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defending territorial integrity. Therefore any external factor which wants to violate any principles for any excuse, “nationalism” is the guarantor of national independence and integrity as a political thought or governmental ideology. There is a relationship between “Territorializing of territory” and “nationalistic” action-reaction. Usually, this relationship represents itself in two situations: in the first situation countries use “nationalistic” motivational components in order to defend territorial sovereignty (against invading other countries). In second situation they (governments) use these powerful senses in order to do expansionist aims in the form of “Territorializing” and “extending territory” in their outside competition and quarrels against other competitive or enemy states over territory. Seas and generally water zones are paid attention by political actors (governments and states) because of their geographical values (military, political, security, economical, etc). As a result “creating-extending territory” which is a geopolitical principle, is because of these geographical values.
Nationalism as a powerful force is one of the ways which is used by states in order to keep, use, and gain geographical values (geographical sources of power in land and water zones) in order to “extend or create territory”. The research is based on descriptive analytics. Data gathering of the research is done by referring to valuable resources and by the documentary method.
 
 

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Ghobadi. H. A. , PH.D.

Abstract:
 
This research tries to examine in details tales of two Iranian and Indian epics, namely Shanameh and Mahabaharat aimed at revealing their structures similarities and limitation in plan and extremes. Therefore, some parts of these tales having the subjects of "Killing Relatives" and "Offending Relatives" have been selected to be analyzed structurally.
The reason for such a selection is lack of such a research in the field of epic as most of the researches in this area are interpretive. Structural analysis is an introduction to interpretive one. It is why some structuralists (G.Genet, for example) have considered the issue more important than a mere structural analysis and refer attached importance to interpretation.
The reader of the paper will find out that these tales are similar in content in addition to their structures.
 
 

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Roland Barthes identifies two types of relationships between text and image: anchorage and relay. Anchorage helps identify one meaning in the image while it can be potentially the site of multi-farious meanings. The complementary relationship of text and image is called Relay. Furthermore, Kress and Leeuwen have suggested another relationship, called “one image-many words”, in which image is free to construct meaning. However, there are some other types of relations between image and words in a text, which have not been examined by Barthes or even Kress and Leeuwen or other individuals. That is, when an image leads to a metaphoric change in the interpretation of the text, simply the conceptual blending theory (Fauconnier and Turner) could be a proper method to explain how the human’s mind could understand and interpret a new meaning through the interaction of image and words (they said interaction of two different concepts). In the present paper, the way in which visual texts could be created and interpreted in the human’s mind as well as the different types of relations between text and image are studied based on four spaces, which are basic for meaning construction and four different types of blending pattern. Finally, a new relationship, which is not so common in any other texts other than literary one, will be introduced. This paper explores the tools, which are used in literary text to free the meaning from the control of words. It also studies the role of the reader in the interpretation of a text in visual poetry. Furthermore, it is going to argue how the interpretation of a text could be changed by the image, not the text. In conclusion, the image space (input space 1) could map its presupposed common features onto the feature of the words space (input space 2) and then project them into the blending space to create new meaning. So the given meaning could be developed from close meaning to far or metaphoric one through the active role of the reader in the interpretation of the floating signified.

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Parsanasab (Gholam). M.,PH.D                                                
Abstract:
 
Examining the constituents of a literary work and disovering its governing rules helps us understand the text’s internal structures and identify its constituent parts. In this paper, I set to analyze the component parts of the Masnavi’s satires through a structural approach and show which one of these elements is more effective in building the satires. Furthermore, I will try to identify the main element or elements of the Masnavi satires’ grace so that we can determine which of the four dimensions of language, content, structure, and eloquence has been most influenced by Molavi’s satiric taste.
 

