the point of view provides a better understanding of the thoughts and feelings of the characters.
The research method is to evaluate the entire text of the novels in the temporal, spatial, and psychological points of view and identifying the "processes" and "aspects of verbs" in the "policy and beliefs motifs" of the authors’ ideology index.
The flashback in two novels plays an important role. Ghasemi, with a partial view, and Golshiri, with the "here and there" frequency pronouns show the contradiction between the origin and destination community in the lives of immigrants. A confirmative attitude is dominated on novels and the narrator explicitly speaks of his dreams and beliefs. The high frequency of material process reveals realism and reports the specific application of the news, personalities, and lives of the characters.