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I aim to explore whether there are similarities and differences between the ethical virtues and vices in Nahj al-Balāghah in terms of cognitive-linguistics and based on the image schemas of Evans and Green's Model piety, perseverance, expenditure are the ethical teachings, described in Nahj al-Balāghah, chosen and analyzed based on image schemas. And the vices described in Nahj al-Balāghah are Secularism, greed, and jealousy. Studying the descriptive-analytical approach, I investigate and compare the virtues and vices discussed in sermons and short sayings of Nahj al-Balāghah in terms of cognitive semantics. Finally, the findings reveal that the general types of image schemas of Evans and Green’s model (schemas of Force, Balance, Unity/ Multiplcity, Existence, Identity, Locomotion, Containment, Space) have almost similar frequencies for both the virtues and vices. Among all, the schemas of force are the most repetitive in virtues and vices. And the balance is on the second level. The research finding is significant because it shows the similarity of the virtues and vices in using the different types of schemas in Nahj al-Balāghah. Their main difference lies in the way of using the subsets of the general concepts.  
 

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The human experience is shaped through effective collaboration with forces. Johnson (1987) initially highlighted the significance of force schemas in conceptualizing events. Thus, this research seeks to explore this topic using a library-based approach, focusing on the force schemas presented in Johnson's cognitive semantics model and their application in Quranic verses related to infaq (almsgiving). In this inquiry, I seek to identify which force schemas are most commonly used in these verses and how they contribute to the understanding of the concept of infaq. In the analysis of the research data on the ethical concept of infaq in the Holy Quran, the concept of force image-schemas based on Johnson's model was used. The importance of the topic of infaq and the presence of force image-schemas in it were the reasons for choosing this ethical concept. In this regard, I examined the seven types of power in the context of infaq in the Holy Quran. The results showed that the force image-schema of obligation has the most frequency. In figurative language, the divine revelation's imperative and prohibitive commands, exert a pressure that functions as a force of compultion. After the force schema of compultion, the force schema of blockage has the highest frequency. In the Holy Quran, factors such as greed, hypocrisy, disbelief, and denial are introduced as obstacles to infaq. The force schema of "deviation from the path" does not exist in the interpretation of the verses of infaq.
 

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Prepositions are linguistic elements that indicate the physical properties of referent and relatum and the geometry of the manner in which they interact with one another. Numerous studies have shown that prepositions in their abstract usages retain at least one of their spatial geometric features which is testimony to embodiment theory and it also suggests that understanding of abstract usages of prepositions can be better done by first studying the spatial usages of them. In this research we consider and analayse spatial geometry of different usages of Persain preposition /dᴂr/ applying Talmy's approach towards spatial structuring in language. Fourteen distinct usages were extracted from Hamshahri Corpus. The spatial geometry of each usage was analaysed and at least one image schema has been proposed for each usage. As a result of close study of various usages we observed that in all usages either the factor "enclosure" or "locus of control" or both are present in the geometry of  the preposition. In one instance we observed a tertiary reference object for locating the Figure in the scene. An investigation of one spatial geometry ascribed to the preposition /dᴂr/ led to suggesting a volumar schema for "way". Also in some usages the use of metonomy can be seen where part of the real Ground or an entity related to it appears as Ground in the sentence.
 

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Image schemas are macrocognitive patterns and structures that form the basis of our linguistic, mental and perceptual processes; and their function is based on the metaphorical-analogous relationship between visual experiences and frequent and everyday abstract concepts. In proverbs, like pictorial schemas, the use of metaphor-simile to convey a familiar mental concept between the speaker and the listener based on people's lived experiences is evident. Evans and Green have researched about image schemas and separated them into 8 types. One of these is the image schema of power. Since the precision in the structure of visual schemas can reveal the mental and cognitive structure of the users of a language, in the present research, the visual schema of power in Birjand's proverbs has been investigated in a descriptive-analytical way. Based on the results, out of the total of 1291 proverbs of Birjand, in 314 of them there are 7 types of visual schema of power; Most of them are of the type of blockage, enablement and counter force, which is proportional to the nature of the power schema; and found that between the frequency of the origin and destination areas of these schemas and cultural-environmental factors, and tools in removing obstacles, the importance of food and economic affairs to maintain survival, lack of plant diversity, desert and semi-desert climate of Birjand region has had a significant impact on the formation and continuation of proverbs with the schema of power, which emphasize the target areas of human relations, ethics and economy.

