Showing 328 results for Meter
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
This article investigates the syntactic parameters of the agreement/case system in three northwest Iranian languages, including Tati, Talshi, and Vafsi. Baker (2008) shows that the close relationship between agreement and case that Chomsky (2000) formalized it as the Operation Agree is a parametric matter and in all languages, the agreement does not depend on the structural case of the noun phrase. In this regard, he considers the existence of two parameters: parameter (1) Direction of agreement parameter (DAP) which is based on the c-commanding condition and The Case Dependency of Agreement Parameter (CDAP) or Operation Agree and he believes that the Operation Agree or parameter (2) is only one the agreement parameters in universal grammar, not a principle ones. Also, in a language, all functional heads, if they agree with a noun phrase, are homogeneously subject to the fixed agreement parameter in that language. In this regard, we evaluate how the two parameters of Direction of agreement parameter (DAP) and The Case Dependency of Agreement Parameter (CDAP) are fixed in the functional head (T) and moreover we deal with other functional heads including determiners (D), prepositions (P) and auxiliary verbs (AUX). The results show that in these three Iranian languages, the functional head (T) is subject to the CDAP parameter, not the DAP one and the c-commanding condition is not necessary for agreement. Moreover, in par with the functional head (T), other functional heads are homogenously subject to CDAP. The method of data collection was the library method and interview.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (1-2024)
Abstract
The insight of storage root formation mechanism under different soil compaction which is one of the vital factors affecting storage rot yield is crucial for the high and stable storage yield of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.). Photosynthetic characters has been proved to be determining factor of crop yield. So field experiments were conducted with 2 varieties in control, loose, and compacted soil conditions, canopy apparent photosynthesis, gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the functional leaves, storage root yield were determined, and the relationship between yield and photosynthetic characters was studied as well. The results indicated compared to the control, the storage root yield was significantly increased in loose soil with the average increase of 27.03%~38.74%, but decreased in compacted soil with the average reduction of 17.87%~15.92%. The CAP got the similar change law. Loose soil also improved gas exchange parameters of functional leaves, overall performance and donor/recipient side properties of PSII, the reverse was found in compacted soil. The CAP was significantly positively correlated with storage root yield (r= 0.99, P<0.05) and single storage root weight (r= 0.90, P<0.05). As per statistical path analysis, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) had the most total effect and higher direct effect on increasing CAP. That is, reduce the soil compaction increased Pn of functional leaves, brought higher CAP, resulted in high storage root yield.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (1-2024)
Abstract
Increasing need for drought adaptation measures to conserve water and sustain crop yield in water-scarce regions, driven by severe and recurrent droughts. Achieving sustainable production entails studying deficit irrigation as a means to enhance water productivity and selecting genotypes resilient to soil water deficits. In the present study, 17 different melon (Cucumis melo L.) genotypes collected from the Van Lake Basin and 3 hybrids and 1 standard melon cultivar for control purposes were used. The study was carried out under climate room conditions. Two different irrigation levels (I100: 100% full irrigation, I50: 50% deficit irrigation-DI) were applied in the study for deficit irrigation. The applications started with the emergence of the second true leaves of the plants and after one-month, different growth, nutrient, and enzyme contents of the seedlings were determined. In general, it was determined that deficit water application negatively affects seedling growth, and and root dry matter, stomatal width and density, potassium, APX and SOD enzymes, and MDA content increased, while the other examined parameters decreased. The genotypes of the Van Lake Basin melon were found to vary as a result of the findings.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (3-2012)
Abstract
Reproductive performance and life expectancy of the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch were determined on seven eggplant cultivars (Isfahan, Dezful, Shend-Abad, Neishabour, Bandar-Abbas, Jahrom and Borazjan) at 25 ± 1°C, 60 ± 5% R.H. and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) hours. The results revealed that the TSSM gross hatch rate varied from 59% on Bandar-Abbas to 83% on Dezful. The gross fecundity rate was 59.726, 31.430, 31.443, 14.461, 19.328, 16.035 and 20.560 eggs/female and the net fecundity rate was 25.804, 17.496, 15.139, 7.620, 5.931, 7.526 and 11.947 eggs/female on the above-mentioned cultivars, respectively. The highest and lowest value of the net fertility rate was 20.735 eggs/female on Isfahan and 3.495 eggs/female on Bandar-Abbas, respectively. Also, the gross fertility rate was the highest on Isfahan (47.994 eggs/female) and the lowest on Bandar-Abbas (11.390 eggs/female). The values of the mean eggs per day varied from 2.040 to 6.560 eggs/female, which was minimum on Neishabour and maximum on Isfahan. The life expectancy of one-day-old adults of the TSSM was estimated to be 7.550, 8.380, 5.820, 4.850, 5.440, 5.330 and 3.950 days on the above-mentioned cultivars, respectively. Comparison of the reproductive parameters of the TSSM on the examined cultivars revealed that Isfahan was the most susceptible cultivar and Neishabour was the most resistant cultivar to this pest. Using resistant host plants is one of the most important components of an integrated pest management program.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (3-2012)
