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One of the important problems in Structuralist narratology is the relation between narrative and time and the manifestation of time in narrative.Some philosophers such as Paul Ricour believe that understanding time in an abstract form is very difficult but the action in narrative makes the time objective and concrete.According to Structuralists’ analysis, time, -with causality- is one of the essential components in developing the narrative.In addition, every narrative text has two times:the narrative’s signifier time ( the time it takes a reader to read a narrative text) and the narrative’s signified time ( the time taken up by the events of the narrative).The Structuralists, especially Genette, have posed three issues regarding the time in narrative: 1- Order,i.e.the way the events in the narrative are ordered and presented 2- Duration,i.e.the relation between the length of time of the story and the time of the speech or the signifier of the narrative 3- Frequency,i.e.the number of times an event occurs and the number of times that event is narrated.In addition,at the end of the article, different kinds of relations between the time of occurance of the events in the narrative and the time of their narration by the narrator are examined.

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The present research was planned to evaluate the skill of linear stochastic models known as ARIMA and multiplicative Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model in the quantitative forecasting of the Standard Runoff Index (SRI) in Karkheh Basin. To this end, SRI was computed in monthly and seasonal time scales in 10 hydrometric stations in 1974-75 to 2012-13 period of time and then the modeling of SRI time series was done to forecast the one to six months of lead-time and up to two seasons of lead-time. The SRI values related to 1974-75 to 1999-2000 were used to develop the model and the residual data (2000-2001 to 2012-13) were used in model validation. In the validation stage, the observed and the predicted values of SRI were compared using correlation coefficient, error criteria and statistical tests. Finally, models skills were determined in view point of forecasting of lead-time and the time scale of drought evaluation. Results showed that the model accuracy in forecasting two months and one season of lead-time was high. In terms of the forecasting of SRI values, the skill of SARIMA in monthly time scale (with a RMSE and a MAE of 0.61 and 0.45 respectively and a correlation coefficient average of 0.72) was better than its skill in seasonal time scale. The application of SARIMA in monthly time scale was therefore preferred to its application in seasonal time scale.

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The geometric distribution of states duration is one of the main performance limiting assumptions of hidden Markov modeling of speech signals. Stochastic segment models, generally, and segmental HMM, specifically, overcome this deficiency partly at the cost of more complexity in both training and recognition phases. In this paper, a new duration modeling approach is presented. The main idea of the model is to consider the effect of adjacent segments on the probability density function estimation and evaluation of each acoustic segment. This idea not only makes the model robust against segmentation errors, but also it models gradual change from one segment to the next one with a minimum set of parameters. The proposed idea is analytically formulated and tested on a TIMIT based context independent phoneme classification system. During the test procedure, the phoneme classification of different phoneme classes was performed by applying various proposed recognition algorithms. The system was optimized and the results have been compared with a continuous density hidden Markov model (CDHMM) with similar computational complexity. The results show slight improvement in phoneme recognition rate in comparison with standard continuous density hidden Markov model. This indicates improved compatibility of the proposed model with the speech nature.

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In order to study the acoustic features of stress in Tati language, one minimal pair has been selected where in one the stress was on the last syllable and in another on the first syllable. These minimal pairs were embedded in declarative and interrogative carrier sentences. Eight educated native speakers were participated in this experiment reading these in a silent room. Using PRAAT, a textgrid has been made for each in which the vowel boundaries determined, then by a script we measured duration, F1, F2, Fundamental frequency and intensity. The results show that the difference of duration, F0 and intensity between stressed and unstressed vowels is significant while the F1 and F2 are not important cues. So the most important cues distinguishing the place of stress in Tati are F0, Duration and intensity. A final observation concerns the utterance-final syllable interrogative contours Which is H% while declarative utterances end in L%.

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Introduction:
Fricatives not only differ in their acoustic structures from one language to another, but also they vary considerably from individual to individual. Acoustic correlates of fricatives are sensitive to the shape and size of the resonance cavity in front of the oral constriction. It is therefore conceivable that any physical change in the length and place of constriction during production of fricatives may alter the resultant acoustic signals. This research attempts to explore potential speaker-specific acoustic parameters of voiceless fricatives in Persian based on experimental phonetics. Therefore, acoustic parameters of center of gravity and fricative duration are investigated for each voiceless fricative in Persian. This research aims to discover whether voiceless fricatives and selected acoustic parameters are able to discriminate between speakers in Persian and whether these fricatives and acoustic parameters are of assistance in segregating speakers in Persian. According to the aforementioned considerations, the following questions are presented in this paper:

1. Do the selected acoustic parameters (center of gravity and duration) of voiceless fricatives have capacity to differentiate speakers in Persian?
2. Which acoustic parameters and which voiceless fricatives discriminate Persian speakers the best?

