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Despite the abundance of research on the language teachers’ pedagogical knowledge base (PKB), there is a scarcity of studies probing into the teachers’ individual differences and how they relate to the teachers’ instructional effectiveness. To address this gap, we investigated the association of language teachers’ pedagogical knowledge and their instructional efficacy, shedding light on the similarities and differences in the knowledge base of the teachers. Through administering a context-specific self-efficacy test, eight teachers were selected based on their scores and put into two groups. Afterwards, a 90-minute instructional session of each teacher was video-recorded and later used in a stimulated-recall interview with the teacher. The verbal reports were transcribed verbatim and subjected to thematic content analysis to identify the teachers’ pedagogical thoughts. The results indicated significant differences between the groups, with the high efficacy group reporting an average of 4.18 thoughts-per-minute in contrast to 2.85 thoughts-per-minute reported by the low efficacy group. Five of the dominant knowledge categories were common between the two groups, though with varying frequencies and ranking. The findings offer implications for attending to the construct of self-efficacy and its sources in teacher professional development, as well as the socio-cognitive and emotional side of teacher preparation and development.

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PPrior to approving the Islamic Penal Code Act 2013, the concept of repentance was accepted to some extent in the context of provisions related to Hudud (fixed religious penalties). In the latest efforts to revise the Islamic Penal Code, the lawmakers dedicated some articles to repentance which stipulated specific rules on the framework and other detailed provisions on applying this concept. This initiative of the legislators can be challenged on the one hand through the criminological analysis of the subject, and on the other hand, in the context of its implementation within the framework of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Due to its ignorance of modern criminological theories, particularly on victimology, the deviation of attention from offender’s personality to the criminal act, and the impossibility of realization of all repentance conditions, it appears that approving legislative provisions on repentance in the Islamic Penal Code will result in a serious crisis. Therefore, in order to reach an effective criminal policy, it is necessary that all aspects of the concept be duly scrutinized. Taking into account the substantive and procedural limits surrounding this topic, the gap between the bases of repentance in the Islamic Penal Code with the recent developments in criminal policy and also the absence of practical approaches to materialize this concept, it seems that its implementation will face challenges, thereby making the criminal policy far away from being effective.
 

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The mainly key to succeed in knowledge-based economy where competitive advantage makes the distinction is human capital. In managing the worthy capital, job satisfaction plays the important role. This prompted the researchers for measuring and improving these aspects of organizational behavior in Kalle Company. The purposes of this study aer distinguishing effective factors and their levels and quantity on job satisfaction of the selling staff of Kalle ice-cream factory. In other words, this research is to distinguish effective factors on job satisfaction of the selling stuffs of Kalle firm in the two groups of selling - marketing staff and other staff including financial, organizational and supporting staff. Importance, and influence intensity of groups will be determined and compared. Also the most important effective factors on job satisfaction of staff will be ranked according to their priority. A combined model of various aspects is provided and used according to the scientists’ opinion on behavioral field and job satisfaction. This research is a kind of descriptive stay according to data collection and objectives. The findings of this study on six effective indexes effecting on job satisfaction and marketing indicate that the three indexes of salary and wages, promotion rules and welfare facilities are in partly infavorable status, but the indexes of job nature, supervising and relationship with cooperatives are in partly favorable status. Comparison of selling and marketing staff with other staff indicates no significant differences in the studied variables of two the groups. Keywords: Knowledge worker, Human capital, Job satisfaction, Nature of job.

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Human's knowledge in each era and regarding the paradigm of that era divides the knowledge into different categories. One of these categories, which was identified in the 19th century, is the field of comparative sciences. This kind of knowledge, having specific properties, separates itself from comparative studies and different types of pure knowledge. This research is to study comparative sciences and particularly their philosophy of existence. Unfortunately the scientific society in Iran lacks such macro-approach. Not having a general view is one of the disadvantages of studying comparative sciences like comparative literature or comparative art. This research investigates a general view about this kind of sciences and their genesis.  

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  In the new economy, knowledge plays a key role in the society and knowledge creation is the key to growth. There are many different organizational factors that affect knowledge creation. In this study, the authors have studied the role of organizational intelligence in knowledge creation through organizational learning.  Data for this descriptive study was collected from 140 employees of Saipa Yadak trading Co. to evaluate 3 original hypotheses. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between organizational intelligence and organizational learning and between organizational intelligence and knowledge creation. The findings show a positive and meaningful relationship between organizational learning and knowledge creation.  