Abstract
Abstract The aphid parasitoids, Aphidius colemnai Viereck and A. matricariae (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) have high potential as the most effective biological control agents for controlling the cotton aphis Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In this investigation, the effect of five constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) on the reproductive parameters was studied at 65 ±5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16L: 8 D hours In this study, the newly laid (one- day old) eggs were reared on third instar nymphs of cotton aphid, and the pupal and adult stages of the parasitoids were recorded daily, until the last individual was found dead. The experiments were carried out with 15 replications at each temperature. The results revealed that the gross fecundity and fertility rates were significantly different at all tested temperatures for both species (P
Volume 1, Issue 1 (3-2012)
Abstract
The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), which is known as one of the most important economic pests, can cause severe damage to different crops in Iran and many countries of the world. The effect of five maize hybrids: SC260, SC500, SC700, SC704 and DC370 on lysozyme activity in the hemolymph of sixth instar of H. armigera using lytic zone assay and its association with some fitness parameters of this pest was studied in growth chamber (25 ± 1˚C, 65 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L : D) h). Our results indicated that except on SC260, the frequency of high immune-activated larvae on the other maize hybrids was lower than that of low immune-activated larvae. The mean lysozyme concentration in H. armigera larval hemolymph was the highest on SC260 (0.096 ± 0.01 mg/ml) and lowest on DC370 (0.060 ± 0.007 mg/ml). The longest pupal period was on SC500 (12.00 ± 0.49 days) and the shortest was on SC700 (10.37 ± 0.19 days). Daily and total fecundities of H. armigera were the highest on DC370 (61.68 ± 9.85 and 196.89 ± 49.30 eggs, respectively) and lowest on SC260 (20.60 ± 5.88 and 52.71 ± 18.80, respectively). The results of this study can provide fundamental information for management of H. armigera on maize hybrids.
Volume 1, Issue 2 (6-2012)
Abstract
The life table parameters of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on four commercial cultivars of wheat (Kohdasht, Pastor, Tajan and Zagros) were determined in laboratory conditions. Fertility life table were constructed using age-specific survivorship (lx) and age-specific fecundity (mx) and subsequently analyzed using jackknife method and ANOVA. There were significant differences among pre-imaginal period and adult longevity of the aphid on the four wheat cultivars. The highest mortality occurred at first nymphal instar on all of wheat cultivars tested. The life expectancy (ex) of one-day-old adults was estimated to be 23.5, 24.6, 30.36 and 26.83 days on Kohdasht, Pastor, Tajan and Zagros, respectively. The gross reproductive rate was significantly higher on Tajan (102.39 ± 1.42 females/female/generation) compared with other three cultivars. The net reproductive rate (R0) significantly differed on different wheat cultivars examined. The R0-value was highest on Tajan (82.21 ± 1.21) and lowest on Zagros (38.23 ± 0.63 females/female/generation). The highest and lowest values of the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) were 0.276 ± 0.002 (on Pastor) and 0.222 ± 0.001 day-1 (on Zagros), respectively. The finite rate of increase (l) differed significantly among four wheat cultivars, ranging from 1.25 ± 0.00 (on Zagros) to 1.32 ± 0.00 days-1 (on Pastor). Doubling time ranged from 2.51 ± 0.02 (on Pastor) to 3.12 ± 0.02 days (on Zagros). The longest mean generation time (T) of the aphid was obtained on Tajan cultivar. The results showed that the Zagros cultivar had the highest antibiotic effect on population growth of S. graminum.
Volume 1, Issue 3 (9-2012)
Abstract
Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as an ectoparasitoid of larval stage of lepidopterous pests is widely used in biological control programs. In the present research, the effect of field recommended doses of imidacloprid, indoxacarb and deltamethrin were studied on life table parameters of H. hebetor in pupal stage treatment. One hundred, two-day-old pupae were treated with 1 micro liter insecticide solution using topical method. The pupae were treated with acetone in the control. Thirty emerged adults in each treatment were transferred individually to a Petri dish along with a male for mating. Three last instar larvae of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were presented to each female wasp daily as host. The numbers of eggs produced per female per day were counted until all of the females were dead. The gross and net reproductive rates in control, imidacloprid, indoxacarb and deltamethrin were 204.6, 207.7, 209.1 and 112.1 and also 75, 41.3, 64.6 and 14.9, respectively. Intrinsic rates of increase were estimated to be 0.215, 0.154, 0.205 and 0.14 female offspring/female/day, respectively. Deltamethrin and imidacloprid had the most adverse effects on life table parameters of H. hebetor. Intrinsic rate of increase was not significantly affected by indoxacarb. These findings indicated that indoxacarb was relatively safe for H. hebetor and could be an appropriate candidate in integrated chemical and biological control.
