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Abstract
Introduction: With its special geographical and topographical conditions, springs, waterfalls, variety of herbals, wildlife, and historical buildings, Khur va Biabanak has a high capacity to attract tourists. Strategic planning can be a way to exploit these opportunities. Hence, the aim of this study was to identify strategic priorities of economic development with an emphasis on ecotourism in Khur va Biabanak, Isfahan.
Instrument and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical research, the data were collected, using library and field method and two groups, including 150 tourists and 30 tourism experts were selected, using available sampling method. To identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as well as to complete the information, the specialists were referred and a list of strategies was prepared. The SWOT model was used to select economic development strategies and the data were analyzed by GIS software.
Findings: In External Factor Analysis Summary (EFAS), the "diversification of ecotourism attractions" with a weight of 0.069 was the first opportunity and "environmental degradation and damage to historical monuments" with a weight of 0.053 was considered as the most important threat. In the Internal Factor Analysis Summary (IFAS) matrix, the most important strength was "the variation of ecotourism attractions in the region" with a weight of 0.069 and the most important weaknesses was "physical and environmental infrastructure shortage" with a weight of 0.063. The directional strategy of this city was a competitive strategy (ST).
Conclusion: "The development of cooperation between organizations involved in managing tourist attractions, paying attention to the participation of people, increasing the advertising for the introduction of tourist attractions, and tourist attraction during the year by presenting various types of ecotourism" are the most important strategies for the economic development of tourism in Khur va Biabanak, Isfahan.
 

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After the Cold War, the People's Republic of China emerged as a major economic power in the world. Today, this country has been able to spread its influence, especially economically, to all parts of the world. One of the strategic points where this country is in strategic competition with Europe and America is the African continent. This study attempts to present the causes and contexts of China's influence in Africa. Therefore, considering the fact that many studies have been conducted on China's actions and influence in Africa so far; in order to establish a theoretical consensus among the researches, this study tries to explain the strategic and important reasons for China's influence in Africa in a theoretical framework. Therefore, the philosophy of interpretive research has been chosen to achieve the appropriate model in this field with a qualitative approach and content analysis techniques. It should be noted that among the 298 articles containing China's geopolitical goals and interests, 8 articles were extracted according to the KASP rubric scoring system. The final result indicates that one of the most important geopolitical interests in Africa are economic goals pursued according to the soft principles and ideological cultural structure of China.
 

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Rotation of trading partners by Iran, considering the trading background of each partner and its different attitudes towards economic sanctions is an effective initiation for decreasing the negative effects of the sanctions and persuading other countries to ignore them. This initiative will create a positive and sustainable balance for the trading condition of Iran. To further this effort, a more proactive trading approach is regionalism and consequently selection of the right trading partners can be a useful solution. On the other hand, in cross-regional dimension, with regards to the current economical crisis, specifically in Europe, Iran is able to find suitable trading partners. Additionally, Iran can promote the idea that the global economic super powers are losing numerous lucrative opportunities in the attractive market of Iran. This approach can increase the bargaining power of Iran in economical negotiations and persuade other countries to overlook the current sanctions. In this atmosphere, studying the actors of the sanction games and their capacities, the amount of value-creation and interaction and the mechanism of their motivational leadership are important issues in the process of minimization of the negative impacts of the sanctions and the selection of trade partners must be based on the mentioned criteria.

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Rotation of trading partners by Iran, considering the trading background of each partner and its different attitudes towards economic sanctions is an effective initiation for decreasing the negative effects of the sanctions and persuading other countries to ignore them. This initiative will create a positive and sustainable balance for the trading condition of Iran. To further this effort, a more proactive trading approach is regionalism and consequently selection of the right trading partners can be a useful solution. On the other hand, in cross-regional dimension, with regards to the current economical crisis, specifically in Europe, Iran is able to find suitable trading partners. Additionally, Iran can promote the idea that the global economic super powers are losing numerous lucrative opportunities in the attractive market of Iran. This approach can increase the bargaining power of Iran in economical negotiations and persuade other countries to overlook the current sanctions. In this atmosphere, studying the actors of the sanction games and their capacities, the amount of value-creation and interaction and the mechanism of their motivational leadership are important issues in the process of minimization of the negative impacts of the sanctions and the selection of trade partners must be based on the mentioned criteria.

