Showing 42 results for Death
Volume 1, Issue 1 (4-2021)
Abstract
This article highlights some Islamic jurisprudential (fiqhī) principles which require reduction and restriction of death penalty. According to this article, in Islamic view the permissibility of capital punishment is very limited and narrow. Minimalistic approach to capital punishment includes fixed punishment (had), just retaliation (qisās) and discretionary punishment (ta’zir). The article also studies some procedural factors, which in their turn, result in the reduction of the numbers of capital punishment. Of them is proportionality between the epistemic value of the evidence and the content it is supposed to prove. The necessity of observing humane considerations in the performance of death penalty, in a few cases in which it is permitted, is also briefly discussed. In other words, performance of death penalty should be with the lowest level of pain when it is permitted.
Volume 1, Issue 4 (6-2003)
Abstract
In this article, we are going to esthetically illustrate the death of one of Ferdowsi's epic characters.
Mythical, historical foundation of the epic drives us to think that is non-interpretable. While the textual characteristic of Shahnameh anecdotes makes the text very interpretable and the textual characteristic of Shahnameh anecdotes makes the text very interpretable, His epic has a paradoxical texture: there are signs like cohesion, systematic, accordance that are original and real. On the other hand, the interpretation doesn't stop and it is severely decontextualizing and meaning making and full of ambiguity. It steadily tries to change its texture and seems non-chronic and non-located.
Choosing Siavash's death and its esthetical aspects is an effort to state the wonderful characteristic of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. In spite of having tendency to structure, it has some post-structuralistic features.
Volume 3, Issue 3 (10-2012)
Abstract
Death, existence and creation’s mystery are among of the most important subjects in literature and philosophy. Paul Valery and Khayyam, in spite of difference in their historical periods, have the same idea about death and existence.
In his poem, Valery describes a marine vista, which is the symbol of boundless soul. However, in this sight, by passage of the time, the soul is worn-out and destroyed.
Khayyam in his Rubaiyat considers fruitless thinking about the existence and the creation’s mystery.
In this article, we try to survey the concept of death and existence in Paul Valery’s “The Graveyard by the Sea” and Khayyam’s Rubaiyat, Finally, these questions would be replied: “Why Paul Valery and Khayyam feared from death?” “Whether this fear arouses from their pessimistic and narrow minded view or it has existentialism fundamental?” and “How does the poetical imagination change to be a scene for speaking of the depth of poet’s philosophical vision about death?”
Volume 3, Issue 11 (6-2006)
Abstract
Razi.A,.PH.D.
Bahrami.M
Abstract
Sadegh Hedayat is the most distinguished and contemporary author of black literature at the field of writing story in Iran which his works has formed on the basis of excessive despair. In this essay, it has first introduced signs of despair at his states and works, then analyzed causes of his despair with regard to historical, sociological and psychological approaches. It should be emphasized that his pessimism feeling has originated from his personal characteristics as well as various mental, political, social and family factors. Thus, mental- philosophical atmosphere and common literary schools of Hedayat's age have been explained. Also, political events of Iran and world have been described especially during the reign of Reza Shah ,which was the first era of black literature in Iran. Moreover , it presents family and social problems causing Hedayat's despair.
Volume 4, Issue 4 (12-2024)
Abstract
This article aims to explain the implication of "near-death experiences" on the immateriality of the soul. After defining the experiences, explaining their components, and answering the problems, it has been argued that these experiences indicate the soul's immateriality (mind). Ideologies such as physicalism, naturalism, and scientism, which have no scientific and philosophical basis, are the reason for denying these experiences by naturalists and attributing them to illusions and chemical changes in the brain. But what is the scientific justification for having very clear perceptions during unconsciousness or clinical death when a person lacks perceptions?! Therefore, if the presuppositions and mental prejudices are discarded in interpreting the experiences, it seems that accepting the immaterial dimension is not so difficult for humans. Near-death experiences also pose a serious challenge to physicalist theories of "consciousness" that must be taken seriously in the philosophy of mind.