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A consideration of the design and development of any harvesting machine is required to determine the physical and biomechanical properties of the tree and its fruit. Biome-chanical properties such as pull, bending and torsion strengths must be determined. In the field experiments, trees were selected from an orchard in Rafsanjan, Kerman Prov-ince, Iran. Parameters related to fruit properties were measured using load cells. In Raf-sanjan’s Pistachio Research Institute laboratory, subsequent measurements were made using similar instrumentation. In a randomized design layout, 18 tree cultivars with five replications were selected. The maximum pull, bending, and torsion strengths were found respectively for Badami Ravar, Momtaze Tajabadi and Italiaee cultivar clusters. Mini-mum pull, bending, and torsional strengths were obtained for Ghazvini, Louk and Kalleh Ghoochi clusters. The cultivars Kalleh Ghoochi, Rezaee Zoodras and Khanjari Damghan were found to have fruit with the highest pull, bending, and torsional strengths, with the lowest strengths belonging to the Italiaee cultivar.

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Abstract
Research subject: In this research, epoxy modification was successfully performed by polyurethane and its effect on abrasion and adhesion properties have been investigated. The most important concern in the blending of these polymers was the formation of gels upon exposure of epoxy resin and isocyanate in polyurethane.
Research approach: One solution to overcome this problem is to control the chemical activity of Isocyanate. Therefore to reduce the chemical activity of isocyanate and prevent gel formation due to the combination of epoxy and polyurethane, first polyurethane prepolymer containing 3.58 wt.% NCO was prepared by mixing poly tetra methylene glycol 2000 (PTMG 2000) and toluene di isocyanate (2,4-TDI); and then by adding 20 wt.% of it to the epoxy resin, the curing process was completed by using dimethyl thio-toluene di amine (DMTDA) as a common curing agent and also specific heat treatment.
Main results: Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy results showed that the modification process has been successful by elimination of the peaks related to epoxide and isocyanate groups in the prepared sample in addition to the formation of a broad peak related to secondary hydroxyl group (C-O) due to the opening of epoxide rings. Pull off tests also confirmed increasing adhesion to carbon steel substrate as a result of secondary hydroxyl generation through this blending. Although, the Persoz hardness of modified epoxy decreased by 5%, but with a 17-fold reduction of elastic modulus (as per tensile test result), abrasion resistance improved 6 times according to abrasion test. Finally, joining of the cavities to each other is introduced as the abrasion mechanism by considering the field emission- scanning electron microscope images.

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  This article, as a part of a broader study about the efficacy of the Conceptual Blending Theory in explanation of cognitive component of meaning construction process, examines how Conceptual Blending Theory can be applied for exploring text coherence in folktales. Two main questions of this paper are that: by using the parameters of Conceptual Blending Theory, is it possible to analyze the text coherence of a folktale and to what extent the findings of this paper can be generalized. It is assumed that by using Conceptual Blending framework we are able to explain the text coherence, as an important factor in meaning construction. The findings of this paper show that the application of Conceptual Blending provides an excellent analytical tool for exploring text coherence and meaning construction process in human mind.

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Third person singular ending -ad is pronounced [e] in standard colloquial Persian but [ed] in Esfahani Persian. This is due to the changing of /a/ to [e] in both accents as well as the deletion of /d/ in the standard colloquial accent rather than Esfahani accent. Furthermore, -ad is pronounced [d] in both accents in the case the last phoneme of the verb to which it is added is /A/. This is due to the deletion of /a/ and not /d/. This research aimed at coming up with inclusive rankings of constraints to explain these three different pronunciations of the third person singular ending within Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993/2004). In this paper, it is argued that /d/ deletion feeds the changing of /a/ to [e] in the standard colloquial accent. It is also argued that the markedness constraint that causes the changing of /a/ to [e] in the standard colloquial accent is different from the one that causes the same process in Esfahani accent.
 

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Defense industry plays an important and strategic function in economy. Defense industry effects economy mainly through security and weapon exports. There has been a growing literature examining military expenditures in developing countries. Theoretically, there is no definite prediction of the direction of causation between economic growth and military spending. The majority of these studies have focused on whether or not defense spending has had a positive, a negative, or no impact whatsoever on economic growth in developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of defense spending on economic growth and private consumption in Iran using time series data for the period 1974 to 2005. A four-sector model based on the Feder approach is employed to detect any likely relationship between those variables. The model comprises consumption sector, defense sector, non-defense government sector, and exports sector. The findings show that there is statistically significant and positive relation between defense spending and economic growth in Iran, while the effects of defense spending on private consumption is negative.