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Knowledge is power (quoted from Ferdowsi), knowledge is really the ability. Science, economics and power affect each other. The interactive influences of science and technology, economy and power, are vital and widespread. The power of science, social contexts, economics context has revolutionized political thought and military power and crosses the natural boundaries and transformed the weight of the country's geopolitical.
Identifying the relationship between knowledge, economic situation and power has always been particularly importance. Studies show that in the term of economy, power, science and technology of each country are placed in a different position, and according to this position, their goals and policies are variable. In this regard, this study aimed to analyze the links between science and technology, economy and power of countries and tries to identify the relationship between the complements of science and technology, economy and power.
The research method of this paper is descriptive-analytic and data collecting method including the use of statistical resources and the study population included 37 countries which in a period of 9 years 2010 to 2018 in the form of three components were compared and evaluated.
The results indicate that there is a positive correlation between the indices of science and technology of countries and economic power, and there is a direct relation between economic power and political power of countries. In addition, countries that have a good position in terms of science and technology have a favorable position in terms of power.

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The most commonly used utility functional forms are reviewed and their properties compared. Then, using data collected from West Azarbaijan province, utility functions are estimated and absolute risk aversion coefficients measured. Exponential and expopower utility functions classified all farmers as risk averse, but quadratic and cubic utility functions classified 75% and 65% of farmers as risk-averse, respectively. Findings in this study indicated that alternative utility functions may classify farmers’ risk attitudes in different ways.

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Poetry, Aesthetics, and Economics In Ezra Pound Alireza Jafari Shahid Beheshti University Abstract The two apparently separate spheres of aesthetics and economics have usually been treated as phenomena completely alien to one another. This is not the truth, however. For thousands of years, poets and artists have been intensely aware of the indissoluble tie and relationship between the two, and have directly and indirectly indicated this relationship in their works. Ezra Pound (1885-1972), the arguably greatest western poet of the twentieth century, spent almost all his poetic life trying to draw attention to this deep relationship between poetry and economics as both content and form or metaphor. By attending to Pound explaining the relationship, at least two aims can be achieved: firstly, getting to know the nature of this relationship and how it influences our reading of literary texts; secondly, acquiring a better appreciation of an important aspect of modernism in general, and of modern poetry in particular. Keywords: Ezra Pound, poetry, aesthetics, economics, sanity

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The topic of demand for sport has attracted substantial attention in the fields of sports economics in recent decades. Sport contest is one of the important products in the sport industry. Understanding the factors that affect the demand for this product can help football managers to earn more money. The main goal of this article is to identify the factors affecting demand for Iranian Football Premier League. To this end, demand function for Premier League Football is specified and estimated using the data during 2005 - 2006 seasons. The results reveal that match variables as well as economic variables have significant effect on the demand for Premier League Football in Iran. The results of the estimates show that Football is an inferior good and demand for Football is declined in the cities that have greater population. Since the uncertainty of outcome can not be explained by the demand, the numbers of attendance in match decreases at the end of seasons.

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Large natural gas reserves are a great potential economic advantage for Iran's economy. As long as the consumption and production of the natural gas increase in the country, gas industry will play a vital role in meeting oil industry's needs. This paper aims to investigate optimal usage of the Iranian natural gas reserves among different applications and also opportunity cost of allocations by developing the gas industry over a long time horizon. Using welfare function, nonlinear dynamic model is applied to solve the problem of gas allocation among alternatives such as domestic consumption, gas injection, gas exports or gas salvaging using the data over the period 2006-2031. The constraints include gas production, requirements of gas injection, domestic growth, gas consumption and other effective variables and parameters related to the natural gas reserves allocation. Findings confirm that priorities and the values of optimal allocation gas depend on the constraints of natural gas production, energy policy, target of injection for preservation or increasing the pressure of oil reservoirs and gas imports. Furthermore, low discount rate gas injection has an absolute priority to gas exports. In the baseline scenario, if domestic gas consumption continuously growth at its average rate of last 11 years performance, it won't be possible to allocate gas injection according to the preservation pressure of oil reservoirs scenario and gas exports. The results of optimal gas salvage and its shadow price shows that the lack of gas production ability has a very high opportunity cost at the beginning years.

