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Language learners find it hard to change a text’s wording and present it differently while maintaining the original meaning in the text. This research therefore examined the effect of concept mapping instruction on summarizing short stories for EFL learners. Two intact grade-eight classes were assigned to experimental (n = 20) and control (n = 18) groups randomly. They summarized a starter-level short story, Drive into danger, using a maximum of 450 words as pretest. Next, the experimental group experienced concept-mapping instruction whereas the latter group received the traditional way of teaching summarization, for six consecutive weeks. Both groups summarized the same story again, based on their instruction, into a 450-word text at a maximum as posttest. Pretest and posttest summaries were assessed in terms of content, organization, vocabulary, and language use. The experimental group positively improved on overall performance, content, and organization, marginally improved on vocabulary, but did not improve on language use. Furthermore, the participants’ feedback on the instructional treatment support the statistical results. The findings offer several instructional implications.

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The term degradation is used to specify the status of the environment. It is often associated with ‘improper use’. ‘Use’ also implies environmental aspects other than physical ones and implies that the more intensive the use, the more susceptible the environment is to degradation, particularly if proper care for the environment is lacking. The question is, and has always been, how to map something which, apart from the physical aspects of landscape, is also influenced by socio-cultural and economic issues? The common approach in mapping degradation is based on indicators and the intention of this paper is to present three case studies: the Tabernas-Sorbas area in Spain; Iran (at the country level) and the Pico de Tancitaro area in Mexico. The geopedological map is combined with the land use-based map to produce the basis for the extraction of a considerable number of indicators.

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Strong social capital plays a vital role in quick access and convenient scheduling to a variety of information. Secure Communication prepares access to numerous resources, and promotes information receiving and improves people’s comprehension about their knowledge in a certain range. Social capital facilitates give rise to access to information, (information received from reliable people, who generally are accurate, relevant and reliable) that is one of key components of entrepreneurial opportunities. Research innovations are in combination of both social capital and marketing activities using concept mapping methodology as a inductive and deductive methods. In this study was used of criterion purposive sampling method and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 10 experts to saturation point. The results indicate prominent and visible position of social capital and dimensions entrepreneurial firms marketing activities. Social capital is mapping the five clusters marketing mix, control and assessment of market, market research and analysis of customer behavior, strategic factors and internal factors, and 15 sub cluster; distribution, promotion, price and product (marketing mix), customers, competitors, suppliers and systems and methods (control and assessment of the market), customer behavior and the systems and methods (market research and analysis of customer behavior), structure, style, and employees (internal factors), and customer and market entry (strategic factors ).

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Cognitive poetics theory provides a theory about literature, which is based on the language of literary text as well as the order of linguistic segments. Furthermore, this theory is rooted in the cognitive linguistics techniques, such as analogical analysis, in which conceptual mapping in literary texts can operate at three different levels: “attribute mapping,” “relational mapping”, and “system mapping” (Freeman, 1998). The first level is specified to the perception of similarity between objects, the second level is for studying the relations between objects, and the final level is for recognition of patterns created by object relations, which enables generalization to more abstract structure. In this paper, to study the operation of this theory, a Persian poem, called “A Tale”, written by Ahmad Shamloo, is going to be analyzed. This research argues that how cognitive poetics could produce an appropriate theory for systematic analysis of a literary work and its interpretation? The given response is that every literary theory has to cover seven criteria to be appropriate, so cognitive poetics cover all of them and provide a powerful device for distinguishing between the linguistic and poetic functions of language. Moreover, the general mapping skills, which make the cognitive ability suitable for producing and interpretation of metaphor, are the basis of this theory, which could clear the insight and limitations of traditional literary critics as well as evaluating a literary style by using cognitive poetics approach. The main goal of this paper is to show the difference between language and structure of poem and everyday conversation or any other genre. It also tries to show how systemic interpretation of each poem occurs according to system mapping.  

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‎ An orientational metaphor is a metaphor in which concepts are ‎spatially related to each other, as in the following ways: up or down, ‎in or out, front or back, on or off, deep or shallow, central or ‎peripheral. Such metaphorical orientations are not arbitrary. They ‎originate from our physical and cultural experience. An orientational ‎metaphor organizes a group or system of metaphorical concepts in ‎terms associated with spatial orientation, for instance “up-down” and ‎‎“front-back”. An example would be the fact that many metaphorical ‎concepts concerning happiness (e.g. “feeling up”, “spirits were ‎boosted”, “in high spirits”) have to do with the spatial orientation of ‎‎“up”, whereas many metaphorical concepts of unhappiness (e.g. ‎‎“feeling low”, “feeling down”, “sinking spirits”, “falling into ‎depression”) have to do with “down”. These spatial orientational ‎metaphors are so common that we often use them unconsciously. ‎Those metaphors using the spatial orientation of “up”, “forward” and ‎‎“on” seem to be associated with positive feelings and events, while ‎terms such as “down” and “back” are associated with the ‎negative. The majority of spatial orientational metaphors employed in ‎the Qur’an can be divided into those that convey a positive experience ‎or feeling and those that express a negative or less satisfactory event ‎or emotion.‎