Volume 1, Issue 4 (12-2012)
Abstract
Life table parameters of Aphis pomi DeGeer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were determined on two host plants: apple (Malus pumila L.) and flowering quince (Chaenomeles japonica Lindl.). This study was carried out under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 ºC and RH of 70 ± 5 % and a photoperiod of 16: 8 h (L: D). The survivorship from first instar nymphs to adult was very close in M. pumila and C. japonica. The longevity of A. pomi was 8.1 ± 0.458 and 9.65 ± 0.412 days and the fecundity of female was 37.25 ± 2.198 and 32.9 ± 1.802 nymphs on M. pumila and C. japonica, respectively. Peaks of reproductive value occurred at ages of 8 and 9 days when reared on M. pumila and C. japonica, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) on M. pumila was higher than that on C. japonica, as it was 0.396 ± 0.015 on M. pumila and 0.329 ± 0.006 day-1 on C. japonica. The mean generation time (T) was 9.13 ± 0.35 and 10.62 ± 0.18 days, on M. pumila and C. japonica, respectively. The results showed that the two closely related host plants had significant influence on life table parameters of A. pomi and the aphid showed a better performance on M. pumila than on C. japonica. These results indicated that M. pumila is more suitable for A. pomi, resulting in a higher reproductive performance.
Volume 2, Issue 1 (3-2013)
Abstract
Demographic parameters of the ladybeetle, Serangium montazerii Fursch feeding on citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri Ashmead were determined on two host plants, Page tangerine and Thompson navel orange. This study was carried out under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 °C and RH of 60 ± 5% and a photoperiod of 16: 8 h (L: D). Total pre-adult periods of the lady beetle were 20.84 ± 0.302, 19.27 ± 0.251days on Page tangerine and Thompson navel orange, respectively. The survivorship from egg to adult were very close to each other on the two host plants. The oviposition periods were 29.64 ± 0.905 and 33.36 ± 0.599 days and the total number of eggs per female (fecundity) were 457.14 ± 11.099 and 528.57 ± 12.369 on Page tangerine and Thompson orange, respectively. Peaks of reproductive value occurred at ages of 31 and 33 days when reared on Thompson navel orange and Page tangerine, respectively. The intrinsic rates of increase (r) on Thompson orange and on Page tangerine were 0.134 ± 0.063 and 0.126 ± 0.006d-1 with no significant differences. The mean generation time (T) on these host plants were 39.03 ± 0.5 and 40.57 ± 0.46 days, respectively. It can be concluded that S. montazerii feeding on D. citri in general showed a slightly better reproductive performance on Thompson navel orange than on Page tangerine.
Volume 2, Issue 1 (3-2014)
Abstract
This research investigates the vegetation of 4600 ha of Polour semi-steppe rangelands in relation to edaphic and physiographical parameters in Mazandaran province. For this purpose, 23 land units were selected from overlaying slope, aspect and elevation maps using geographic information system (GIS). Within each unit, 3 parallel transects with 100 m length, each containing 10 quadrates (according to vegetation variation) were established. Sampling method was Random systematic. Measured soil properties included texture, organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, phosphor, and litter. Soil and plant data were analyzed with redundancy analysis and SHAZAM 10 package. RDA analysis suggesting that there is a relatively high correspondence between vegetation and environmental factors that explain 93% of the total variance in data set. RDA results showed that soil slope, aspect, soil texture, acidity, phosphor, and litter were the major environmental factors responsible for variations in vegetation patterns. Furthermore, results also showed that for F .ovina and P .bulbosa, acidity and nitrogen, for A .gossypinus, organic matter and salinity and for D .glomerata, nitrogen have the most important role in plant presence and absence probability.
