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This study examines the cognitive processes underlying the comprehension of second language idioms using two different visual instructional techniques, visual representation of literal meanings versus virtual meanings of each idiom’s visual representation. For this reason, two environments (positions) (PFL vs. PSL), two different terms (opaque vs. transparent), and two different sufficiency levels (intermediate vs. advanced) are considered, which involves common teaching methods that use dual coding theory as two different visual techniques with verbal support to teach different types of idioms. The statistical population were 67 second language learners and 63 foreign language learners who participated in this study. A term comprehension test was used before and after the training. The results of repeated measure variance analysis based on pretest-posttest comparisons showed that understanding of SL idioms is different according to the learning environment, teaching technique and the type of idiom. However, it sounds that the level of sufficiency doesn’t affect any group’s comprehension outcomes. The results show that in the SL environment, the figurative technique was more successful than the literal technique. While in the FL environment, using the literal technique compared to the figurative technique, got better scores for the language learner. PSL learners were better than PFL learners in learning terms with opaque meanings, while PFL learners performed better in learning terms with transparent meanings. The results of this investigation support the Dual Idiom Representation Model, which states that PSL learners activate their existing lexical entries and understand them figuratively, while PFL learners must analyze the idioms.

 

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 Small and mid-sized enterprises (SMEs) have played a significant role in the growth and advancement of the Chinese agriculture sector. However, these enterprises often face challenges in navigating local distribution networks, complying with regulations, and procuring local consumer products, which can hinder the marketing environment and impede economic growth. To address these issues and promote continuous business development, Chinese agriculture enterprises require effective modeling techniques that facilitate transformation to meet evolving requirements. This study proposes a game-theoretic approach, specifically the Mixed Strategy Game-Theoretic Approach (MSGTA), as a decision-making tool for enterprises facing pre-emptive changes. By analyzing oligopoly firm behavior, the MSGTA approach identifies enterprise outcomes, cooperation patterns, and price-fixing strategies, providing decision-making options and incentives within the enterprise structure. The MSGTA approach assists SMEs in the Chinese agriculture market by systematically analyzing product development stages and ensuring the effective adoption of pre-emptive changes. The efficiency of SMEs implementing the MSGTA approach is evaluated by examining statistical relationships between enterprise growth and requirements. By integrating effective modeling techniques, Chinese agriculture SMEs can adapt to changes proactively, enhance their ability to navigate local distribution networks, comply with regulations, and procure local consumer products more effectively, thereby improving the marketing environment and fostering economic growth.
 

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This research aimed to explain and validate the green curriculum’s (GC) characteristics based on the critical competencies of education for the 21st century. Hence, a mixed research method was used. In the qualitative section, being used for identifying characteristics of GC, experts who have scientific experience(s) related to sustainability in Iran's higher education system were selected using snowball sampling, data were collected and analyzed through semi-structured interviews and content analysis, respectively. The validity of the identified GC characteristics was examined quantitatively based on the Lawshe method. In this section, based on the Lawshe method, 40 faculty members and doctoral students in educational sciences were selected using simple random sampling to evaluate the characteristics’ appropriateness by a three-level scale. Based on the results, 50 characteristics were extracted from the interviews and the documents. However, two of them were not acceptable based on the Lawshe method. Moreover, results revealed that each of the five competencies defined for education in the 21st century (including learning to know, learning to be, learning to do, learning to live together, and learning to transform oneself and society) is aligned with several characteristics of the green curriculum. Finally, some of our suggestions to operationalize the mentioned competencies in the format of GC can be offered as follow; considering environmental management in academic curricula in various fields, defining practical projects for students to apply whatever they have learned, encouraging students to communicate with environmental organizations, and also global research communities to widen their horizons toward environmental issues.
 