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Urban growth boundaries are considered one of the key tools for controlling and managing the physical development of metropolitan areas. Uncontrolled and unplanned expansion in these regions has become a major challenge for urban and regional planners and managers, as this process leads to the destruction of agricultural lands and natural resources. The aim of this research is to simulate and assess future changes in growth boundaries in the Isfahan metropolitan area with the goal of preserving environmental resources and controlling physical expansion. In this regard, by adopting a positivist approach that follows an analytical and measurement-driven process, satellite imagery was utilized to assess changes in the physical expansion of the Isfahan metropolitan area. Artificial neural networks and machine learning algorithms were employed to predict the extent of future physical growth, and the projected growth boundaries were delineated. The research findings indicate that the Isfahan metropolitan area has experienced significant uncontrolled expansion, particularly in terms of physical development, over recent decades, and the reduction of agricultural and natural lands has become one of its major challenges. Based on the conducted simulations, the proposed growth boundaries can serve as an effective tool for managing and planning urban-regional development and preventing further degradation of natural resources and lands.

 

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Imagery is one of the basic subjects in the domain of aesthetics of text, which has been noticed by the men of literary taste and art from the past.  The poets have regarded imagery as the integral part of their poetry and the critics have analyzed and investigated the literary works from this perspective. Imagery criticism, especially in the temporary era, has been attended to by the men of literature. Furthermore, Ashurai poetry, as an enormous portion of the nationally committed literary heritage, has always represented Ashura. This literary art has always been after beautiful and obvious depicting in form and content of the events and causes of this enormous movement.      Clarifying this part of the literary beauties in the contemporary Ashurai poetry is the aim of the present study using an analytic-descriptive methodology and based on the American school principles of the comparative literature. For this purpose, we investigated the poems composed by over 40 poets in the last century of the two nations. To this end, after extracting metaphorical images from the selected poems of the two cited languages, with equal number of these poems, the researchers applied tables and figures to provide the reader with a suitable statistical view of the issue. The results revealed the width and variety of the images in Persian poetry, the innovation and presentation of the new images in Persian more that English, the outstanding presence of the romantic and mystical elements in Persian Ashurai poetry, and the variety and vastness of the elements composing these images in Persian poetry.

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Due to increasing global pressure on the environment caused by human interventions, the studies on interaction of traditional building and their components with nature has been increased. These studies attempt to identify natural building design and determine how to use them in the climatic design of today's architectural design. Building performance simulation enables the examination of the effectiveness of innovative energy efficiency measures and control strategies. Daylighting is an effective approach to allow architectural design and construction practice to have a more flexible design of building facade, and to enhance a more energy-efficient and greener building development. Energy savings resulting from daylighting not only would mean low electric-lighting and reduced-peak electrical demands, but also it means reduced cooling loads and the potential for smaller heating, ventilating and air-conditioning. The absorbed solar radiation acts to raise the surface temperatures and consequently the temperature of the adjacent air layers. This has a significant effect on the generated thermal conditions, which is, in turn, reflected on the thermal behavior of the surrounding habitable spaces. In tropical areas, especially in warm humid areas, the need for shade and air ventilation are most important factors used for the provision of thermal comfort. In climatical and morphological studies of dezful historical context, great appliance of shade and ventilation can be seen. Among the hundreds of ways to do this, one of them is using khavoon (brick work) that creates shadow on the inner and outer walls and increase visual richness of the environment. This paper attempts to understand patterns of the brick khavoon in the way they were used; and to evaluate their shadows. These patterns became 3D using schetchup software and their shadow have been prepared at different hours of day and different directions. The amount of shadow has been calculated and analyzed by the image processing, IMAGEJ software. It seems that such patterns, in different orientation, increase amount of shadow (2.5 - 4.5 times). Given the size of the hourly solar radiation on the walls in each direction, the best direction of using this patterns can be identified.