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Study of conceptual metaphor of Light in the Divan-e-Shams In this paper, will be explained functions of light and visual clusters like Sun, candles, lights and etc, in the Ghazal of Molavi based on using cognitive theory of contemporary metaphor. Concept of light in the Divan-e- Shams indicate that visual recognition and knowledge is a concept and it present as a primary metaphorical mapping in deep-structure; Molavi concerned this mapping and secondary mapping "divine world is light", and he has accounted light as God, perfect man, place, food and wine, the guidance and hope. Also he has explained subject of existence and nonexistence. The metaphorical mapping makes appropriate categories for Molavi's abstract analysis and shows intratextual coherence of the sonnets with primary mapping. Key words: light, Molavi, conceptual metaphor, mapping, macro metaphor

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For the first time Sohrawadi employed the term “No-where” (Nākojā Ābād) in his works to describe the “realm world”, which is the world out of the general perception humans. This paper investigates the two treatises of Sohrawardi, “The Song of Gabriel’s Wing “(Avāze pare Jebraīl) and “In the Fact of Love” (Fi-Al- Haqiqat- o- al Eshq). The author, based on the analysis of the “No-where” metaphorical mappings, has shown that the central metaphor of No-where is place while No-where is placeless. This indicates that the macro-support of No-where is an ideal realm. In other words, Sohrawardi, based on his mentality towards the example world, has applied various semantic generalizations at the level of micro-metaphors to describe and visualize No-where.  In the current research, the aim of the author was to illustrate some of the most extensive metaphorical patterns of “No-where” in the two mentioned works and explain how Sohrawardi, within an  aesthetic and yet philosophical and mystical framework, has expressed his own view about this place.  

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In a voice conversion system speech signal of A speaker (i.e. source speaker) is modified so that it sounds as if it had been pronounced by B speaker (i.e. target speaker). This process, sometimes, is called speaker conversion (changing speaker identity). Achieved signal from speaker conversion system is desired to have high quality and very natural. To satisfy this, three major methods are proposed as follows: VQ_based, LMR_based and GMM_based voice conversion methods. DTW is the most popular way to warp corresponded words in two sentences. In this paper, DTW is used to design corresponding transfer function. To decrease the distance between two speakers, DTW warps the couple phonemes of two speakers, instead of two words or couple sentences while a linear temporal transform which depends on phonemes is used for error decreasing. By using other appropriate corrections that are used in learning and designing of the linear transforms, a high quality voice conversion system is achieved.

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In the present paper we aim, in an analytic and comparative manner, at an investigation of the conceptual metaphor "LOVE IS WAR" as a way of understanding of falling and being in love and speaking of them in Hafez's Divan and Petrarch's Canzoniere within the framework of Lakoff's Conceptual Metaphor Theory. What comes out through this examination reveals that although the two collections turn out to be similar in many ways in terms of metaphorical theme, there are two major differences between them in terms of imagery: to begin with, Hafez employs more warfare terms and expressions than Petrarch does, and secondly, Love in Petrarch's poetry on many occasions reveals itself in the image of Cupid, God of Love in ancient Roman mythology, who with his bow and arrow aims at the lover's heart and captures him. In Hafez poetry, however, there is no such explicit imagery which personalizes the abstract and invisible force of love emotion in the form of a god, but in it we encounter a beloved, or the eyes and eyebrows of which, that, in a figurative manner, shoot arrows at the lover's heart and ensnare him.

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Cognitive poetics includes a theory of analogical mapping, which shows employing different skills of finding similarities, relationships, and structural systems. Microstructure could be considered as parts or constrains of sentences in a discourse, while macrostructure is a large-scale statement of the content of a text. If some common schemata cover these both structures, this part-whole relation will map the macrostructure of the text through some paratextual and cohesive elements on all texts of the stories in a collection, and will create an untold story, a macrofiction. In fact, this untold story has a main role in the interpretation of the “Conference of the Birds”. The aim of this study is to investigate how the macrostructure influences the structuring of each story of the world text of the “Conference of the Birds” (1177), a well-known Persian poem, by cognitive poetics approach. The author is going to demonstrate how the macrostructure leads to creating a macrofiction, which offers a new reading of the text. Moreover, it examines how macro-fiction and system mapping may interact in a literary text like the “Conference of the Birds” and what is the result of their interaction. This study posits, firstly, how the concepts of variety (multiplicity) and unity (oneness) assume to construct the macro- and micro-structures of the “Conference of the Birds” through the system mapping, and how the text leads to a new structure, called macrofiction. Secondly, how macrofiction could have an effect on the reading of the text. Consequently, the concept and structure of the “Conference of the Birds” are in harmony, so the variety and a large number of the birds who desire to reach phoenix (Simorgh) are represented in the course of different and various stories concerning the same pattern. As a result, studying the text world by this approach could provide a suitable device for analyzing a text and its macro-structures through conceptual mappings as a step forward in the area of literary critic.