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Contextualism refers to an approach to urban planning, which considers the city in its totality. It also emphasizes on the role of social, cultural, geographical and historical influences on individual development, because of the increasing interest in understanding environment in post-modernist architecture. It is also the degree to which new architecture is sensitive to its site and location. It farther varies from building to building and place to place. Moreover, architecture in context is neither a brief attention nor a radical innovation; rather it is a strong and expressive visual relationship to the surroundings. Individual building is always seen first as a part of the whole. Creating places and spaces that enrich the lives of the people who use them is the foundation of architect’s work. Every building can and should engage in a dialogue with the history, beliefs and needs of a particular place and time. In fact, current architecture in metropolitans of Iran including Tehran has an attitude based on ignoring the environment and the context of projects, including climate, history, geography, culture, etc. This attitude leads contemporary architecture to a sort of chaos and disorder. It also brings about contemporary architecture to lose its distinctiveness, besides increasing tendency and willingness of young generation of architects to imitate foreign works and projects without any attempt to adjust them to the context and environment of local projects. It means that this attitude can face contemporary architecture with a serious danger and threat, which enjoys no identity and character. The aim of this paper is to elaborate how correct and effective designing approaches in contextual architectural design can be obtained in architectural studios in order to provide designing with a dialogue to their context and environment, to have more successful designing, and also to illustrate a clear vision for contemporary architecture. Design studios in Iran, where architectural design lessons are being taught, are the main and fundamental part of architectural education. Considering that most of undergraduate students in Iranian architectural departments are ignoring the context without paying attention to its influences in their designing, we are going to figure out how context can be reflected and used in architectural designs in this paper. For this purpose, architectural designs in 4 different studios including Educational space, Cinema, Hospital, and Residential Space in Sooreh University in two semesters during a year (2009-2010); were evaluated among 20 groups, which were divided into two controlled and uncontrolled units. The evaluation was based on 9 examinations, which the authors had already extracted from the architectural designing principles. It is worth mentioning that the only difference between those two units (controlled and uncontrolled) was the constructed site model that the controlled units could adjust and adapt their designing to. Final evaluation, which was the average score of each designing group in each examination, showed that controlled unit’s designing gathered higher score; consequently, their approach in designing was more successful and effective. It means that contextualized approaches in studios can improve architectural designing and result with architecture in context. In addition, professors at architectural departments should pay more attention to the context and environment and their role in designing process. They further should integrate their teaching with contextualism. To this end, they may utilize many innovative solutions including a model of the project site.

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The recent concept of the cultural landscape is the result of the development of the contemporary society and it`s valuables. In the past years, often the special art works and important monuments were being noticed, but after the world war and its destructions and the enormous industrial development in the decade of 1950’s, people understood that their lives had a close relationship with the environment in which they had lived or worked, and this became a basis for the recognition of the cultural identity and a spiritual reference for a balanced way in their lives. Due to the considerable influence of the cultural regeneration on the desirable components of quality in the living environment of the citizens; the concepts of quality of citizen’s life and the effect of indexes of the objective quality on the citizen’s life, would be studied. On this basis, nowadays paying attention to the urban centers and the solutions based on the necessity of increase in quality of life is very important for the managers and urban program designers; because the desirable quality of the spaces have an undeniable effect on the humanity sensations and spaces are the basis of social and public activities, holding the ceremonies, identification factor of the cities, the arena for the believes to emerge, their thoughts and the way of living.In addition, regarding the fact that one of the main aspects and concentrations of urban buildings and building the large cities was based on the urban complexes, and nowadays the neglectfulness of the urban managers about these type of spaces has made a lot of problems for these centers which have degraded the quality of the life environments of the citizens. Zandiye complex of shiraz, which is a special kind of cultural landscape within the urban environment; is going to be studied and instructions based on the regeneration would be presented to improve the quality of the citizen’s life in this urban complex. The effects of this complex on Shiraz are so that it has defined a part of the identity of this city during the history, because the national and religious ceremonies have been held in this complex. Regardless of the vastness and importance of the Karimkhan complex of buildings due to the diverse and new functions, the zand street passing through the complex and some social-cultural issues, have affected the living quality and sustainable presence of the citizens; So a qualitative coordinator design seems to be very essential. It is obvious that the improvement of the quality of life in the cultural landscape in urban space needs to have access to the criteria’s and conditions which meet the consent of the citizen by providing their spiritual and non-spiritual requirements. The investigation procedure of this paper is based on the descriptive-analytic research method or the historical case study approach. The resources of this research are libraries and field observations.