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  The present research is carried out in the field of human resources management. Through a process of past literature review and a review of previously conducted research on human resource empowerment, we designed a theoretical framework. Next interviews with experts were conducted and a research questionnaire including measures and indicators of all available variables of the designed model was completed. The questionnaire was then validated by human resource experts and the academia. After completing the subsequent stages of validation, the questionnaires were distributed among a sample of 500 respondents drawn from among the experts, managers, and consultants of knowledge-based organizations. In the data analysis stage, statistical techniques such as ANOVA, single- and multivariate regression, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation model were used. A review of the results clearly indicates that among factors affecting strategy empowerment, the “strategic dimension” factor with a mean ranking score of 2.11 has the greatest impact on employee empowerment; the next factor with a score of 2.08 is “the structural dimension,” and finally the “individual dimension” with a mean ranking of 1.81 has the least affect on employee empowerment.  

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In the new economy, knowledge plays a key role in the society and knowledge creation is the key of growth. There are many different organizational factors that affect on knowledge creation. In this study, the authors have studied the role of organizational intelligence in knowledge creation through organizational learning. Research methodology includes both descriptive and correlation analysis based on Structural Equation Modeling. Data for this descriptive study was collected from 140 employees of Saipa Yadak trading co. to evaluate 3 original hypotheses. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between organizational intelligence and organizational learning and also between organizational intelligence and knowledge creation. The findings showed a positive and meaningful relationship between organizational learning and knowledge creation too.

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The present research entitled the design and development of a strategic model of human resource empowerment is carried out in the human resource management field. The authors develop into the research background and literature of human resource empowerment and offer a theoretical framework. They then proceed to develop a questionnaire based on the research background and interview with experts. The questionnaire was then face validated by industry experts and academics. After completing the subsequent stages of validation the questionnaire was distributed among a sample of 500 respondents drawn from among the experts, managers, and consultants of knowledge-based organizations. In the data analysis stage, statistical techniques such as ANOVA, single- and multivariate regression, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation model were used. The “strategic dimension” factor with a mean ranking score of 2.11 has the greatest impact on employee empowerment; the next factor with a score of 2.08 is “the structural dimension,” and finally the individual dimension with a mean ranking of 1.81 has the least effect on employee empowerment.

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The purpose of this research is to present a model for evaluating knowledge management empowerment based on Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). First, the initial model was compiled based on the review of the literature. After presenting the initial model to the experts, empowerment factors and their indexes were chosen by the Delphi Fuzzy Technique according to experts’ revisions and inputs. Culture, Structure, Information Technology and Leadership were confirmed as dimensions involved in empowerment. In order to gather information and extract FIS’ rules according to experts’ knowledge and experiences, interviews were conducted. With FIS outputs, knowledge management empowerments’ status would be determined. This evaluation helps managers perform the gap analysis between the existent knowledge management empowerment levels and the desired ones and helps them in decision making. After system design and evaluating its’ credibility, a questionnaire was used for measuring knowledge management empowerment factors and their indexes (FIS inputs) at Pasargad Bank.  FIS outputs show that the knowledge management empowerment situation at Pasargad Bank is at medium levels. Finally, in order to improve the firm’s current situation, certain solutions were provided. According to the literature review, evaluating knowledge management empowerment factors in the banking sector and using the Fuzzy Inference System for the evaluation of the knowledge management empowerment factors were innovations of this research.

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The main purpose of this research is to present a model for evaluating knowledge management enablers based on Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) to examine Pasargad bank situation. First of all, initial model compiled based on literature review. After presenting compiled model to experts, enablers and their indexes were concluded by Delphi Fuzzy Technique according to experts’ revisions and new ideas. In this model, Culture, Structure, Information Technology and Leadership were confirmed as enablers’ dimensions. For gathering information and extracting FIS rules according experts’ knowledge and experiences, semi structured interviews have been done. After system designing and crediting, a questionnaire was used for gathering data to measure knowledge management enablers and their indexes (FIS inputs) at Pasargad Bank. FIS output shows that knowledge management enablers situation at Pasargad Bank is at medium level. Evaluating knowledge management enablers at banking domain and using Fuzzy Inference System for evaluating knowledge management enablers were innovations of this research.

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Abstract  Trust leads to the development and improvement of group morale, through creation of cooperation and connection among group members. It directly and indirectly affects the group output, and eventually on organizational performance. Knowledge sharing in organizations leads to faster individual and organizational learning; increases creativity, and causes improvement in individual and organizational performance. Therefore, organizations nurture knowledge sharing and encourage their employees to act upon it. Trust building in organization and recognizing its relationship with knowledge sharing is especially important for the creation of competitive advantage. This research is carried out, aiming the “identification of the relationship between interpersonal trust and knowledge sharing in the Iranian National Gas Company headquarter”. The data related to trust and knowledge sharing are collected and analyzed by correlation analysis. Research findings confirm the positive and significant relationship between interpersonal trust and knowledge sharing and their factors.