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Nowadays, New Institutional Economics (NIE), as the most important heterodox school of thought in Economics, is not only against mainstream, but also supplement. Therefore, due to the lake of adequate representation, the neoclassical economics is sever to explain issues in developing countries, recognition and the use of institutional analysis in solving development problems. Amongst NIE’s, three theorists and Nobel laureates are prominent. They are Ronal Coase, Douglas North and Oliver Williamson. In this article, the most prominent theories of Williamson, Nobel laureate in 2009 for Governance, are discussed. According to his articles, the most important contribution of Williamson to NIE can be summarized in four categories as follows: • Transaction cost economics • Bottom up approach in analyzing development issues • Four levels of social analysis as a starting point in development reform and • Economics of governance. These theories and more specifically, bottom up approach and four level social analysis have a good power in explaining development issues in Iran.

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Misbehavior as irrational behavior is a type of behavior and decision-making among customers of markets and organizations, especially in the financial and investment sector, which recognizing its nature, as well as its effective factors and consequences can help to better predict markets. The purpose of this study is to design a model of misbehavior of customers of this type of organizations (specifically capital market). In this research, an attempt has been made to use a qualitative and quantitative methods, as well as the technique of interview content analysis and data analysis and measurement of the research model with the help of SPSS 22 and Smart PLS 3 statistical software to provide a better understanding of this phenomenon To be obtained. The results of this study indicate that customers' misbehavior is directly affected by 3 types of mental biases and cultural values, economic conditions and laws and political factors also affect the formation of mental biases. In addition to identifying instances of misbehavior in this market, the economic instability and social chaos are also known as important and key consequences of customer misbehavior.