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Conflagration of forests and rangelands is one of the most frequent events in Iran. It is regarded as one of the most important parts of land degradation that occurred due to range destruction and desertification. This study was conducted in Boroujerd, Lorestan Province in west of Iran in 2013 to determine the fire risk model. The data prepared for the study area involved the vegetation types, land use, elevation, slope, aspect, standard topographic map and mean annual climatic data (evaporation, rainfall and temperature). Landsat ETM+ data were used for the image analysis. Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) model was applied to weigh and generate the fire risk map. Results showed that the highest weight of factors has been given to the land use because land use contribute to the maximum extent due to inflammability factor. The second highest weight was related to rainfall since it caused the biomass growth (fuel factor). Land use and rain played important roles in the modeling of fire risk zonation. The third one was attributed to the evaporation because of fuel drying and highly inflammability. The other variables comparatively had less impact on fire risk. Based on the statistics achieved for different weight classes, the map was reclassified into five classes as very low, low, moderate, high and very high in order to generate fire risk area map. Also, final map showed that most of the fires which occurred in the last year (5 fire control points about 4812.323 ha) might be put in the firing class of very high risk. Finally, about 42353.36 ha of the total area fell in the class of very high fire risk. The results indicated that 90% of burned areas were located in high risk class.

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Hesampour ,S. ,Ph.D.
Hasanli , K.  ,PH.D
 
Abstract:
 
Omar Khayyām is one of the most well known Iranian thinkers and medieval poets and his work has been internationally acclaimed. The limited number of his poems is counterbalanced by their deep meanings.
Various studies have been devoted to Omar Khayyām.  However, researchers and literary men alike have mostly focused their endeavors on analyzing the depth of his thoughts as to the inner secrets of the self, his rhetorical questions concerning human existence, its origins, ends and ultimate fate while leaving aside a very important constituent of Khayyām’s poetry, its aesthetics.   This lacuna led to the false impression that his poetry is structurally weak and not endowed with aesthetics elements.
 In this study, we showed the interconnectness and harmony of Khayyām’s artistic lexicon and imagery with its form and content.  Khayyām’s poetical aesthetics elements have been analyzed on three levels:
 1.Artistic relation between poetical elements
 2.Imagery
3. Emphasis and repetition.
 
 

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Among the societies with close geographical, cultural, religious, political commonalities, literary effects and influences can always be seen. Mu’allaqate Sabe, which is the most famous and the best odes of uninformed period, not only has had lots of effects on Arab poets but also many of Persian poets have composed poems based on its effects. Khaghani is one of the poets that in some cases there is external and internal relationship between his poems and mu’allaghat, and in some cases, this relationship becomes an imitative nature. His poems are semantic recompose and recreation that have been told before in Mu’allaqat. In other words, they have been recreated in an imitative texture and shape. These relationships include different backgrounds such as imitation, compilation, translation and coherence. This comparative-descriptive research compares one of Khaghani’s Arabic odes with Sabe’s Mu’allaqat from the viewpoints of justifiability structure, vocabularies, imagination, content, music, etc. At the end, Khaghani’s success in this imitation is researched. Although Khaghani’s poem’s in some areas, particularly in justifiability, structure and semantic have become close to Mu’allaqat but, in comparison with Mu’allaqat, they have weak solidity and stability, specifically in vertical area and individual image in such a way that in Khaghani’s poems, color of complication, difficulty and stress can be seen  

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Al-Fasilah has kept the different definitions in scope of human sciences; however it appears as an expression in theology & in Quranic sciences and means usually the latest word of a verse. Although some theologists distinguish between first word (Roûs) and al-Fasilah (last word), asserting that the latter is more general than the other. In certain resources, Farra is the first one that has commented about al-Fasilah, while in the others, Khalil-ibn-Ahmad is presented as so. Among these, Baqelani mentioned to relations between al-Fasilah in one side, and miracle assumption of Quran, in another side. Because has not been done any research which concerns directly the decisive role of al-Fasilah in process of Quran translation into Persian language, this research is seeking answers to the following questions: 1) what role does al-Fasilah play in formulating connotations of a single verse or of a surah in whole? 2) To what extent these translations can make the connotations transmittable? The results show that al-Favasil not only affect the connotations of one verse, but in some case, an entire surah is affected in terms of semantics, phonology and syntax by them. Finally, we can include that translations would achieve success whatever they refer to the exegesis references for better understanding connotative dimension of al-Favasil.