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Aim: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. This comparative study was designed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of medical and non-medical female students concerning breast self-examination (BSE) in two different universities in Shiraz, Iran. It also examined the relationship between the students' knowledge, attitude, practice and type of academic education. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Shiraz, Iran. 394 female students were selected using proportionate stratified random sampling (292 non-medical and 102 medical). A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection, and the obtained data were analyzed descriptively. Findings: Medical students were more aware of BSE timing, stages of BSE performance and initiation age of BSE. Medical female students were also more likely to consider BSE as efficient, not difficult and time consuming, and to acknowledge that as a method for decreasing the probability of cancer. Regular BSE performance rate for both groups was very low and unsatisfactory (non-medical 2.1% and medical 2.9%). The results of t-test and Chi-square revealed significant differences across BSE knowledge, attitude and practice with type of academic education (medical or non-medical) (P=001). Conclusion: Based on the findings, the medical students were more knowledgeable and showed a better attitude and responded more positively than the non-medical student, but both groups showed low level of BSE practicing that is of a concern. The supportive role of universities in providing students with necessary information about breast cancer is suggested, and its prevention methods should be highlighted. Additionally, there is a need to a supportive environment which facilitates students’ access to qualified health care services.

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Background: Cardiac Catheterization is a critical health status which requires standardized care policies, as well as it needs qualified and skilled health provider to obtain good outcome of management.This study aimed toassess the knowledge and practice of nurses regarding patient safety after cardiac catheterization.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Punjab Institute of cardiology located in Lahore, Pakistan from 01^st December 2016 to 31^st March, 2017. 171 female nurses through using convenient sampling technique were included in the study. Questionnaire with multiple choice was used to collect data. Likert scale for multiple choose questionnaires regarding knowledge and practice of the nurses were used Collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.
Results: Out of 171 participants, all (N = 171) were female, most nurses had job experience of 2-5 years and 6-10 years, they were represented by 34.5% and 31.0% respectively. Mean of total knowledge was found good, when compared to mean of practice which was poor. This showed that nurses have good knowledge about post cardiac catheterization complication. It was found significant value of P < 0.0001 by applying correlation, that showed there was a good association between knowledge and practice (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: There was positive association between the knowledge and practice about patient’s safety after Cardiac Catheterization among Pakistanis registered nurses. Nurses those have proper knowledge and practice could help in rehabilitation of patients.

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Nowadays, knowledge is one of the most important organizational assets; therefore effective management and employing of this asset has vital role in the organizational success. The present research identifies knowledge sharing barriers in the Isfahan Oil Refining Company and analyzes these barriers to create a suitable context for the implementation of knowledge management and to facilitate movement of the organization into the learning organization. This study is applied and qualitative-phenomenology. The research population includes official employees of Isfahan Oil Refining Company’s operational unit with at least one year of work experience.The data are collected by semi-structured Interview with 24 of the employees who have been selected by purposeful sampling. Also, the Colizzi’s seven- step method for information analysis is employed. Results indicate that the knowledge sharing barriers include individual, organizational, cultural and technologic barriers .Finally solutions for removing these barriers to the managers of the organization are presented.

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Purpose: This paper aims to design and test a model that explains the effects of dimensions of institutional pressures and organizational culture on the utilization and development of knowledge management. Methodology: A descriptive research is conducted to investigate the relationship between variables under study. To collect data, questionnaires (α= 0.949) are randomly distributed among 178 employees of Mashhad Regional Electricity Company. The Structural Equation Modeling using maximum likelihood estimation is applied to test the hypotheses. Findings: The results reveal that while perceived institutional pressures positively affect the exploitation and development of knowledge management, organizational culture plays a mediatory role. Thus managing organizational knowledge requires attention to the effects of institutional pressures and the role of organizational culture.   Keywords: Knowledge Management, Institutional Pressures, Organizational Culture.    

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Samuel Clark has a completely rationalist explanation of ethics and uses the concept of fitness a lot to explain his view; hence, his moral theory is known as the fitness theory. Clark considers moral values ​​and obligations to be based on fitness relations and believes that the reason can understand self-evidently a large part of these relationships, and the other part can be obtained through rational arguments or revelation. Critics have found some ambiguities and defects in Clarke's fitness theory. In this article, Clarkeian fitness theory is examined according to the criticisms raised, and then in a brief comparison with the theory of existential fitness, it is shown that the theory of existential fitness does not have these ambiguities and defects.

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Error management culture is emerging concept which facilitates transferring and sharing the knowledge which obtained from organizational errors among employees and organizational units. This culture leads to improve learning processes among organizational units which denotes the concept of absorptive capacity. Knowledge gained from errors leads to improve organizational innovation which upgrade long-term organizational performance. This study examined the relationship between error management culture and organizational performance with consideration of the absorptive capacity role and innovative performance. All managers of pharmaceutical companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange were selected as statistical society for this survey. Hypotheses were tested based on 153 collected questionnaires by structural equation modeling and regression analysis. Findings prove a positive relationship between variables. Absorptive capacity and innovative performance play the roles of mediators between error management culture and organizational performance.