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In the present paper, we aim to apply the Conceptual Blending Theory proposed by Fauconnier and Turner (2002) to the analysis of one poem by Garous Abdolmalekian. Our hypothesis rests upon the fact that the same cognitive operations which occur in everyday construction and understanding of language as put forth by Blending theorists, occur also at the construction and interpretation of a literary work by authors and readers alike, operations like setting of input mental spaces, cross-space matching, blending clashing material and creating emergent structure. The poem examined in the paper, "lahzeye sheni" ("the sandy moment") is quite a long poem divided into five stanzas. The method used in the examination is a descriptive- analytic one. To use conceptual means of Blending, each stanza is a blend behind which stands an integration network composed of two input spaces which have projected selective structure onto the blend leading to emergent structure in it. For example, in one stanza, what is presented is an image in which black pieces of paper thrown out of the window turn into crows and fetch on the tree branches. This is a blend created out of two inputs of crows and black pieces of paper which are integrated together through the compression of the vital relation of Change. In general, it can be assumed that the poet, while creating the work, has passed through theses mental stages before he comes up with the present form of the poem; that is, he has formed two mental input spaces, and then merged them together only to bring about a novel concept, some emerge structure, which is the poem itself. The assumption can be extended so as to include the reader on the other side of this act of communication: the reader also, on their encounter with the poem, in order to make sense of it, has to unpack the blend which is presented to him in the poem. The reader, through the mechanisms of disintegration and decompression, try to reconstruct the mental phases the author has gone through while creating the work, and thus to gain an interpretation of it. In conclusion, what this paper reveals is the fact that literary works depend upon the same basic mental operations, here the operation of blending, which are at work in like non-literary works. Moreover, a good reader is who is able to follow the author, in a reverse manner, in his act of creation, and to achieve an active participation in his act of reading. The Blending Theory, by analyzing the cognitive processes a work of art passes through, helps readers reach higher levels of the participation of the sort mentioned. 
 

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Considering changes in economic conditions and global priorities in the last decade, development objectives such as poverty reduction and income distribution were typically cast in terms of economic growth. Therefore, poverty reduction through rural development was at the center of government development plan. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of government spending on the rural economic development. The development indicators included in the model comprise agricultural production, non-farm employment and poverty reduction. To this end, the elasticity of the above indicators is estimated with respect to rural infrastructures such as education, transportation, telecommunication and electricity capacity and then linkage between rural infrastructures and government spending are identified. A system of simultaneous equations approach is used to model and estimate the equations using the data over the period 1981-2005. Results of estimate indicate that government spending have positive and significant impact on the poverty reduction and non-farm employment.