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This article investigates the role of Conceptual Metaphors of 3 behavioral economics biases, including Irrational Evaluation, Labeling, and Replacing market values with social values on Willingness to Pay (WTP) and Willingness to Accept (WTA) of Participants. To extract experimental, conceptual metaphors, the results of field studies were checked on a group of 30 participants in the first phase. In the second phase, we used the semi-pilot method on 30 other participants through 2 stages for investigating conceptual metaphors. Analysis of variances showed that that the conceptual metaphors used in this article do not influence Willingness to Pay and Willingness to Sell. However, in Willingness to Pay status, among other biases, the impact of irrational evaluations conceptual metaphors has stronger effects, whereas, in Willingness to Accept status, replacing market values with social values is stronger than other biases. The results of this research showed that three mentioned behavioral principles that were implemented through conceptual metaphors, couldn't influence buying or selling decisions of participants significantly, but the efficacy of these behavioral principles were different in buying and selling decisions.
1. Introduction
Cognitive linguistics is a new school of linguistics that emerged in the early 1970s due to objections to formal linguistic approaches in Chomsky's views. Cognitive linguistics, like other types of linguistics, studies language and tries to describe the systematics, structure, and function of the language system. One of the most fundamental concepts in cognitive linguistics goes back to conceptual metaphor. Conceptual metaphors mean recognizing one domain through the characteristics of another domain. A simple definition of conceptual metaphor is that "conceptual domain A is conceptual domain B". The conceptual domain itself is any coherent organization of experiences. In this regard, one of the interdisciplinary approaches that has received much attention today is the focus on cognitive linguistics through conceptual metaphors in other areas. It seems that by using conceptual metaphors and examining their effect on perception, judgment and reasoning of individuals, a deeper understanding of cognitive processes can be achieved.
Accordingly, and according to previous research that shows that conceptual metaphors can subconsciously affect the way of thinking of people in various fields, in this study, the role of conceptual metaphors in the background of behavioral economics was investigated. The reason for choosing behavioral economics over neoclassical economics is the objections to the two main pillars of neoclassical economics, "The emphasis on individual rationality and General equilibrium". Individual rationality means that in neoclassical economics it is assumed that people do not include emotions in their decisions, while behavioral economics is based on anthropological studies with psychological methods based on the inclusion of emotions in economic decisions.
 This article examines the effect of conceptual metaphors on the rules of behavioral economics. For this purpose, with reference to cognitive linguistics, we introduce some rules of behavioral economics in the form of conceptual metaphor theory and then in a quasi-laboratory study, we examine the effectiveness of presenting behavioral economics rules through conceptual metaphors in statistical form. In the first phase of the research, we select conceptual metaphors related to the three behavioral rules of irrational valuation, labeling and replacing market values ​​with social values. Then, in the form of the fourth hypothesis, we examine the effect of the relevant conceptual metaphors on the willingness to pay and the willingness to Accept as two factors representing economic decisions.
Research Hypothesis instead of questions
 (s)
Hypothesis 1: Conceptual metaphors related to the best examples of goods in this paper affect the implementation of the behavioral rule of irrational valuation.
Hypothesis 2: Conceptual metaphors related to femininity labeling used in this article, affect the implementation of the labeling rule.
Hypothesis 3: Conceptual metaphors related to social values ​​used in this paper, affect the implementation of the rule of replacing market values ​​with social values.
Hypothesis 4: The use of conceptual metaphors in implementing the rules of behavioral economics considered in this paper (irrational valuation, labeling and substitution of market values ​​with social values) affects the willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to receive (WTA) of the test subjects.
 
2. Literature Review
The main reason for studying cognitive linguistics is the assumption that language expresses patterns of thinking. Therefore, the study of language from this perspective is the study of conceptualization patterns. In this approach, language is a window to cognitive function and through language, the nature, structure and organization of thinking and mental ideas of individuals can be studied (Evans, Green, 2006). In cognitive linguistics, language is a tool for organizing, processing and transmitting information (Dehghan et al., 1399). One of the most fundamental concepts in cognitive linguistics goes back to conceptual metaphor.
Conceptual metaphor has been extensively studied in linguistic texts but recently, cognitive linguistics has taken a new direction and is examining conceptual metaphors and their role in other sciences as well.
Among these studies are researches that have examined conceptual metaphors in economics. There are two general approaches to the introduction of cognitive linguistics into economic discourses: The first approach is that linguists try to identify the dominant metaphors used in these texts by examining the main and fundamental books of economics in order to find out what metaphors in the foundation of economics is used to provide insight to economics students, and another approach is for linguists to try to show the results of applying these metaphors in practice by selecting up-to-date corpus of economic texts and extracting the dominant metaphors used in them. In view of the above, in order to conduct a joint research between cognitive linguistics and economics with a forward-looking view, in this study, we examined the role of conceptual metaphors in representing the rules of behavioral economics. Before presenting the report of the present study, we will first explain why behavioral economics was chosen as well as its basic foundations.
 
2.1. Why choose behavioral economics (negation of neoclassical economics):
 The main feature of neoclassical economics is its commitment to the theory of rational choice. This practice assumes that people behave in the way they should. If we want to argue according to the neoclassical economics assumption, one hundred percent rational people should not be influenced by emotions. However, financial decisions are generally subject to multiple biases (Guastello, 2016).
       Behavioral economics, in fact, came into being by violating the basic hypotheses of neoclassical economics based on the rationality of individuals and the cumulative equilibrium of the market. From the perspective of behavioral economics, individuals are not always rational, but their irrationality is not without rules but with recognizable rules (Walliser, 2008; Bourgine & Nadal, 2004). At the same time, prices are not simply derived from the intersection of supply and demand in the market, but the price that the consumer is willing to pay may have been completely manipulated by the supplier. Findings of behavioral economics in the field of irrational behavior as well as the way prices are set in the market are the same principles and rules of behavior, such as the effect of ownership, labeling and deterrence (Ariely, 2008). Behavioral economics, in fact, seeks to achieve a more accurate study and prediction of consumer behavior by guiding these rules. In order to get acquainted with behavioral economics, it is necessary to introduce some of its rules:
 