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Nowadays, application of enhanced oil recovery methods has increased; therefore it’s necessary to determine their impacts on environment and human life. So, this research investigates the environmental impacts of conventional enhanced oil recovery methods and new methods such as using electromagnetic waves, ultrasound waves, and nanoparticles. The investigations show that electromagnetic waves and ultrasound can effectively remove many environmental pollutants. Characteristics of the wave and the type of formation determine that these waves have different effects on the formation, and efforts should be made to understand these effects to prevent damage to the formation. Nanoparticles can also reduce the quantity of pollutants in the environment. According to the mechanisms of entrapment of nanoparticles in the porous medium, they may remain in the reservoir and find their way to the underground water over time, so their environmental effects should be considered in the long term. A better knowledge of new methods of increasing oil extraction will lead to the identification and use of more suitable methods with less environmental effects (compared to conventional methods).

 

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Effects of neighbourhood environment and leisure time physical activity on the elderly

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Some bacteria can survive in conditions in which even extremophiles cannot survive. In this study, the conditions of contamination of mine-waste extremophiles with other bacteria was studied on the laboratory scale. At the first step, the acid-producing extremophile bacteria were isolated from mine tailings and characterized using a biochemical protocol. The extremophiles survived at the pH from 0 to 8.5 and temperature from ‒ 70 °C to 90 °C. After the complete growth and isolation of active colonies of the acidophilic bacteria in solid medium, their pollution possibility were examined in the laboratory. The characterization of contaminating microorganisms was performed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 16s rRNA gene sequencing. The polluting bacteria were isolated from the acid-producing bacteria using a nutrient broth liquid medium in a sterilized condition for 1 week, which reached an anaerobic condition after a while. The significant growth of acidophilic bacteria in an anaerobic condition required the 9K medium containing Fe₂(SO₄)₃ and elemental sulphur. The results showed that the contaminating bacteria of extremophiles included Bacillus cereus (strain 1), Bacillus sp. (TS3) and Bacillus oryzaecorticis (WJB138), enduring the anaerobic conditions in a nutrient broth medium.
 

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Introduction: Considering the settlement of more than 60% of the world's population in cities by 2030, producing over 70% of the world's carbon there, and 50% of the damage to the ozone layer by cities, as well as less experience in organizing environmental issues in cities, studying the successful experience of countries, especially global metropolises in planning environmental issues may be essential. Accordingly, this research is theoretical in terms of nature, applied in terms of conclusion, and descriptive-analytical and documentary in terms of method. The data were collected and analyzed from library resources, field observations from some metropolises, and Internet resources related to the world capitals and global metropolises perspective (15 items).
Conclusion: At least since 2000, in all the perspectives for the studied capitals and metropolises, urban environmental issues have been one of their main goals and basic themes. The land of "no burial" and "no waste" is the motto of most of them. The completion of the cycle of reduction of consumption, recycling, and reuse is considered the main objective of sustainable development. The integrated urban environmental management model was emphasized; flexibility and effective strategic resilience are considered to reach the UN's 2030s sustainable development goals. Therefore, it is proposed that the 17-item UN's 2030s sustainable development goal, particularly item 11 that is related to urban sustainable development, as well as the United Nations environment program, be the basis for urban sustainable environmental programs, especially in Iranian metropolises.

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Introduction: Place is the center of geography and identity is the manifestation of culture in place. Regarding the belonging to different places, people have different actions, approaches, and tendencies. As a political event, parliamentary election plays an important role in the representation of voters’ place identities. Affected by its location, Iran, throughout history, has had a wide variety of place identities; parliament election plays a key role in revealing the diversity of identities and, consequently, the diversity of spatial pattern of voting. The present research, which has a descriptive-analytical nature, relies on the hypothesis that place identities, resulted from the diversity of dialect and the feeling of rejection due to the distance dimension, have affected the spatial pattern of voting in the form of heterogeneity of votes, dissipation of votes, and spatial conflicting relationships in Meymand district and Firoozabad constituency. To collect the data, library research method (using books and journals) and field study (questionnaire) were used.
Copnclusion: Spatial conflicts and distances from the central core of the Meymand district led to the heterogeneity of votes, the dissipation of votes, and the dispersion of votes; this spatial pattern of voting is accompanied by reducing the Maymand's influence on the overall results of the constituency.
 