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It is a long time that linguistic researches have examined various corpuses, including religious texts, especially the analysis of Quranic texts. Because of its inexperienced and abstract nature, the field of religion is one of the areas where the need for metaphorical comprehension is felt more.
Nahj al-Balaghah is a significant Islamic / Shiite text with unique linguistic and rhetorical features which make the text worthwhile for studying conceptual metaphors, but no doubt, understanding metaphors cannot reveal all aspects of such texts. In some cases, recognizing and analyzing conceptual metaphors, despite being helpful, cannot go beyond a certain limit. In fact, limiting the research to mere identification of conceptual metaphors will keep a major part of the message unrevealed.  The process of meaning construction is not a simple mapping between form and meaning and the systematic use of forms does not have the ability to accurately account for cognitive functions. Cognitive semanticists who have been searching for a way to explain and define the reasons and manners of meaning making processes in mind and language, gradually, proposed a theory called Conceptual Blending (Fauconnier & Turner, 2002); According to Fauconnier & Turner, these blends are not made in the form of distinct patterns, but act as a network of conceptual blends. Four spaces are involved in the formation of meaning: 1. Input space1 which is the conceptual space of the source domain, 2. Input space2 which is the conceptual space of the goal domain. Mapping of input spaces1 and 2, 3.Generic space and, 4. Blend space which is based on the projection of two input spaces on the third space.
The purpose of the present study is to examine the metaphor and explain its features and functions in the context of Nahj al-Balaghah based on conceptual blending theory, too.
It is worth noting that review of the researches carried out in the field of conceptual integration theory has shown that no research in the field of religious texts and especially Nahj al-Balaghah has been done in the framework of this theory.
The research method applied here is descriptive and its method is content analysis of the case. Sermon 87 (The introduction of the perfect human model), which is one of the most significant sermons in Nahj al-Balaghah, has been analyzed as a special case. In this study, by examining sermon 87, the stages of meaning construction is depicted through the analysis of the structure of the meaning and the cognitive mechanism of understanding the meaning. The purpose of the research is to determine which of the different types of the blending of meaning construction exists in this Sermon, and the network of conceptual blends in it is the result of going through which stages of the formation of meaning. The paper presents examples illustrating that there are different types of blending at different cases in this sermon. Some cases of mirror network, single-scope and double scope are presented in this paper which shows that Imam Ali (AS), by appealing to the most familiar and routine concepts used by the speakers of the Arabic language, such as"وَ اسْتَمْسَکَ مِنَ الْعُرَی بِأَوْثَقِهَا"  , "قَدْ أَمْکَنَ الْکِتَابَ مِنْ زِمَامِهِ" , "مَعْقُولَهٌ عَلَی بَنِی أُمَیَّه" and many other cases like these, tried to express his metaphorical and elegant concepts. Of course, this diction is more complicated by the content and purpose, although complex sophisticated networks are less used in this sermon. In response to the second question, we can say that there are four spatial models, mapping between spaces, imperfect selection and emerging structure in all conceptual blending networks, although they have different characteristics in different networks. It seems that it is easier to imagine the imam's intended meaning through the imagination of the mental frameworks and the correspondence between the frameworks.
 
 

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- In this paper an analytical model for prediction of angular deformation is presented. In this model convective heat losses and a multipoint distributed heat source is used for determination of the inherent strain zone which causes the bending angle. The effects of laser bending process parameters including laser power, beam diameter, scan velocity and pulse duration on the bending angle were investigated experimentally. Main effects of factors were considered and the regression line was derived. An L9 Taguchi’s standard orthogonal array was employed as experimental design and the level of importance of the laser bending process parameters on the bending angle was determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Comparison of the analytical model and experimental results has shown a reasonable agreement.

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Conceptual blending is one of the semantic approaches that concentrates on appearance and explanation of emergent concept or structure. Four mental spaces (at least two input spaces, a generic space and a blending space) have been proposed in this theory and to represent the emergent concepts or structures, we need to explain the relations between these spaces, inner-space and outer-space mapping, selective projection, composition, completion and elaboration. Conceptual metaphor and mental spaces are the inspiring theories for conceptual blending theories. Then, how to understand and infer the blending process to conclude in emergent structure and also theoretical needs to conceptual blending, based on its background, are the motives for the present study. To accomplish this, adequacy of conceptual blending in representing concepts that is activated while conceptualizing is reevaluated through some examples from Persian data (linguistic or even non-linguistic). The examples are taken from a variety of sources namely television advertisements, everyday expressions people use in their interactions, corpus data (Dadegan) and so on to explain the theory as well as possible. These data were analyzed based on four types of conceptual blending networks including simplex network, mirror network, single-scope network and double-scope network. For what is new in this research, we can say that not so many studies have been done in Persian using this theory and so rarely they have analyzed the data by illustrating them through the networks. As a matter of fact, if some studies have been taken place, they usually just sufficed to explain them. In addition, the outcome of the research on Persian provides the Persian data to be used in natural language processing specially in semantic scope. The results evince that using dynamic conceptualization in mental spaces, rejecting one-way and single mapping, applying selective projections, no being necessary to exist a counterpart for every element in mental spaces and not considering mental functions separate are all features that strengthen the adequacy of explanations of conceptual blending.
 