Volume 2, Issue 2 (6-2013)
Abstract
Plant extracts, like phytoecdysteroids, are currently studied because of the possibility of their use in plant protection. Phytoecdysteroids are insect steroid hormone analogues, and they are believed to deter invertebrates from plants, either by acting as antifeedants or by being toxic through hormonal disruption on ingestion. We describe here the effects of extract from Spinacia oleracea L. (Chenopodiaceae), a plant producing phytoecdysteroids, on the demographic parameters of Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Spinach is one of the very few crop plants which produce large amounts of phytoecdysteroids. Ecdysteroidal extracts of leaves from this plant were incorporated into food given to third instar larvae for two days. Then the larvae were reared on untreated leaves. The eggs from the emerging adults were picked up for demographic experiments. The rearing of the newly hatched larvae was continued individually on untreated leaves. All experiments were performed on 25 ± 1 ºC, 65 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) hours in a growth chamber. Data analysis demonstrated that the fecundity of the females was strongly affected by ecdysteroidal extract. Values of intrinsic rate of increase and net reproduction rate decreased significantly as concentration of the extract increased. However, doubling time increased significantly as concentration of the extract increased. The present study demonstrated that the ecdysteroidal components of the spinach are effective on the demographic parameters of P. xylostella. Therefore, this extract may be potential protectants as botanical alternative agent.
Volume 2, Issue 2 (6-2013)
Abstract
The effect of various host plants including chickpea (varieties Arman, Hashem, Azad and Binivich), common bean (variety Khomein), white kidney bean (variety Dehghan), red kidney bean (variety Goli), cowpea (variety Mashhad), and tomato (variety Meshkin) on the reproductive performance and growth indices of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) was determined under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% RH and a 16:8 h light:dark photoperiod). The highest rate of gross fecundity, gross fertility, net fecundity, net fertility, mean daily eggs and mean daily fertile eggs were observed on chickpea Arman (2947.8 ± 7.8, 2933.0 ± 7.8, 2404.2 ± 7.1, 2392.2 ± 7.1, 170.9 ± 0.4, and 170.1 ± 0.4 eggs female-1, respectively), whereas the lowest values of these parameters were on tomato Meshkin (847.5 ± 9.2, 673.8 ± 7.3, 225.5 ± 2.6, 179.3 ± 2.1, 67.9 ± 0.7 and 54.3 ± 0.5 eggs female-1, respectively). The development index of overall immature stages varied from 1.10 to 1.57, with the minimum on tomato Meshkin and the maximum on chickpea Arman. Also, the fitness and standardized insect-growth indices were highest (0.349 ± 0.009 and 0.058 ± 0.001 gr day-1) and lowest (0.052 ± 0.001 and 0.013 ± 0.000 gr day-1) on chickpea Arman and tomato Meshkin, respectively. The Weibull model sufficiently described the shape of the survivorship curve of adult H. armigera from life-table data. A significant fit was obtained with the Weibull model for H. armigera in all experimental host plants. The results of reproductive performance, growth indices and the cluster analysis showed that tomato Meshkin was partially resistant to H. armigera.
Volume 2, Issue 2 (9-2013)
Abstract
The effect of sublethal concentrations of cadmium on some haematological parameters of juvenile sterlet, Acipenser ruthenus. For this purpose, 60 fish (41.69 ± 0.95 g and 23.98 ± 0.14 cm) were randomly divided into four experimental groups and exposed to 0 (control), 16, 32 and 64 μg/L Cd concentration, each in 3 replicates for 21 days. The hematological parameters, including red and white blood counts, differential white blood count, hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and white to red cells ratio were determined using standard methods. The highest level of Hct (30.57 ± 1.91%) was observed in fish exposed to 64 µg/L (p<0.05). The highest mean values of Hb (10.01 ± 0.63 and 10.47 ± 0.57 g/dL) were measured in the fish exposed to 32 and 64 µg/L of Cd, respectively, which was significantly higher than Hb values in the control (8.24 ± 0.38 g/dL). For the rest of parameters, there were no significant differences between fish exposed to different Cd doses (p>0.05). The results indicated at least some deleterious effects of sublethal concentration of Cd on some hematological parameters of sterlet, which maybe reflecting the stress response as well as deleterious effects on haemopoietic tissues.The study of long term effects of Cd exposure of starlet is suggested.
Volume 2, Issue 2 (9-2013)
Abstract
: The effects of lidocaine on water quality and some hematological parameters in simulated transportation of the fingerling common carp, was investigated. Dissolved oxygen and ammonia of the control group and 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05 ml/lit lidocaine treated groups were tested at 0 h, 1, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h and 5 h simulated transportation. For the hematological assessment, blood samples were collected from the caudal peduncle of fish in all of the treatments at the beginning and termination of the experiment. The results showed decreased oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion by the fish treated with lidocaine during the experiment. No significant differences in the hematological parameters were found in the levels of RBC, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC and WBC in all the groups (p<0.05).