 

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Aggregation and concentration of industries and the production of more complex products due to economies of scale can cause technology spillover. The development of industrial and complex processes requires energy, and the use of energy causes carbon emissions. Now this question arises, what are the effects of technology and industrial agglomeration on the environment? The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of economic complexity and industrial agglomeration on carbon emissions in a panel of emerging economies during the period 1990–2022. For this purpose, first, the industrial agglomeration was calculated based on the location entropy index, and then, in the new panel approach, the method of moment quantile regression (MMQREG) was used to investigate the effects of economic complexity and industrial agglomeration on carbon emissions. The results showed that increasing the economic complexity index has different effects on carbon emissions. The results of parameter estimation showed that industrial agglomeration increases carbon emissions in high quantiles. The results show that economic growth and energy consumption increase carbon emissions in all quantiles, and urbanization helps to preserve the environment. The results of Dumitrescu and Hurlin's panel causality test show a two-way relationship between industrial agglomeration and carbon emissions and a one-way relationship between economic complexity and carbon emissions.
 

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Detergents are a part of human life and are consumed for different purposes, particularly hygiene. In recent years, the detergent industry has experienced significant changes as a result of environmental concerns, the availability, and cost of raw resources and energy, consumer preferences, demographic and sociological trends, as well as global economic and political factors. Several review papers have been published on detergents, but no bibliometric research has been conducted in this field. This study aims to assess the trend of detergent research and show the related hotspots by conducting a bibliometric analysis based on 37650 published articles from Scopus from 2000 to 2022. Numerous significant aspects of these articles, such as subject categories, journals, authors, countries, and keywords, were examined systematically. According to the findings, the number of detergent-related papers has increased significantly over the past two decades. The United States was the leading country in terms of both quality and quantity, followed by China and Brazil. In addition, Detmann, E. from Sweden was the most productive author. Keyword analysis suggests that current research has focused on the development of effective cleaning products that are safe for humans and the environment.
 

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The purpose is examining factors that promote satisfaction for student in the school. This research is fundamental both quantitative and qualitative in nature. In this study, two methods have been used: a) Survey research methods (survey) b) Correlation method. For a multistage cluster sampling method was used. In order to assess the individual's perspective, creating table of contents based on studies and interviews with architects and experts, will be discussed. According to this table question naive was designed and distributed among the population. After classifying data using the software SPSS, the analysis is discussed. Five factors were extracted on patient satisfaction. These factors include: physical comfort, perceived environmental, psychological security, environmental attractiveness, sense of belonging. Operating resultant T-test analysis was located. Finally, it was found that 95% of the sample mean is greater than from average. At least 70% percent of the population had an agreement with the agent.

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Natural Resources are a life source and very valuable which have left for humanity to cherish. Irresponsible use of these resources can lead to Irreversible effects on the environment and life. Hereon, the soil is one of the valuable elements that taking care of it, is essential for durability like other elements. The soil of our planet is a result of millions of years of geological evolutions. Soil resources are irreversible and Excessive consuming of them Cause to loss of natural resources. Hence, soil conservation is very important and necessary. One of the most influential parameters on the quality of soil resources is in the field of architecture and construction. In this article we will discuss about brick, a most popular component made of soil which is used for building. Also the effects of using brick on the land quality and soil resources of Tehran have been discussed as well as environmental aspects. In this study, Tehran as the capital city of the Islamic Republic of Iran is chosen as case study in which more than eight million people reside in its metropolitan area. It is assumed that results from the analysis of soil resource challenges in Tehran could also be applicable to other large cities in developing countries. Even though using the brick is important to Iranian architecture it can also destroy the equilibrium of the environment because of the Excessive consumption of soil. The questions of this research are: 1. which damages can be followed by the use of brick in the construction industry? 2. Which advantages and Opportunities is caused by uses of bricks? To answer the research questions, the case study research method with combination strategies has been adopted. The technique used for collecting data is field survey, in which the quantitative data is chosen. The information and theoretical literature is based on studies, which is collected by the library method and Interview from Bricks manufacturers. Processing data is accomplished by graphs and illative methods.Our Research shows that environmental aspects of brick’s products in Tehran is very serious. In addition, industrial wastes without proper management, building waste and irregular construction especially in border of cities, has brought considerable risks for the environment of Tehran. While the using brick accurately, reduce damages on environment and natural resources in three period of time: manufacturing, consuming and post consuming. One of the most usable strategies to control environmental issues, is recycling and reusing of materials that the brick has high capacity in this context. Thereupon it can be appropriate opportunity for environment.