 Furthermore, we will compare the results of the present study to the findings of previous studies to see in what way Persian has been similar or different from other investigated languages.
Methodology:
In order to analyze between- and within speaker variability of voiceless fricatives, 24 Persian speakers (12 male, 12 female) on two separate occasions were recorded in the sound proof booth at phonetics laboratory of Alzahra University. Non-contemporaneous recording of speech material allows us to measure the degree of within-speaker variability across each speaker. The speech material consists of a read passage which contains 54 Persian sentences including relevant voiceless fricatives Speech tokens were acoustically measured with PRAAT version 5.2.34 and statistical analyses were carried out with SPSS version 21 and R version 3.3.3.
Results and conclusions:
Results of this study indicated that for female speakers, center of gravity of /S/ and s/  have the best performance in showing between-speaker variability. For male speakers, center of gravity of /s/ is the most highly discriminant acoustic parameters across speakers. Moreover, fricative duration was not reported as a promising acoustic parameter. Center of gravity is directly linked to the size and length of the vocal tract. The longer is the length of the vocal tract, the higher is the center of gravity and vice versa. This indicates that anatomical differences between speaker’s vocal tract influence the acoustic properties of fricatives and ultimately make them distinctive. In the future studies, additional parametric potential speaker-specific features will be examined in order to determine a set of well-established discriminant parameters for voiceless fricatives in Persian.
 

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The destruction of the bridges because of the erosion of the bed is a question that if is not addressed properly it can’t be compensated. The aim of this research reviews the scour around the twin bridge piers affected by parameter of time and its role in the bed topography. In this research, the equilibrium time test was done to determine the equilibrium time. After that a test without the establishment of bridge pier was done. The aim of this test is to know the effect of steep bend flume to the bed topography and scour pattern. The next tests were done at 20, 50 and 100 percent of the relative equilibrium time with the establishment of the twin bridge piers. The experiments were performed at the Advance Hydraulic Laboratory of Persian Gulf University of Bushehr in Iran. The channel used in this study has 1 m wide and bend routh with the 180 degrees angle flume with the relative curvature of 2. The upstream routh has the length of 6.5 m and the downstream path is 5 m long. The condition was clear water in all test and live bed using sediment with average diameter of 1 millimeter and standard deviation equals to 1.3. Flow rate was fixed at 70 litter per second with depth of 18 centimeter at straight upstream rought. The piers had the diameter of 5 centimeter and making the angle of 21 degrees with the vertical axis and also placed at the perpendicular plane to the flow stream. Due to maximum scouring at 60 degree of the flume in preliminary tests without the establishment of the piers, for the rest of the tests the piers were installed at 60 degrees angle of the channel bend. At the end of each test channel was gradually drained and after drying the bed topography was harvested with the use of laser device called bed topographer with the accuracy of 1 millimeter. For the best result according to the test more than 4500 points were measured. The most important results achieved is that by the relative equilibrium time the second scour hole is 12 percent deeper than the main scour hole around the piers. In addition the second scour hole is created at the 123 degrees along the outer wall of the flume. Studying the parameter of time indicated that at the beginning of the experiment the second pier which is closer to the outer wall has more scouring depth , but after the relative balance time of 20 percent both pier has the same scouring rate. Reducing the time of the test by 100% to 50% of the relative equilibrium time reduces the maximum scouring depth of the main hole by 20 percent. In all test a scour hole at the middle of the channel bend was seen which deeper at 50 percent of the equilibrium time compared to the 100 and 20 percent of the relative equilibrium time. Advanced discussion and analysis about the results achieved from the tips are outlined in this paper

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This paper describes an evaluation of the drivers of the duration of grain competitiveness in the European :union: (EU-27) member states on global markets from 2000 to 2011. Results indicate that most of the EU-27 member states were competitive with at least one segment of grain chain products. The long-term competitiveness of grain products differs between the EU-27 member states and across grain chain product groups. Trade costs reduce, while agricultural endowments, the level of economic development, export differentiation for final consumer grain products, EU enlargement and recent EU membership increase the duration of grain competitiveness. Competitiveness may be increased through sustainable grain trade specialization with a focus either on entering the market for diversified niche products, or on developing a competitive, global, integrated supply chain management system.

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Introduction: Malaria, transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, remains a significant public health concern. The aim of this study is to evaluate the canonical correlation between physiological traits and growth parameters of two Anopheles stephensi biotypes: intermediate and mysorensis.
Methods: A total of 25 males and 25 females were reared under controlled laboratory conditions (27 ± 2°C, 75 ± 5% relative humidity, 12:12 light-dark cycle), and parameters such as egg lifespan, larval stages, pupal duration, and adult longevity were examined. Growth parameters, including the finite rate of population increase, life expectancy, net reproductive rate, and average generation time, were analyzed separately.
Results: Canonical correlation analysis revealed that only the first canonical variable was significant, explaining 87.24% of the data fit. The first canonical variable exhibited the highest cumulative percentage (87.32), canonical square (0.94), and eigenvalue (23.59). Among growth parameters, life expectancy had the highest canonical correlation coefficient (r = 0.942). Significance tests indicated that Wilks' Lambda produced the highest eigenvalues, while other methods yielded Hotelling-Lawley Trace: 0.38, Pillai’s Trace: 1.43, and Roy’s Greatest Root: 37.40.
Conclusion: Findings indicate that growth parameters, such as net reproductive rate and average generation time, are directly correlated. A higher net reproductive rate corresponds with a longer average generation time, leading to an increased intrinsic rate of population growth and life expectancy. These insights into Anopheles stephensi population dynamics may contribute to improved vector control strategies.