 

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Residual stress measurement is one of the most interesting research areas in experimental mechanics. Residual stress is introduced to material due to plastic deformation of parts and can be one of the most effective parameters on design and operation of parts. ASTM E837-01 standard studies residual stress determination in parts by hole drilling method and represent calibration coefficients for flat sheets with constant stress profile. However, there is no certain standard on the residual stress measurement by Incremental Hole Drilling Method (IHDM) which is the subject of this study. IHDM can obtain stress profile by using two modified stress calibration coefficients. In this article, the stress calibration coefficients have been extracted for incremental hole drilling by using finite element analysis (FEA). FEA contains both biaxial tension test and pure shear test which a hole has been drilled step by step in the parts by removing elements and the strains changes were determined at three strain gauge positions on the surface. At last, the calibration coefficients are determined for each step and the accuracy of coefficients have been verified by a set of experimental test and a FE analysis. The experimental test contains four-point bending of an AA5056 flat aluminum sheet. The numerical analysis contains four-point bending of a flat sheet. In both cases, the stress profile can be determined easily by using analytical equations. Average analytical stress in each increment has been calculated and compared with the result of numerical incremental hole drilling method. The comparisons show that numerical and experimental results have no significant differences in first six steps but in the last four steps show an increasing errors due to the change in stress profile and hole geometry. Results presents that the calibration coefficients have suitable accuracy in stress profile determination.

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The purpose of this paper is the study of tensile and bending behavior of polyamide with nano clay by different modifier and corrections in the work condition. Many previous studies about behavior mechanical had been done in standardize condition or after dried samples. However result of this research is not proper for applied design. In this research polyamide is mixed with three kinds of nano clay, By the way of melt intercalated with 9, 7, 5, 3, 1 percents. The samples were tested by X-ray diffraction, for clarifying nano composite morphology. After that tensile and bending tests were done on standard samples. Results show that mechanical property can be improved by added any kind of nano clay to polyamide. Nanocomposites have exfoliated structure if nano clay had more compatibility to polyamide. Moduli tensile and bending were improved with increase nano clay concentration. Although CL30B have best exfoliated structure therefore has most modules in beading and tensile.

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The aim of this study is analyzing the relationship between expenditure on research and productivity in agricultural sector for time series of 1980-2007. For this purpose actuarial causality between the cost of research and productivity vector auto regression (VAR) has been used. The results showed that there is one-way relationship between research and productivity. Also the diagrams of reaction functions showed that both research costs and productivity variables are sensitively related to change in the rate of other variables. Also for analyzing and determining a long-term equilibrium relationship between variables Johansen-Juselius cointegretion method was used that includes two tests of maximum eigenvalue test and trace test where there is a vector of cointegretion relationships that shows there is stability relationship between research and productivity as well.