Volume 2, Issue 3 (9-2013)
Abstract
The elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola Müller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a serious pest of elm (Ulmus spp.) throughout Iran. In the present study, Lethal and sublethal effects of neem, Achook® containing 0.03% azadirachtin, were assessed on mortality, growth, larval weight and feeding deterrence as well as enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities of third instar larvae of the elm leaf beetle. LC50 and LC30 values of the third instar larvae 48 h post treatment were estimated to be 3.3 and 2.25 ppm respectively. Observations showed higher mortality, increase in larval duration, sterilization of adults, reduction in weight and feeding deterrence after LC30 and LC50 treatments. Biochemical analysis showed changes in the amounts of biochemical components in the treated larvae after 48 h. In the treated larvae, activity level of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and α-amylase as enzymatic components and urea and cholesterol as non-enzymatic ones changed significantly in LC50 and LC30 treatments. Aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, protein, glycogen, and glucose levels decreased in these treatments. The activity level of detoxifying enzymes such as esterase A, esterase B and glutathione S-transferase were significantly affected. Hence, neem is suggested as a safe product that may have the potential for use as a bioinsecticide in integrated pest management of urbanelms where use of chemical insecticides are discouraged.
Volume 2, Issue 4 (3-2014)
Abstract
A 9-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of dietary vitamin E levels (0, 100, 200 and 1000 mg kg diet) on the growth performance and hematological indices in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings (initial weight of 2.1 ± 0.1). Results indicated significant effect (p<0.05) of vitamin E levels on the fish growth performance. In terms of hematological indicators, vitamin E levels significantly affected the hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell (RBC) count, monocyte and eosinophil in rainbow trout. However, it did not change MCHC, lymphocyte and MCH values.
Volume 2, Issue 4 (12-2013)
Abstract
The effect of host diet on developmental time, fecundity and life-table parameters of Bracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) against the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) was studied in the laboratory condition at 26 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16L:8D h. The diets used were rice, barley, corn and wheat flours. The developmental time (egg to adult) of the first and second generations ranged from 9.00 to 14.00 days on barley flour and wheat flour, respectively. The survival of immature generations 1 and 2 ranged from 27 to 63%. The sex ratio of wasp progeny (females/total) ranged from 36.72 to 57.83% on wheat flour and rice flour, respectively. In the first and second generations, the fecundity of B. hebetor reared on barley and rice flours was greatest. Life table parameters varied significantly with host diets. In generation 2, B. hebetor-parasitized larvae reared on rice flour showed the highest net reproduction rate (R0 = 106.13) and the highest intrinsic rate of increase (rm = 0.269) of parasitoids. Based on the life-table analyses, rice flour was found to be the best diet for rearing the parasitoid. The results of this study can be used to improve mass-rearing programs of B. hebetor.
Volume 2, Issue 6 (12-2004)
Abstract
Sahba ,F. ,Ph.D.
Abstract:
Metter which refers to an order in utterances and makes them more imaginative is an integral part of poetry. In spite of all efforts made aimed at ignoring meter and at extending the poetic prose, the Persian speakers are still inclined to prefer metrical poetry.
M.Sereshk-.Shafii Kadkani- theoretically believes that poetry is musical manifestation of language. This statement means that meter in the main component of Shafii kadkani’s poetries. With due regard to this theory, the present article is going to focus on and analyses the external music or meter in Nimaic Poems by Shafii Kadkani. For doing such research, one hundred samples of Nimaic poems have been studied respectively from the first half of the book “second millennium of the gazelle”(Hazareh-ye-Dovom-e-Ahou-ye-Kouhi) and the results have been presented by use of data analysis. Out of the result is that Shafii observed the rules and regulations established by Nima while Shafii has done some initiatives.
His choice of meter is unconscious. He has a natural inclination towards the meters such as “Ramal” and “Mozareh” exploited by Hafez, Saadi, and Molavi in their best sonnets. Caesuras, pauses, long syllables and short ones are selected in the most effective manner to convey emotions and meanings in his poems.
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2014)
Abstract
The effect of cadmium on hematological and biochemical indices of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) exposed to subacute (0.65ppm) and acute (3.25ppm) concentrations for 96-h test period was assessed. The results showed that Hb, Hct, RBC and MCV significantly decreased in low concentration of cadmium (p<0/05), while MCH, MCHC, WBC, glucose and cortisol were significantly (p<0/05) higher than control group in both low and high concentrations. This study reveals that some hematological and biochemical indices of silver carp, such as cortisol, can be used as suitable biomarkers in tracing Cd2+ contamination within water bodies.