Hamed Yazd Khasti,
Volume 5, Issue 18 (8-2012)
Abstract
The River’s End is a fictional work with a dream-like structure. In this article we analyze this story and its meaning-making structure through a Freudian approach. This reading includes two layers: (1) the overt or surface structure of the story; (2) the covert or deep structure of the story. In the overt layer, it is demonstrated that the story has a conceptual structure and its events are narrated in a disorganized plot in which the causality and time sequence are distorted. In the covert layer, we have distinguished between metaphoric and hidden plot. In the metaphorical plot, the symbols of the narrative of The River’s End have been identified and two symbols of Zāyandeh-Rood and Gāvkhuni as two prevalent feminine symbols which are related to the return to the womb are analyzed. Many of the characters then based on their relationship to these two symbols are psychoanalyzed. In the hidden plot the relationship between the narrator with the pleasure principle and death principle are analyzed to unravel the unending suspension of the narrator in the procedures of fate, repetition, and movement toward death is defined.
Volume 6, Issue 4 (12-2018)
Abstract
According to the intertextuality theory, each text is formed from the previous texts and cultures which are hidden in the present one and form its existence. Intertextuality theory is going to decode the presence of the previous texts in the present one. Based on this theory, this article wants to decode the Simultaneous presence of Quran and Kashf al-asrar (a translation and interpretation of the Quran) in Ahmad shampoo’s poems. The importance of this subject is in its efforts to show the role of the Quran in the rhythm of Iranian contemporary Blanc poem. Authors in this article have tried to apply the theory without considering the intentions of the poet and his ideology. The results of this research show that the Intertextual relationships between these three texts have been seen in the levels like external and internal music of poem (meter, rhyme), rhythm, Structures of sentences, Quranic horizontal style of writing.
Volume 6, Issue 8 (9-2021)
Abstract
One of the important elements of the novel that constitutes its main form is the element of plot. The plot consists of a structure consisting of start, expansion, suspension, climax, untying, and ending. Knowing this structure allows the reader to experience the story well and understand it through a specific time process. Contemporary novelists, given the experience they gained from the new world, They found that in writing the story, the sequence of the plot structure could be broken and disturbed. In such stories, due to the abandonment of accepted traditions of art and the creation of new narrative styles, the events of the story are intertwined and the boundary between beginning and end is not defined. It also sometimes happens that the characters of the story invite the reader to implicitly play a role in the ending of the story. In the present study, based on the descriptive-analytical method, an attempt is made to make a comparative study of nonlinear plot in the novel " Land of the Missing" by Elias Khoury and the novel "I am not a tiger" by Mohammad Reza Safdari. Given that in these two works, traces of modern and postmodern fiction can be seen
Volume 6, Issue 24 (12-2018)
Abstract
In this paper, the authors have tried to describe the rituals, customs, and rituals of mourning mentioned in two books of Galin-Khanum and Jawami ul-Hikayat tales, which contain the stories on the theme of death in folk tales, and how the ancient people are dealing with their grieves when disappearing one of their close relatives. Galin Khanum tales book contains 110 Persian tales and the book Jawami ul-Hikayat consists of 46 narrations, both of which are written in the folk tales. The result of this research which is based on bibliographic and descriptive-analytic resources, suggests that our ancestors, based on what has been mentioned in the works, have reacted to this inevitable event. The latter has been associated with ritualistic and cultural concepts of the community. These traditions are totally relevant and deserve to analysis. Behaviors like taking a black handkerchief in hand, tying a narrow black armpit to arm, blacken the royal palace etc. are among the rituals which are In some way, the expression of the continuation of life after death, the demand for forgiveness , mercy for decease and the creation of hope and motivation for the survivors.
Volume 6, Issue 24 (12-2018)
Abstract
The reasons for the appearance of death and the reaction to it are different for the various characters of the story. This question becomes obvious when his hero or his beloved is dead in the middle of the story. The end being favorable to the requirements of folk tales, the narrator finds a way to tackle this problem and it is the return of the dead to the death. In this paper, the author has tried to look at the story of the return of death and its relationship with folklore in stories. The statistical population of this research includes a variety of stories whose content is the return of death. First, by studying Ulrich Marzolf's book entitled “typology of Persian folk tales”, 12 stories have been identified. Various stories of these stories have also been found in popular sampling books and analyzed through content analysis. While studying these stories, the author of the present study discovered that the narrator has used the idea of a return to death either to make the story more suspicious and beautiful, or to convey a particular message to the public in its history. The passage of time, new discoveries of humanity and historical events have undoubtedly contributed to the development of these stories. Finally, through content analysis of the stories, it is possible to conclude that although the problem of the return of death has taken many forms over the years and that its evolution goes from myth to magic and from magic to religion, the major theme which is return from death has been the fix element in different narratives.