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The present article focuses on the role of mental cognitive processes in creating novel imaginative characters in stories. To do this we apply the basic concepts of Conceptual Blending Theory (CBT) i. e. Input Spaces and Blending Networks. CBT accounts can provide a methodological tool for cognitive analysis of literal texts. Fauconnier and Turner (2002) provide an overview of how blending affects the course of a human life, and more specifically, how young children are engaged in building complex blends in very early stages of their life. In the present article we determine to show the cognitive bases for creation of "emergent characters" in stories of elementary students' textbooks (Farsi Khandari). Our main question is what are novel/emergent characters in stories introduced in each grade and what are the available cognitive tools for the writers of each grade to make theirs characters creatively different from other writers. The result can provide a methodological cognitive framework for cognitive analysis of the process of novel character creation in children literature.
 1. Introduction
Cognitive semantics is the study of the relations among experience, conceptual system, and the encoded semantic structure throughout the language; thus utilizes the language as a methodological means of studying cognitive phenomena. Cognitive semantics conveys a methodological means to answer the question that 'how do we use our mind to generate meaning in stories. Conceptual blending theory is regarded as a useful way for semanticization, in the case of the emergence of cognition in literary texts as well as their creative aspects.
Here, we investigate the blending of main characters in the elementary school textbooks (Farsi Khandari); we try to find the blending network representation for each character as well as finding the 'creativity' in 'new-appearing characters' of each school level to get to a cognitive analysis of characterization process in elementary school textbooks and, as a result, to answer the following questions: Based on the blending principles, which kind of characters have been created in comparison with the previous and proceeding levels; and, what different choices have the authors taken to have novelty in creating new-appearing characters.
To choose samples, we used purposeful sampling, a kind of a sampling to achieve representativeness or comparability. This kind of sampling has six ways that survey maximum variation sampling, the maximum variation in qualities, and the characteristics of the studied sample as well. The importance of the present study is both theoretical and applied aspects: in the theoretical aspect, it shows the role of mental space and the blending in semanticization procedures; in applied aspect, on the other hand, it reveals the importance of the blending roles.
This study is based on Fauconnier's (1997) blending theory, followed by Grady (1999), Coulson and Oakley (2000), and Alonso (2003).  The main question of this theory is that the emergence of meaning contains a blending structure that creates a meaning much farther than its components. The blending network has inputs which are connected by mappings.  The mechanisms of these mappings are as follows: selective projection, composition, completion, elaboration, backward projection, human scale, and vital relations. Depending on what type of blending space we face, we have simplex, mirror, single-scope, double-space, and multiple blending networks.
Results show that textbook writers have chosen different input spaces to create new characters. Input spaces turn more abstract, and the blending networks become more complicated as the level increases. The results of this paper give us a framework of cognitive analysis of the creation process in children's stories.
 

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A number of linguistic studies on compounding have acknowledged that due to the existence of head element, endocentric compounds are semantically compositional and transparent. The current study aims to focus on the semantic aspect of Persian endocentric compounds to show that: 1) in some cases, the existence of head element does not entail the semantic compositionality and simplicity of conceptual structure in endocentric compounds, and 2) compound words which are categorized as endocentric compounds differ in terms of the complexity of conceptual structure. Considering that the ability of Conceptual Blending Theory (Fauconnier & Turner, 2002) to describe meaning construction in compound words has been previously approved by some cognitive linguists, this theory has been applied to analyze meaning construction in a number of Persian endocentric noun-noun nominal compounds. A close analysis reveals that although some endocentric compounds are semantically compositional and prompt for simplex networks, there are endocentric compounds which are not semantically as transparent and compositional. In this kind of endocentric compounds, metaphor or metonymy has affected the modifier element, thus meaning construction triggers single-scope networks which are neither as complex as double-scope networks nor as simple and compositional as simplex networks. This result implies the diversity of conceptual structure in words which are defined as endocentric compounds..
 
 1. Introduction
Compounding is a common word-formation process almost in all languages (Dressler, 2006: 23), for forming new lexical units by merging two or more pre-existing lexical units. Based on the most pervasive and traditional semantic categorization of compound words, as proposed by Bloomfield (1933), there are two main groups of compounds, namely endocentric and exocentric compounds. In endocentric compounds, one of the constituents plays the role of head and a hyponymic relation is observable between the compound and the head element. Numerous prior studies have acknowledged that, due to the existence of head element, the semantics of endocentric compounds is transparent and compositional. However, no study has been made yet to specify whether the presence of head element leads necessarily to the semantic simplicity of conceptual structure in endocentric compounds.
Given that conceptual blending theory can account for the meaning construction process of compound words (cf. Coulson, 2001; Fauconnier & Tuner, 2003; Benczes, 2006; Schmid, 2011), the current study applies the network model of conceptual blending to explore the semantics of Persian noun-noun nominal compounds in order to show that: 1) in some cases, the existence of head element does not entail the semantic compositionality and simplicity of conceptual structure in endocentric compounds, and 2) compound words which are categorized as endocentric compounds differ in terms of the complexity of conceptual structure.
 