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Blind Owl is one of the most famous stories of contemporary Persian literature and criticism so far as it has many potential meanings .Despite various disagreements and numerous commentators and critics of The Blind Owl, it can say that all of them agree with this belive that two part of Blind Owl are repeated each other. Moreover, it is said about the vast majority of these explanations with use of psychological critics paid to analysis of this text. While the authors have tried with regard to the above two point whit analysis of conceptual metaphors that used in two parts Through "conceptual metaphor theory" beyond of psychological reasoning of that critics this text have had To discover similarities and differences between the two parts, finally to achive a newer and different view from those mentioned so far and Prove that despite the many similarities in the two-part application, Hedayat has been followed different insights in each part.

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    This study was conducted to analyze conceptual mappings in two Akhavan Sales’s poems, based on cognitive poetic approach according to the theoretical framework of Freeman (2000), Fauconnier (2002) and turner (2002). In the cognitive poetic approach, analysis of literary works is possible by cognitive linguistic methods. Some of these strategies which make possible the analysis of total work’s structure and type of languages units arrangement  are conceptual, relational or system mappings. In the cognitive poetic approach, literary work’s context has fundamental role in making signification and the analysis are based on three component: text, author and reader. In this time, we read two poems of Akhavan Sales based on this theory. The question of this study is how interpretative levels of Akhavan poetry in the framework of cognitive poetic approach explain different aspects of his thought structurally and conceptually speaking? Investigation of two coherent poems of Akhavan Sales showed that which factors cause to viability of poetry and its strength, and how the poetry structure can take part of author’s thought world construction. The results of style investigation of Akhavan with cognitive poetic view showed that the presence of relation between structure and concept, and also concrete conceptual entire in the frame of mental pattern in poetry can be considered as viability factors of his works.  

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This study investigated the mapping between Farsnet and Princeton English WordNet (PWN) and tried to answer these questions: Are the unmapped synsets in FarsNet with Princeton WordNet Persian specific lexical items? How can these cases be classified? Is it possible to find equivalents for some of these cases in PWN? In other words, were all of the equivalents of these lexical elements not lexicalized in English or there is another reason for that? For this purpose, a sample including 2000 synsets of FarsNet was selected and unmapped synsets were analyzed. Out of the sample, near 15 percent of the synsets had no mapping. The Categorization and analysis of the selected synsets showed that less than two third of these synsets were Persian specific words and more than one third  were synsets that were unmapped due to other reasons and therefore those are not specific lexical items in Persian. By enriching and completing the information in PWN and then FarsNet a lot of these cases can be mapped with PWN synsets.

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Many of our fundamental concepts such as time, quantity, state, change, act, cause, purpose, way of doing, modality, and even concepts of categories understood through metaphoric concepts. To show his theosophical world, mevlana mostly used metaphoric concepts. Feeding is one of the most commonly used concept in Divan e-Shams for showing all the materialistic and spiritual realms and other family words helped the poet to reflect these concepts. Life of Sofia and attention to reduce feeding, esurience, fasting and avoiding businesses and valuing the trust theory caused unconscious adoption of such metaphor for mevlana. Accordingly, the eight categories of beauty, wisdom, mystery, citation, hearing(samaa’), joy, love and light as a feed can be explained. In this paper, using the metaphor of contemporary cognitive theory to explain this metaphor will be discussed. Finally, it is clear that the notion of "Feed mysticism" the fundamental proposition of text feed a metaphorical thinking that he has released over the Divan-e Shams.

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An ever increasing population needs more energy and food to be provided from limited resources. Many different problems such as floods and droughts frequently occur and even happen at extreme values throughout the world, since the inherent capability of the resources is not evaluated properly. Soil erosion, as one of the major types of land degra-dation, is supposed to cause serious problems for future and even present generations. However, evaluation of the magnitude and spatial distribution of fundamental types of soil erosion i.e. sheet, rill and gully erosion is an important task to be conducted in devel-oping countries where the necessary bases for development are required. An attempt has been made in the present paper to introduce a technique through which the condition of soil erosion is defined and mapped in the study area. All available and acceptably accu-rate information, such as the geologic sensitivity of the area to erosion, the land type and slope maps, are required for determination of homogeneous work units using overlying. The present character of soil erosion in the field is then evaluated by filling out the revised questionnaire forms adjusted on the basis of criteria mentioned by United States Bureau of Land Management (USBLM) and the final classification of each type of erosion is made according to the sum of scores obtained by each work unit. Finally, the overall situation is generalized in the fractional form. The presented technique has been implemented for more than 6 million hectares of the area of Iran and was able to reflect the governing conditions well and the results should be applied in the management of natural resources to achieve sustainable utilization. For the present study and for demonstrating the details of methodology, a small watershed located in the Markazi large watershed of Iran, known as Barahmoom, and comprising 4236.2 ha was selected as a case study. The presented soil erosion mapping technique can be applied for areas where only basic or very little data and information is available.

