---

The aporia of causal necessity can be defined by looking at the dilemma of (1) the permanent, logical, and metaphysical concomitance of necessity and causation, or (2) the negation of one without the negation of the other, and in fact, the denial of the permanent concomitance of necessity and causation. This Aristotelian doctrine that everything has a cause cannot necessarily be a logical and philosophical result of determinism, the negation of the possibility of the future, and the collapse of potentiality into actuality. Necessity is the description of the causality that occurred in the context of the current reality of the present and the past, not the causality that occurs in the future. It is possible not to consider this meaning of necessity as requiring determinism and the principle of causality. In fact, the operator and the logical and metaphysical modality of causality is the actual reality of necessity, which is not always coextensive with determinism. By ignoring the final cause, Democritus reduces all the actions of nature to necessity. The reductionism resulting from the denial of the teleology of the world is a characteristic feature of Democritean mechanical necessitism.

---

---

Abstract Since proverbs are based on the life experiences of ethnics, by studying them the social, cultural and political structure of each ethnic can be reintroduced. The political structure of Iran until constitutionalism is known by despotism, in which the king was on top of the power and people were his slaves. Despotic power, popularity of deterministic ideas lack of intellectuality and philosophy in society, allegiance, and lack of individualism are examples that during the history have formed proverbs and words that has fainted the base of any kind of intellectuality, social movement, and progress. proverbs as a representative of human thought and the most important role model for common people’s life has formed a considerable portion of Iranian’s language and culture. Then it will be very helpful in studying and analyzing Iranian’s culture. The purpose of this article is to analyze several important backgrounds that have made people accept and grow despotism, and have been manifested in proverbs .It is concluded that despotism has cultural backgrounds rather than being the result of authority exercise and during the history has formed people’s language and thought.

---

There seems to be a strong dualism throughout the novel, Chess with the Doomsday Machine, both in the images of the text and its narrator’s viewpoint. The story revolves around the eight-year Iran-Iraq War and purportedly follows the typical novels of the “Holy Defence” genre in which the most significant theme is the human choice of divine sacrifice; on the other hand, there are elements of an absurd worldview in the text in which wars and the entirety of the creation are viewed fatalistically. This dualism gets stronger in the paratexts of the novel. Paratexts, in Genette’s theory, are the surrounding elements of the text by which the text proposes itself as a book to its readers, and more generally to the public. While inner paratexts of the studied novel, like the title, the cover, and its appendages and epigraphs show an absurd viewpoint, its outer ones, such as the dedication of the work, notes of the author and the publisher’s propaganda, try to misrepresent it as a work with a “Holy Defence” discourse. Some of this dualism is because of the open ending of the story and some is due to the authorial out-of-text decisions such as choosing the publisher, Sure-ye Mehr, that is famous for its ideological books. It seems that the dualism of the paratexts of Chess with the Doomsday Machine is a result of the author’s insight into the different types of readers whose satisfaction has been at the center of the author’s attention.

---

The idea of predestination and free will and the role or lack of fate in life events have always existed in the minds of thinkers and have been reflected in different ways and works. The common people have been involved with these two dimensions, and its manifestations have entered the folklore and native literature of a land and region. The purpose of this article was to examine the deterministic view in the folktales of Hormozghan province, from perspectives such as the roots and reasons for the spread of this idea, those quarreling fate, the degree of fit between fate and an individual's competence, the issues supported by fate, among others. Reasons such as the inability of the populace to make changes and achieve their desired goals, religious and historical roots and the remnants of some Zurvanism beliefs are among the factors that lead to this idea. Emphasizing the role of fate is one of the weak points of plot in these stories and the weakening of rational actions. There is no logical connection in many cases in terms of the proportionality of the power of fate and a person's ability. In these stories, fate is present as an active and powerful fictional character or as a judge who regulates their actions and results so that, in the end, the supported character is defeated against powerful quarrelers such as the king. From the thematic point of view, the most frequent topic supported by fate is the marriage of two characters.
 

---

Mohammad Hosein Nikdar Asl. PH.D
Zabihollah Fathi
Abstract
The acclaimed Iranian poet, philosopher, and mathematician, Khayyam, has presented his views on the universe and mankind in the few quatrains which he has left behind. Some of his remarks and thoughts are rooted in ancient culture of Iran. Topics such as time, and the impact of the sky and stars on human life, which have been mentioned in Khayyam’s quatrains, reflect on that culture. Zarvan is an Iranian tradition, which considers the universe to be based and rooted in time. In this tradition, the sky and constellations leave an irrefutable impact on man’s life and mankind has no authority in the fate which has been registered for him. Obviously, such teachings had captured the attention of a thinker life Khayyam. In this article, topics such as destination and its functions, and fate, and return to infinity in Khayyam’s quatrains, and the works that have remained from Zarvan tradition, have been compared, and the impact of such beliefs on this poet have been manifested.
 