2. Literature Review
The semantics of compounds has been one of the most challenging aspects of compound words being investigated in numerous studies. These studies cover many areas of investigation including semantic transparency and opacity (e.g., Afrashi, 2000; Sabzevari, 2013; MirEmadi & Majidi, 2007), headedness and the position of head (e.g., Tabatabaei, 2004; Khabbaz, 2008), the relation between constituents (e.g., Tabatabaei, 2013; Sabzevari, 2012, 2018), and the role of metaphor (or metonymy) in the meaning of compounds (e.g., Estaji & Ghanun, 2009; Torabian, 2013).
Besides, through the development of conceptual blending theory, several studies have analyzed compound words within the integration network model of conceptual blending (e.g., Turner & Fauconnier, 1995; Sweetser, 1999; Coulson, 2001; Fauconnier & Turner, 2003; Benczes, 2006). 
 
3. Methodology
To the aim of collecting noun-noun nominal compounds in Persian, Sokhan Comprehensive Dictionary (2003) was consulted and a total number of 694 compounds were extracted from the dictionary. As a next step, endocentric compounds were taken out from the collected data (a number of 372 endocentric compounds) and the possible action of metaphor and/or metonymy upon their meaning was examined. This procedure led to 216 non-metaphorical and non-metonymical compounds, 137 compounds with metonymical modifier, and 19 words with metaphorical modifier. Following this, considering the frequency of identified patterns, we randomly analyzed a number of compounds from each pattern based on the network model of conceptual blending theory.  
 
4. Results and Discussion
The blend analysis of Persian endocentric nominal compounds reveals that, besides semantically compositional endocentric compounds, such as âb-anbâr, which trigger simplex network and their modifier is linked through a role-to-value relation to their head element, there are several endocentric compounds that show a slightly more complex conceptual structure. In the meaning construction of non-compositional endocentric compounds, such as taxte-sang and sofre-mâhi, while the input space corresponded to the head element contributes literally to the blended space, the input space corresponded to the modifier is projected metaphorically or metonymically. This group of endocentric compounds prompt for single-scope networks which are neither as complex as double-scope networks nor as simple as simplex networks.
5. Conclusion
The current study found that the existence of head element does not necessarily guarantee the semantic simplicity and compositionality of endocentric compounds. In a number of cases, metaphor or metonymy acts upon the modifier element of endocentric compounds, therefore the meaning construction triggers single-scope networks which are not as simplex and compositional as simplex networks. In other words, not all endocentric compounds are semantically simple and compositional. Instead, there are several endocentric compounds that are not fully compositional, that is, they have a slightly more complex conceptual structure. This implies that drawing a strict boundary between endocentric and exocentric compounds, based on compositionality and semantic transparency, is not reasonable, because there are endocentric compounds which, like exocentric compounds, are metaphorical or metonymical. This study suggests a continuum to show different degrees of complexity of compounds. While non-metaphorical and non-metonymical endocentric compounds lie at the one end of the hypothetical continuum, endocentric compounds with metaphorical or metonymical modifier are nearer to the other end of the continuum where compounds with metaphor- and/or metonymy-based head and modifier lie.
 

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The design of the structural supports has always been practically important in engineering applications. In addition to holding a structure properly, supports can also be utilized to improve the structural performances. In this study, by using modified finite element method (MFEM) and Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA), the maximum of bending moment was minimized. In this paper both elastic and rigid supports are taken into account. As compared to other design optimization methods, ICA is robust, more efficient, and requiring fewer number of function evaluations, while leading to better quality of results. Appling the modified finite element method not only reduces computational cost and increases convergence rate, but also reach the global optimum position of supports. Three classical examples are given to demonstrate the validity and capability of the proposed optimization procedure for finding the global support positions. Results show that support position optimization by using present method, can reduce the maximal moment significantly, and deserves more investigation.