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One of the newest methods in plant breeding programs is mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) with molecular markers. In order to identify QTL associated with some chemical traits such as chlorine, nicotine, sugar concentrations and ash in oriental tobacco, a population of 55 recombinant inbred lines coming from the cross Basma seres 31 × SPT406 were evaluated for above mentioned traits. QTL mapping was performed using linkage map developed on 103 recombinant inbred lines by 64 molecular markers including 14 SSR, 24 ISSR and 26 retrotransposone. The linkage map is composed of 7 linkage groups (LGs). Composite interval mapping revealed 5 QTLs associated with studied traits. Phenotypic variation explained by identified QTLs varied between 0.34 and 0.70. Any QTL was not detected for sugar concentration in tobacco leaves. Common markers between some of studied traits can be due to linkage or pleiotropic effects. The common markers lead to increase the efficiency of marker-assisted selection in plant breeding programs via simultaneously selection for several traits.

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The use of different metaphors in text by language speakers reflects their attitude and perception. Ideologies create metaphors to realize their beliefs and teachings. In this way, the role of metaphor in society and in life is undeniable. As a reflection of the thoughts of the speakers of a language, the proverb is part of the local and popular literature that can be considered as one of the best ways to express the common thoughts among them. The name of the animals is one of the widely used words in Persian proverbs and in the poetry of the past and in contemporary poets to represent the material and spiritual instances. By adopting a descriptive –analytical research methodology, this research aims at investigating conceptual metaphors of animals in literary texts based on cognitive linguistics theoretical framework. The data gathered is based on “the great dictionary of Persian proverbs “by Hassan Zolfaghari. The results of the total proverbial corpus of this dictionary concerning the use of animals showed that 184 mappings were observed, among which the conceptual metaphor of "weakness” with 26 proverbs and 15 mappings was the most frequent, followed by the conceptual metaphor, respectively. "Hostility” with 21 proverbs and 8 mappings, "strenghtness" metaphor with 15 proverbs and 6 mappings and finally the metaphor of "ignorance and disbelief" with 12 proverbs and 5 mappings have been frequently used.

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The purpose of this research was designing casual model of colluding toxic followership using causal mapping basen on the experiences of Kerman public organizations’ experts. In this regard, after studying the literature and identifying 16 effective factors on colluding toxic followership, a half-closed questionnaire was developed based on Likert scale and distributed among 31 experts using concept and snowball sampling. In order to screen data average fuzzy analysis was used, so the result caused to omission of a factor. Then, a matrix-structure questionnaire was designed so that data be collected based on causality among factors. In the following, after gaining confidence about lack of a significant relationship between expertise indexes and complexity and domain indexes of cognitive maps and also examining similarities of experts cognitive maps, which showed that personal features and experts membership in various organizations couldn’t create a significant difference between experts maps, the experts consentaneous map based on relatively strong relations among factors was extracted. The result led to a model that based on it the effective process factors included forthright ambitions, conservative egoism, and hypocritical adaptability of colluders, colluders greed, and finally leader- follower consistency and accommodation.

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Aims: Producing a land use/land cover map is a fundamental step in different studies. This study aimed to assess the ability of hierarchical, pixel-based and object-oriented classification methods to produce land use/cover maps.
Materials & Methods: This study was conducted in the Harat-Marvast basin of Yazd Province, Iran using Landsat imagery of 2016 (paths 161 and 162, row 39). The hierarchical image classification method was tested for land use/cover mapping. A statistical comparison between three algorithms, namely pixel-based, object-oriented and hierarchical image classification was performed using the McNemar test. An intensive field survey was also accomplished to obtain training and test samples.
Findings: The kappa coefficients for pixel-based, hierarchical and object-oriented techniques were 0.76, 0.83 and 0.94, respectively. Results also showed that the performance of SVM and hierarchical algorithms are significantly different with aχ²f 112.3 which shows the superior performance of the hierarchical algorithm.
Conclusion: It was shown that the object-oriented approach performed significantly better than the two above-mentioned methods (χ²= 149.6). As the computational costs of object-oriented methods are relatively high, the hierarchical algorithm can be suggested when there are limitations in time or computational infrastructures. Therefore, the hierarchical algorithm can be used instead of simple pixel-based algorithms for land use/cover mapping.