3. Theoretical framework
3.1. Rules of Behavioral Economics
A) Irrational valuation
People seldom consider the absolute and independent value of goods and services in their choices. There is no tool within humans to measure the value of options. Rather, we focus on the relative value of one thing over another and estimate value in this way (Ariely, 2008).
B) Difference in look - labeling
 Expectations also shape the headlines. One example is how to classify information in order to predict experiences. The brain cannot evaluate any new situation from scratch, and grouping or categorization helps the brain a lot in the meantime (ibid).
C) Social relations and market relations
We live in two worlds at the same time. One is a world in which social norms prevail and the other is a world in which market norms prevail. Social norms include friendly demands that people make (ibid).
In view of the rules of behavioral economics presented above, in this study we explored whether it is possible to represent the rules of behavioral economics through conceptual metaphors.
 
3. Methodology
This research was designed and implemented in two phases as follows.
 
4.1. Phase I subjects
This experiment was performed in two separate phases. Thus, the results of the first phase were indicative of the materials of the second phase of the experiment. Participants in the first phase initially consisted of 30 female students (because gender affects the dependent variable in the form of an independent variable of conceptual metaphors of labeling bias) studying in academic disciplines other than economics between the ages of 18 and 35.
 
4.2. Tools and process in the second phase of testing
In the second phase of the research, the conceptual metaphors selected from the first phase were used in three ways to prepare the main experimental materials.
 
4.3. Design of the second phase of the experiment
The method of designing the test materials was that the C-Sharp software was used to design the tests in order to be able to view the goods, specifications and also their prices along with the possibility of selecting the price desired by the subject by clicking on the Yes or No option for each price step.
 
4. Results
Finally, the study of hypotheses one to three of the present article on the effect of conceptual metaphors in implementing the behavioral rules of irrational valuation, labeling and replacing market values ​​with social values ​​showed that these three hypotheses are rejected by univariate analysis of variance but the forth hypothesis was not rejected.
The reasons might be as follow: The first category of reasons included the method of selecting our conceptual metaphors in the first phase, as well as the way in which they were explicitly displayed at the beginning of the introduction of the goods. At the same time, considering the achievement of examining the fourth hypothesis that conceptual metaphors related to irrational valuation are more effective in the task of purchasing and conceptual metaphors related to replacing market values ​​with social values ​​can be used in future research in these two areas to produce conceptual metaphors. He acted in a different way.
 
5. Discussion
In this study, we tried to find out whether it is possible to implement the three rules of irrational behavioral valuation, labeling and replacing market values ​​with social values ​​through the use of related conceptual metaphors. No further study has been done on the application of conceptual metaphors in behavioral economics. Examination of Hypotheses 1 to 3 of the present article on the effectiveness of conceptual metaphors in implementing behavioral rules of irrational valuation, labeling and replacing market values ​​with social values ​​showed that these three hypotheses are rejected. The reasons for rejecting these three hypotheses can be examined in two areas: First, the way our conceptual metaphors are selected in the first phase does not affect their Maximum Payout (WTP) and Minimum Receipt (WTA) decisions, respectively. It has been traded in assignments, and thus it can be stated that choosing different conceptual metaphors in this field in different ways can bring us different results. At the same time, in this area, the use of our conceptual metaphors explicitly at the beginning of the introduction of goods may have made the subjects aware of our purpose and has caused resistance to changing the decision to buy or sell. The second reason that can be stated to refute these three hypotheses could be that for our subjects, only purely technical information of the goods was important in the decision to buy and sell, and the sentences we used at the beginning to introduce the goods with metaphors, has had no effect. Examination of our fourth hypothesis on the effectiveness of conceptual metaphors related to the three types of irrational valuation bias, labeling and replacement of market values ​​with social values ​​showed that this hypothesis is not rejected, while the post hoc test showed that conceptual metaphors are most effective in buying when being related to irrational valuation, and while in the case of sales, the most effective were the conceptual metaphors related to the replacement of market values ​​with social values, while the conceptual metaphors related to labeling were not significant in this area
 