Volume 7, Issue 30 (12-2019)
Abstract
Horse is one of the most important themes in epic literature that has always been with the hero from the oldest era and even is sometimes unified with the heroes, and during the time it has taken many functions. In this essay, analyzing verse and prose epics and folklore based on the content analysis method, it became clear that sometimes the horse has a direct bond with water and fertility. In some texts, the horse is considered the symbol of wind, as it is evidently mentioned in Eskandarnameh. On the other hand, horse is sometimes a symbol of death, as the black horse of Aphosh, Shabrang Behzad, and the black horse of Esfandiar are linked to death. Sometimes the horse is unified with demon and fairy, as it is mentioned in the Hamzanameh, Firooz Shahnameh and Darabnameh Tarsosi. The horse of Tahmooreth in Shahnameh is also considered as the devil. Horse in some texts has such an important position for the hero that the selection of the horse is also one of the important stages of hero’s improvement, and sometimes even a horse and the horseman will unify as the hero cannot accomplish his mission without the horse, as Rakhsh and Sheborg Behzad in Shahnameh, and Ashghar, the horse of Boran-Dakht in Hamzanameh and Darabnameh Tarsosi are cases in point.
Volume 8, Issue 2 (5-2020)
Abstract
Death" is the inevitable event of all humans. Some put it into oblivion, and some epistemologically accept it as reality and certainty. Investigating and analyzing the narratives of the two tyrannical, powerful and bloodthirsty characters in stories of Ferdowsi and Albert Camus and how they deal with their own and others' deaths is the main issue of this study. Caligula and Zahhak, who saw themselves as the absolute commander of the life and property of human, believed that they could also control death, trying to rid themselves of the fear of death by killing others, but nature faced with the phenomenon of death. How Ferdowsi (representing Islamic scholars) and Albert Camus (representing Existentialism) deal with the events of the story illuminates the philosophy of life and death from the standpoint of two thinkers in the East and the West. Both officials, after gaining power, commence unprecedented oppression and killing. Like all people in the world, they are scared to death and want to seize the power of nature to kill humans by killing them. Killing is the only way to combat the fear of death. The fate of both characters is similar, and eventually they are ousted from power due to murder and bloodshed against both rebels
Volume 9, Issue 4 (12-2023)
Abstract
Aims: SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has caused a worldwide health crisis, impacting millions of individuals across the globe. The focus of In this study, is to conduct an epidemiological investigation was carried out on the progression of COVID-19 in the North African region, encompassing Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt, from January 2020 to May 2023. The aim of this study was to conduct an epidemiological investigation into the progression of COVID-19 in the North African region, encompassing Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt, from January 2020 to May 2023, with a primary focus on analyzing and understanding the COVID-19 data in these five North African countries.
Materials & Methods: This research aimed toinvolved the observeation and analyzesis of an international database from our World in Data, using SPSS and Excel,. A comparative analysis was carried out, considering the number of COVID-19 cases, fatalities, and vaccination rates in the five specified North African countries.
Findings: Over the course of three years, a total of 3,722,56017,862 new COVID-19 cases and 83,860757 deaths were documented in North African countries, and the year 2021 emerged as the most devastating period, with the highest number of COVID-19 cases (1,767,410) and fatalities (50,341) across the region. Among the countries studied, Morocco (1,274,180 cases, 34.23% ) and Tunisia (1,153,261 cases, 31%) of cases, reportedwere the mosthighest infection ratesaffected, with Morocco reporting 1,272,490 cases (34%) and Tunisia 150,962 cases (31%). Similarly, the highest death tolls were recorded in Tunisia , accounting for (29,415331 deaths, (35%), and Egypt, with (24,83012 deaths, (30%). Additionally, Morocco led the region in vaccination efforts in the region, administering 47% of the total of 384,851,069 vaccine doses.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a significant global health challenge, affecting each North African country differently, depending on various factors such as their population, control measures, and vaccination campaigns. This study emphasizes the importance of continued efforts and tailored strategies for each country in the region to combat the pandemic in the region and underscores the significance of tailored strategies for each country to effectively address the ongoing crisis.