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Sistani couplets are indubitably a part of the spiritual heritage and folklore of Sistan. They originate from Sistani people’s culture, civilization and interests. The residents of this territory express their feelings, emotions, enjoyments, deprivations, wishes and desires in the best possible manner with an emotional language and in the form of most tangible imagery. Having studied about400Sistani couplets, the author of the present paper has analysed and discussed the structural, literary and content characteristics of the so called couplets. The findings of the study show that the structures and forms of the couplets in question are very similar to those of Persian couplets in that they do enjoy rhythm, poetic form, rhyme and Radif, although there are some irregularities in terms of rhythm. Statistical investigations indicate that Sistani poets’ interest in using Radif is twice as much as their interest in using rhyme. In terms of rhyme, almost half of the couplets meet good rhymes, and the rest of them either have bad rhymes or lack in rhymes. These are all redolent of Sistani poets’ admirable flair and delicate taste for providing beautiful and agreeable couplets adorned with pleasant imagery.  

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There are several methods for calculating surface area of agricultural and food materials which have been used since long time ago. Along with the progress in computer science, image processing has been considered as a method that can be used to quantify the apparent characteristics of food and agricultural materials and to substitute human vision. In this research, a digital image processing method has been adopted for surface area calculation. the efficiency of this method was compared with the three customary methods, namely, using Area Measuring System (AMS), planimeter method, and gravimetric method. Three experiments were devised using different tgpes of samples. Results showed that under all circumstances, the image processing method was no less accurate than the other methods. Moreover, its accuracy was independent of the operator accuracy and skill. The AMS was considerably faster than the other methods. The image processing method stood in the third place after the planimeter method where the time difference between them was less than five seconds.

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Cubism, which revolutionized the visual arts during the first decades of the twentieth century, had a significant impact on literature. It is often considered to be the twentieth century’s mode of expression. This article examines the influences of the cubist style on Hajm poetry – an avant-garde movement in contemporary Persian poetry which is mainly associated with Yadollah Royaei’s works. The main question of the article is how it is possible to apply the visual aesthetic principles and techniques to literature. The article is divided into three main sections. In each section, one of the common fundamental concepts between these two movements is introduced. These concepts are as follows: (1) the essence of the thing and the representation of reality; (2) three-dimensional image and the movement of the image; (3) and the concentration on the process of the creation of literary work through focusing on the materiality of artistic medium. These concepts are concretized by using some devices which create an effect similar to the cubist visual techniques, the consequence of which is to challenge the concept of representation in art and literature.

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Fotoohi . M. , PH.D.
 
Abstract
This essay is concentrated on Romantic Image. Romantic Image essentially is deferent with classic, symbolic, Surrealistic and imagistic Image, in nature and aesthetic. The author sets forth essence of romantic Image in three sections: The first section explains four special feature of Romantic Image 1) poet's transmutation in nature and things 2) images as shadow 3) running images and 4) individual aspect of image). The second section discusses the relation between images and their places in context of poem with two features of connection and running. The third section explains three functions of romantic images. The final part deals with the metaphoric pole of language in romantic writings.
This essay is aimed at distinguishing classical and romantic imagination and set forth process of creature, value of aesthetics and origin of image insights in these kinds of writing. 
 