6. Conclusion
our results show that in order to influence the rules of behavioral economics through conceptual metaphors, one must either use another method to extract conceptual metaphors or introduce conceptual metaphors implicitly rather than explicitly into the economic presentation of goods. At the same time, the greater effectiveness of conceptual metaphors of irrational valuation in the task of buying and the effect of conceptual metaphors of replacing market values ​​with social values ​​in the task of selling can be promising. And therefore could be further explored in future research.

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In This article by reviewing some of the most important Orientalist theories about Eastern societies and Theory of some Iranian theorists who have attempted to provide an account of Iran's economic and political history, we show that although these theories have relatively high explanatory power, And there is a great deal of evidence in Iranian society to support these theories, But because of their metanarrative nature and influencing by the idea of ​​European orientation, they ignore Many of the historical details that have key role to understand some periods of Iranian history and Economic and political history of some parts of Iran, Therefore, their claims cannot be extended to all historical periods and all regions of Iran. For this purpose, while reviewing the economic and political history of Yazd, As one of the central plateau areas of Iran, We highlight Some features of the city's economic and political history are incompatible with these metanarratives and can be described as "exception to the rule". 

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In the holy sharia of Islam, there are rules and regulations for all kinds of transactions. Some of transactions are forbidden. The rule of denial of Gharar is one of these forbidden transactions. According to this rule, all transactions, which face with risk resulting from ambiguity in the deal, ambiguity in ability to give or receive goods or ambiguity in the essential characteristics of the deal, in such a way these terminate to loss are forbidden. In this paper, the rule of denial of Gharar as one of main economic rules of Islam is examined using game theory technique. The main purpose of this paper is to show the futility reasons of Gharar deals in Islam. In this regard, a hypothetical Gharar transaction is modeled in the framework of game with asymmetric information, and its consequences for the society are investigated. The results show that disregarding this valuable Islamic rule imposes extra costs on society and decreases the social utility. It is demonstrated that if the problem of asymmetric information is resolved, the possibility of Gharar transactions will be reduced and the welfare of the society will be enhanced.

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Production costs include transformation and transaction costs. Transformation costs are expenses of physical production. Transaction costs include the costs of measuring physical properties and legal characteristics of goods exchanged, and the costs of assurance and implementation of contracts, which neoclassical economics ignores them. Transaction costs play important roles in the economic performance because the accumulation of knowledge, specialization, and division of labor and trade boom is an inverse function of the transaction costs per capita. Transaction costs are of different instances. In the Iranian business sector, business goodwill is the most important type of transaction costs. This study aims to estimate the cost of Goodwill of retail businesses in Kermanshah. This research makes use of institutional economics approach to estimate the cost of goodwill. Data are gathered from a sample of 50 retail units through interviews. The results indicate that total annual cost of goodwill of the retail units amounts to 3014 billion Rials in 2012. Each retail unit bears more than 15 million Rials as average monthly cost-of-goodwill. The value of goodwill capital of retail businesses is estimated about 45,679 billion Rials, equivalent to 53% of the total investments made in Kermanshah in 2012. The findings can be used to amend the capital structure and to increase the share of productive capital.