---

The concept of determinism has been studied in Hafiz poetry by many scholars. Some considered determinism, like many other concepts, as a means for literary creation, some viewed it as a justification for astute utterances, while others regarded it as the outcome of Hafiz’ own deterministic views. Though the first two accounts seem accurate, the third one seems imprecise. His literary creation style and worldview, indicative of his free will and open-mindedness, which was manifested in his poems, coupled with the inherent paradox between determinism and reformism, makes it hard to presuppose a relation between determinism and Hafiz’ worldview.
By employing an academic and methodological approach, while recognizing different interpretations, one can gain an understanding, which is closely related to Hafiz’ worldview, of deterministic propositions in his poetry. Following this approach, one should refrain from forming arguments on the basis of single verses. Therefore, the current paper has attempted to analyze deterministic propositions in Hafiz poems by applying Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe theory. Moreover, based on CDA’s presuppositions, language plays a major role in forming understandings and its means is not always clear. Hence, the paper was aimed at indicating that Hafiz’ use of deterministic propositions can be interpreted not as an indication of his worldview but as a method and medium to expand the discourse of astuteness and, at the same time, to undermine the hegemony of ascetic discourse, which had dominated the cultural atmosphere of Iran for centuries.
 

---

The concept of determinism has been studied in Hafiz poetry by many scholars. Some considered determinism, like many other concepts, as a means for literary creation, some viewed it as a justification for astute utterances, while others regarded it as the outcome of Hafiz’ own deterministic views. Though the first two accounts seem accurate, the third one seems imprecise. His literary creation style and worldview, indicative of his free will and open-mindedness, which was manifested in his poems, coupled with the inherent paradox between determinism and reformism, makes it hard to presuppose a relation between determinism and Hafiz’ worldview.
By employing an academic and methodological approach, while recognizing different interpretations, one can gain an understanding, which is closely related to Hafiz’ worldview, of deterministic propositions in his poetry. Following this approach, one should refrain from forming arguments on the basis of single verses. Therefore, the current paper has attempted to analyze deterministic propositions in Hafiz poems by applying Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe theory. Moreover, based on CDA’s presuppositions, language plays a major role in forming understandings and its means is not always clear. Hence, the paper was aimed at indicating that Hafiz’ use of deterministic propositions can be interpreted not as an indication of his worldview but as a method and medium to expand the discourse of astuteness and, at the same time, to undermine the hegemony of ascetic discourse, which had dominated the cultural atmosphere of Iran for centuries.
 

---

Developing context-based spatial planning theories and criticizing their key components are an essential requirement in the development of people and places. Along this perspective, Structural-Functional Dynamics approach (SFD) has taken the first step toward formulating an alternative approach to spatial planning in relation to the Iranian context of social geography. As another step forward, this article focuses, through a critical engagement, on how two key concepts of man and space are conceptualized by SFD approach. As this paper argues, space and man are separately conceptualized in SFD approach. In fact, the concept of space has been formulated in a manner that its methodological consequences to the concept of man are explicitly neglected. As a result, SFD approach inevitably reproduces the same assumptions that it criticizes through the lens of Humanism, assumptions such as objectivism, elitist planning, top-down approach, threshold concept of neoclassical economies, rapid urbanization, and universal principles of human behavior, which underlay positivist geography and neoclassical economies. To overcome such conceptual mismatch within SFD approach requires interactional redefinition of concepts of space and man. Yet before redefining these concepts, geographers and planners’ identity should be rearticulated with regards to past and future experiments of spatial planning in Iran.
 

---

Questions about the metaphysics of causation may be usefully divided into questions about the objects that are causally related, and questions about the causal relations themselves. For instance, is causation merely a physical concept? What is the connection between causation and probability? According to Wesley Salmon, an analysis of causation in terms of physical and causal relations of propensity is possible. But he replaces the notion of necessity with what he calls propensity. This approach to causality is consistent with a probabilistic approach. Another approach would be to reduce such relations to the physical causation. These questions should be resolved. As it turns out, in order to resolve these fundamental and metaphysical disputes, we can turn to a concept of causation that has been discussed within the Islamic philosophy. This approach treats causality as a rational and philosophical notion, and, in contrast to the probabilistic approach, it retains the necessity of causal relations.