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Autonomy support environments and Job involvement among University of Tehran’s employees: The mediating role of Basic psychological needs. As feedback and an important variable in enhancing an organization’s effectiveness, job involvement causes and consequences recognition is of great importance to managers, and an ultimate goal for organizational behavior management. Considering the importance of self-motivation in job involvement, it is necessary to illuminate job involvement through a motivation theory, for instance: self-determination theory. This theory states that work conditions which allow basic psychological needs fulfillment, pave the way for job involvement. Little research studying the relationship between these needs’ fulfillment and employees’ job involvement have been conducted, which calls for more research on this subject. This research is based on a correlation analysis, utilizing structure equation modeling methods. The Statistical population studied here is all of Tehran University’s employees, through which 113 people have been randomly chosen. Research findings show that autonomy support environments have a significant effect on fulfilling mental needs (0.6) , and that mental needs fulfillment, in turn, has a direct significant effect on job involvement (0.54). Moreover, indirect effects of autonomy support on job involvement’s significance (0.33), indicates the intermediary role of mental needs fulfillment in relation to these two variables.

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Abstract The present Research as” Design Business Agility Dynamic Model in manufacturing organization with dynamic systems approach”was performed . Initially the literature review discussed. The data gathered in this stage provided us with the possibility to present a conceptual framework for the study. Subsequently, through interviewing with experts, some indices for evaluating the variables in the model were identified. On the following stage, a questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire included 116 items, based on a 7-point Likert scale. After determining the validity and reliability of the results of the research revealed that agility capability, agility outcomes, and the internal supply chain of the organizations were less affected by environmental factors than agility enablers. The environmental drives by means of agility enablers, supply chain processes, agility capabilities and agility outcomes influence organizations Then, design Agility Dynamic Model and evaluated effect of changes in environmental drives and Policy of executives on organizational agility results After determining the validity and reliability of the results of the research revealed that agility capability, agility outcomes, and the internal supply chain of the organizations were less affected by environmental factors than agility enablers. The environmental drives by means of agility enablers, supply chain processes, agility capabilities and agility outcomes influence organizations Then, design Agility Dynamic Model and evaluated effect of changes in environmental drives and Policy of executives on organizational agility results

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In spite of emphasis on role of organizational resource and human resources in particular, on entrepreneurship in literature of management, has not been presented an integrated pattern for Iranian organizations that measures influence of hr subsystems on entrepreneurship. By concentration of key role of human resources on entrepreneurship, present research is seeking to consider influence of different practices of human resource management on promoting of entrepreneurship in oil industry of Iran. Research methodology includes both descriptive and correlation analysis based on structural equation modeling. Data was collected by means of questionnaire that was distributed among top and middle manager of Contracting company in oil industry. Research result Indicates that human resource subsystems including human resource Acquisition, work design, development, labor relation and compensation, have influence on organizational entrepreneurship. And only training has not any impact on entrepreneurship. Furthermore, research indicates that the most impact of human resource management on entrepreneurship is indirectly and through creating supportive environment of innovation.

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This research investigates the vegetation of 4600 ha of Polour semi-steppe rangelands in relation to edaphic and physiographical parameters in Mazandaran province. For this purpose, 23 land units were selected from overlaying slope, aspect and elevation maps using geographic information system (GIS). Within each unit, 3 parallel transects with 100 m length, each containing 10 quadrates (according to vegetation variation) were established. Sampling method was Random systematic. Measured soil properties included texture, organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, phosphor, and litter. Soil and plant data were analyzed with redundancy analysis and SHAZAM 10 package. RDA analysis suggesting that there is a relatively high correspondence between vegetation and environmental factors that explain 93% of the total variance in data set. RDA results showed that soil slope, aspect, soil texture, acidity, phosphor, and litter were the major environmental factors responsible for variations in vegetation patterns. Furthermore, results also showed that for F .ovina and P .bulbosa, acidity and nitrogen, for A .gossypinus, organic matter and salinity and for D .glomerata, nitrogen have the most important role in plant presence and absence probability.