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This paper seeks to compare the model of publicsector in the economic model of I.R.I. Constitution and economies of WelfareStates. Thecomparison isbased on ideological principles and economic rules governing the public sector. We find that state role in both models properlyfollows the conventional economic literature on public sector, which focuses on naturalrole of state in the economy. Considering ideological literature and institutionalcapacity of state in both models, however, we find that I.R.I. constitution has moreinstitutional preferences compared with welfare state model. Primary source of this difference is inefficiencyof welfare state model, especially its inefficient system of economic norms (ideology) in practice which is extends far away from justice goals and wideninggaps in the economy. Normativeframework of public sector in economic model ofI.R.I. constitutionhas the capacity of securing economy from these inefficiencies. Regarding this, wepropose the state using the current fundamental capacity in the economic model of I.R.I. constitution, seeks grounding public participation towards constituted goals of the economy. As a practical approach, the state focusing on improvement and development ofeconomic culture, may achieve an efficient economic system through implementing economicjustice and revising the property movement pattern.

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     When studying the French and Iranian contract law, it is difficult to reconcile all of it with a single approach. The mainstream, neoclassical approach, based on the assumption that rules have to be chosen such that maximize social wealth (or, at other times, lead to a Pareto-efficient outcome), can help us to understand an important part of that body of law. But, as will be shown, certain French doctrines and Iranian Law of contract cannot be reconciled with neither a Paretian approach, nor a wealth maximizing approach.  In some instances, the law seems to be more concerned with the safety of expectations. In the next two sections, we will examine the main doctrines and rules of the French and Iranian contract law, trying to identify those that are compatible with both principles and are compatible with only one.                  
*Corresponding Author`s E-mail: tafreshi@modares.ac.ir

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This research aims to determine whether the employment in Iran is affected by goods market based on post-Keynesians theory, or by labor market based on neoclassical theory. Using time series data on profit share, capital accumulation, unemployment rate and capacity utilization in a structural vector auto-regression (SVAR) model, this article evaluates the linkages among unemployment, income distribution and effective demand in Iran during 1967-2013. The results show that an increase in capital accumulation in goods market leads to significant decrease in unemployment rate. In other words, according to the post-Keynesians theory, unemployment in Iran is demand-induced. On the contrary, according to neoclassical theory, income redistribution in favor of profits (change of real wage in labor market) can reduce unemployment directly due to substitution between labor and capital or indirectly through increasing capital accumulation and/or rising capacity utilization. Therefore, in order to pass recession and to increase employment we can focus on goods market by increasing investment and income redistribution in favor of profits.

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Crime is a phenomenon studied from the perspective of sociology, psychology, law and economics. From the economic point of view, when economies face with economic problems such as inflation, unemployment, poverty, income inequality, and high necessary costs and so on, the expected rise in crimes is inevitable. Generally, robbery has a high share in economic crimes. In this study, an attempt is made to analyze the relationship between income inequality and robbery in Iran within a Bayesian model and Jeffry Prior approach. The period under study is from 1996 to 2012. The educational expenditure and inflation are used as control variables. The results indicate a positive relation between robbery and income inequality. Also, there is a negative relation between educational expenditure and robbery; however, the inflation has no significant effect on the robbery.

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Time preference and intertemporal behavior are of basic importance in theoretical and applied studies of decision-making and economic analysis. Present-bias induces individuals to postpone their savings and makes the saving level less than its optimal level. This article studies the present-biased and time preferences in intertemporal consumption-saving behavior among selected students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. It examines the effect of interest rate on intertemporal decision-making and tests the impacts of individual factors such as past experiences, gender and consumption expenditure on present-bias. Hence, after reviewing the theoretical basics, the parameters of individual present-biased and time preferences have been estimated by “multiple price list” and “convex time budget” methods. In this experiment, participants were faced with different decision-making situations along with changes in interest rates. The results of experiment show that participants are generally present-biased in their intertemporal behavior. In addition, individuals exhibit more present bias in “multiple price list” method than “convex time budget” method.  While interest rate is an influential factor in intertemporal decision-making, but the intertemporal behavior of students is influenced by their past experiences. There is no significant relationship between gender and present bias. Furthermore, consumption expenditure was independent of present bias.