Volume 9, Issue 41 (11-2021)
Abstract
The story of "Rostam's death" in Shāh-nāma and Ghorar-assiar Tha'ālabi is different from all other sources. In these sources, there are four narrations of Rostam being killed by Bahman: natural death, the death of both opponents at the end of the war with Esfandiār, and being killed by “Ŝoghād/ Ŝaghād”. The source criticism of the story of Rostam and Esfandiār shows that it did not exist in Khodāy-nāma. The difference between the narrator of the story (Azād-sarv) and the narrators of Abu Mansouri's Shāhnāma and the anonymity of Ŝoghād in the sources has obscured the origin of the story. This article, considering the continuity of ancient contents in the folklore sources analyzes the role of Bahman in the murder of Rostam in narrative scrolls and epics. It also investigates an episode in Khāvarān-nāma of Khusfi (15 AD), which depicts Rostam being thrown in the camouflaged wells of Bahman. Finally, this research has proved that the killer of Rostam, in the oldest sources, was nobody other than Bahman, and in order to reduce the humiliation of being killed by a Kiani king, his guilt has been projected on the betrayal of a half-brother.
Volume 10, Issue 1 (1-2022)
Abstract
Aims: Considering the importance of mortality management in the control of COVID-19 disease, this study was performed to investigate the risk factors of mortality of adult inpatients with Covid-19 in Tehran, Iran using a retrospective cohort study.
Material & Methods: This retrospective cohort study was performed among a random sample of confirmed COVID-19 hospitalized patients, in a main general military hospital in Tehran city (Iran). Laboratory data, clinical sign and symptom, treatment and demographic data were collected and compared between survivors and non-survivors patients.
Findings: Among 393 patients who contributed in this study, 37 (9.4%) with 95% confidence interval (6.7% to 12.7%) died during hospitalization. The result of this study also showed that comorbidity like hypertension and CHF, vital sign like dyspnea, RR>24 and Oxygen saturation also laboratory variable like white blood cell, Lymphocyte, C-reactive protein, CR, ESR, Lactate dehydrogenase, Sodium, troponin, Procalcitonin in addition lesion type shown the significant relationship with patients death. The findings of this study showed that the use of drug including Kaltra, Vancomycin, Ribavirin, Meropenem, Levofloxasin, and Methyiprednisolon increased the risk of death but use of drug like Azithromycin, Hydroxychloroquin and Naproxen decrease risk of death in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. More results also showed that ARDS, acute kidney injury and intubation are the most cause of death among patients.
Conclusion: According to the risk factors identified in this study, patients with a higher chance of death can be identified and the necessary treatment measures can be taken to reduce the risk of COVID-19 hospitalized patients.
Volume 10, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
Background: In this study, data were collected from the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and analyzed by Cox regression model. In addition, hazard functions and survival outcomes in COVID-19 patients were also analyzed.
Materials & Methods: One million simulated data on hospitalized patients’ characteristics with positive SARS-CoV-2 infection were collected from the Humanitarian Data Exchange Source in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo from December 2020 to June 2021. Several statistical techniques were developed in this study for data analysis, including Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank test, Schoenfeld residual diagnostics, and likelihood ratio test.
Findings: This study finding showed that there was a 4.5% increase in the expected hazard per unit year increase in age. In addition, the risk of death was higher in males than in females, and patients with no signs of anorexia, ageusia, or anosmia, no history of diabetes or tuberculosis, normal pulse rates, and no hypoxemia had a greater survival rate than those with such health conditions.
Conclusion: This study finding revealed that covariates such as age, gender, anorexia, ageusia, anosmia, diabetes, and tuberculosis were expressively connected with higher mortality rates. In addition, hypoxemia and high pulse rate were associated with higher death rates; however, anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant agents were shown to reduce mortality rates, and multivitamin or vitamin C had a substantial impact on patient survival.