 

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The chemical-morphological relationships in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, was assessed through photography in light room. The image data were transferred to a laptop and analyzed by MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) version R2009a. The designated algorithm of 7 features, including length, height, area, perimeter, equivalent diameter, major and minor axis length were extracted from the images. Afterward, chemical compositions of the fish (including crude protein, crude fat, moisture content, pH value and leakage), were determined. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to correlate visual and chemical properties. Factors were assayed with linear, logarithmic, exponential and power method. Results showed that pH, leakage, protein and fat had a good correlation with fish length, and moisture with fish perimeter, in Quadratic equation (R²= 0.993, 0.991, 0.991, 0.989 and 0.992, respectively). In conclusion, this methodology can be applied for automated chemical analysis and on-line monitoring in fish farms.

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Description: The study of historical axes is considered as a necessary subject for valuing and preserving the cultural identity of people in the structure of the city and it is a kind of mental and meaningful heritage of a society. While most studies focus on the body of urban facade, there are limited studies to analyze urban facade based on subjective dimensions and meaning. Objective: The main goal of this research is to identify the effective indicators in the redesign of the facade of historical axes based on the semantic dimensions and the mental image of the citizens. The qualitative-quantitative combination of research and research conducted in this field to validate the indicators is considered another goal of the research. Methods: In order to achieve the goal, a systematic review method has been used, and Farsi and English scientific-research articles have formed the statistical population of the research, and examining the interaction between research conducted using the tool of the review method is considered an important tool. The statistical population of the research is about 73 articles, which are based on keywords (mental image, meaning, and historical axes). Some articles were excluded from the research process in the screening process based on the PRISMA checklist, and finally, 57 articles formed the final statistical population of the research, and in this regard, Persian databases (Irandoc, Civilica, Elmnet, and Magiran) and in the field of English-language articles, databases (Scopus, Elsevier) have been used. Findings: The findings show that the geographical distribution and the contextual characteristics of the environment have a direct impact on the understanding of the environmental meaning in urban facade and the indicators follow this issue. The internal structures of society, culture and individual dimensions are also abundant in the literature of the world, and in the quantitative dimension of research, the lack of use of basic theories and communication between components is considered one of the weaknesses of the researches. Based on this, the components and qualities of urban facade and the relationship between them and the basic theories have been collected through analytical tools and matrices, which include indicators such as maintaining the individual and social dependencies of the environment, the involvement of the five senses, and the existence of volume based on shape. Conclusion: The result expresses the deep connection between the mind and the semantic dimensions in the historical facade. Due to the existence of cultural and historical heritage, historical axes have independent identities and characters that can stimulate the mind to understand their inner concrete meaning.

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Popular culture deals with the public perception of habits, traditions, anecdotes, beliefs, anthems, proverbs, and oral speech, having been discussed in different areas of humanities including sociology, history, psychology, literature, art and even religions. Literature is, in its technical sense, marked with folklore elements. Particular attention to literature in multidisciplinary studies is a new approach.
An itinerary is a personal account of the conditions of the cities and nations visited by a travel writer. An itinerary encompasses invaluable information by means of which the social, political and economic realities of different historical periods can be established. Moreover, it is among the most critical ways to analyze and compare various nations, being at the same time the best way to gain insights into diverse phenomena surrounding popular culture and social communications, about which little has been written in historical documents.
This research, descriptive-analytical in nature, was concerned with investigating Iran’s popular elements, popular culture and social communications (folk literature of Iran). It also focused on popular-culture-based behaviors in the eyes of the Moroccan travel writer, who traveled across Iran during the Mongol Empire.  The findings indicate that folklore elements occupy an important position in Ibn Battuta’s itinerary. The appearance of these elements is mostly focused on eating habits and foods.

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In this paper, the performance of 11 different distances for image retrieval and classification, based on color, shape and texture, is evaluated. The precision-recall measure and the correct classification rate of the k-NN classifier are used to evaluate retrieval and classification performances, respectively. The experimental results for a database of 1000 images from 10 different semantic groups, based on color histogram, directional edge histogram and Gabor features are presented and discussed

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In this paper, the performance of 11 different distances for image retrieval and classification, based on color, shape and texture, is evaluated. The precision-recall measure and the correct classification rate of the k-NN classifier are used to evaluate retrieval and classification performances, respectively. The experimental results for a database of 1000 images from 10 different semantic groups, based on color histogram, directional edge histogram and Gabor features are presented and discussed.