Volume 10, Issue 3 (7-2019)
Abstract
In a paradigmatic shift, semiotics tends to poststructuralist approaches with phenomenological landscape. The result of this shift has been the emergence of subject at the center of enunciation by paying special attention to perceptive components and socio-cultural issues in the study of signs and language. In this perspective, the manner “ I” as subject encounters with “ other” undergoes diverse changes and new interactions come into play. New semiospheres emerge as a result of this encounter whose relations encompass interaction, contrast, exclusion, segregation and adjustment. This approach has been proposed by Eric Landowski –French semiotics theoretician- and is based on four main strategies including assimilation, exclusion, segregation and acceptation in case of identity. Thus, the main question of the present study is as follows: How is it possible to explain the semiotic place of culture as semiosphere and the type of interaction occurred between “Self” and “other” in discursive atmosphere of “Nasseri’s death” by Ahmad Shamlou? The purpose of this study is to investigate the type of their encounter (self –other) and their complex relationships in the so-called poem from the point of view of socio-cultural semiotics in order to explain the position of the cultural spaces that govern it. This study will pave the way to better understand the manner semiotic atmospheres interfere with each other and finally leads to the formation of central semiotic semiospheres at socio-cultural level.
Volume 10, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
Commonly, facing the works of art within a historical theme, we either expect the work to match exactly with history, or expect to see some kind of artist's point of view from that historical period. The former cannot be recreated or represented in the world of art. The latter, however, does not have the same application. Therefore, with sufficient knowledge of the author and the discourse conditions and power relations during his life period, his perspective on history in a historical work can be analyzed better. In this article, through a comparative and historical method, two plays Death of Yazdgerd written by Bahram Beyzai and Romulus the Great written by Friedrich Dürrenmatt were examined from the perspective of new historicism to show how two playwrights were affected by history in two different places and times, and consequently influenced the history of their time. This comparative research shows that choosing a specific period of history to write a play was purposeful. Also, writing about a historical period is affected by the period of the playwright's life and culture, and the reason for the difference in the power relations and the ending of the texts lies within the same context.
Volume 10, Issue 41 (12-2013)
Abstract
One of the important issues in literacy criticism and hermeneutics is the intention of reading the text. The question is “Which one of these four elements, author, interpreter, text and context has the main role in the process of reading the text?” Hirsch, following romantic philosophers of hermeneutics, argues for Intentionalism, and believes that the aim of reading a text is to understand the intention of the author. Interpreter or reader is going to reproduce the determined meaning which the writer has had in mind. However many literacy critics and philosophers of hermeneutics such as Barthes, Gadamer and Derrida, in spite of their opposing views, disagree with this theory; then they may be categorized in a class known as the “doctrine of semantic autonomy of text”. According to this doctrine, the text does not contain a pre-determined meaning, which can be discovered by the reader or interpreter. Understanding is a productive process rather than a reproductive one, and the aim of reading a text is not listening to the writer’s voice but to the text’s assertion. This article attempts to put forward the arguments of advocators of the “doctrine of semantic autonomy of text”, as well as Hirsch’s criticism on these arguments.
Volume 11, Issue 3 (12-2023)
Abstract
The definition and concept that every human has of the phenomena, while being specific and individual, is connected to the common spirit of the group and leaves a mark and memories of the group. Thinkers and critics of humanities have placed this common collective spirit and general thoughts in the category of implicit concepts. Implicit concepts that are the same as myths from a point of view.
Whether it is the myth of the surviving stories of the same people, or whether it is a mental concept, which includes various examples, this essay, using a descriptive-analytical method, compares and explains the similarities and differences between the two stories of Ki Khosrow. and Sarai (Azeri Turkish) deals with the archetype and the myth of death and water, based on the American perspective and school.
The myth of both stories is related to death and water. What kind of death is interpreted as immortality and mystical death of Ki Khosrow, and what kind of death is done to show purity and the intended hero (Sarai) does not have a body. Both myths and legends present such a death to their heroes while passing through the birthing water.
