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Historical geography is the study of the role of geographical factors and phenomena, especially natural geography in the formation of historical events. For example, a careful study on the location of some cities shows that the selection of their location was not accidental and was done through a precise process.
Tlemcen, a city in North Africa, known as the capital of the Middle West in the Middle Ages, is an example of a strategic city. This city, which for more than three centuries was the capital of a state of Ben-Abd al-Wad, (a state surrounded on all sides by hostile states) It holds the record for most and longest military and economic sieges in North Africa, but in the vast majority of these attacks and sieges, it has shown high resilience. It seems that the unique geographical location and natural defense barriers along with being located at important trade crossroads that have increased public wealth and social welfare, in addition to abundant water resources and fertile plains and agricultural lands that provide food. This set of factors led to the continuation of the government of Banu Abdul Wad.

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The present paper focuses on the effects of discourse and pragmatic factors on the determination of case system in Hawrami. Du Bois (1987) argues that dominant case systems in any language cannot be thoroughly accounted for unless pragmatic factors are taken into consideration. He further shows that certain features of narrative discourse creates a special discourse tendency, called “Preferred Argument Structure”, whose defining characteristics are exactly the same as those of “Ergative systems”. The way this pragmatic tendency competes with other pragmatic factors, which exhibit accusative-like features, ultimately determines the case system in syntax. In this paper, it is first shown that, although preferred argument structure is observed in all syntactic constructions of Hawrami, its effect in aorist constructions is more prominent than in the present constructions, and this very fact causes the former set of constructions to become Ergative. Other competing pragmatic tendencies like topic animacy and topic continuity, unlike the preferred argument structure, always motivate the accusative case pattern in syntax. The effects of each of these two factors on determination of accusative case system in the present constructions are not the same; only topic animacy has the potential to set the ultimate case system in syntax as accusative. From a theoretical point of view, the empirical findings of this research may lend more support to those functionally-oriented theories of language, which consider the syntactic properties of languages as direct results of pragmatic considerations and communicative needs of speakers.   

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Abstract This study is based on discourse of Chehel Nameye Kutah Be Hamsaram [Forty Short Letters to my Wife], by Nader Ebrahimi according to semiotics. In this thought, the relation between sign and meaning are considered together. Neither the sign nor the meaning can be effective. Therefore, both meaning and sign are pale without eachother. In this research, we are not just dealt with a single sign, but with the interaction of signs in a systematic way for continuityof signification. So the discourse system of this work is dynamic rather than static. We have considered the survey of continuity of signification in this research. According to the hypothesis the continuity of meaning depends on the memorial, intervening, and the corpus procedures of the sign.. The results show that continuity of signification most of all depends on the perceptive structure, after that the tensive, emotional, cultural and aesthetics procedures are the effective factors.

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Spatial continuity particularly continuity between inside and outside is a concept that man always was looking forward to express it in architecture. It is a trait for expanding a restricted area and relating the spaces to other adjacent spaces in order to have more physical-visual or intellectual-moral motions. Although the boundaries of spaces create spatial order and specify the quality of space, on the other hand, one another trait of architecture is continuity which leads to dynamism and motion. A continuous space is opposite to a closed and interrupted one, so in such spaces there is a spatial locomotion towards horizontal and vertical axis. These motions cause transparency and mobility towards the bulk of materials such as walls and columns in a way that the paths of moving or the directions of the sight are continuous. In the field of architectural expressions, continuity has several types and in this case, one of the categories can be noticed. This classification include four cases such as Historical, Cultural–social, Natural and Spatial continuity. Any of them has its definition, but in what follows, the spatial continuity will be described in detail. Spatial continuity can be studied in four states: First, the interior and exterior; in this case, besides the continuity makes perspective expansion, it inspires the concept of «being inside». The user requires both inside and outside spaces, and also the ability to move between these two spaces. Therefore, the architect should visualize and form inside and outside as a unit concept. Second case, between two interior spaces; flexible interior space, diversity and maximize capacity of space can be achieved in this way. Third, in an interior; this kind of continuity is more understood in a large enclosed space such as a church or a mosque. The fourth state, in the space outside the building; in open spaces or urban spaces can be observed. Any interior space may have continuation in six axes. Spatial continuity can be established through some architectural features, these factors include: Transparent layers; the most important factor to create continuity between two spaces. Transparency can be made by embedding the openings, doors and windows. Axis; axis represent the directions and correlate different elements to each other. In other words, axes connect spaces like a string. Although axes can be defined in various ways, two directions are often stronger than the others because the orientation of human kind is based on the horizontal and vertical direction. Rhythm and Repetition; the most important and most tangible factors that can represent spatial continuity are rhythm and repetition. Continuation and repetition are the basis of continuity. Continuation of surfaces; shared elements between the two spaces arouses a sense of continuity to the spectator. Continuity will be well understood when the surfaces of the floor, wall or ceiling of a space stretches to another space. Intermediate space; intermediate space (the third space) is one of the main factors of continuity and sequencing of architectural elements. Although this item separate two spaces, it causes the continuation without any separation between them. In each ancient and modern architecture, new methods can be observed, trying to show spatial continuity. In modern age, progress in technology and release of Classic principals (norms) caused the best type of continuity. Modern architects reduced the confliction of inside and outside and ignored the role of walls as separator elements by eliminating the boundaries of interior space. Modern architecture incorporated inside and outside to let them form one unique continuous space, without any difference between interior and exterior space. Spatial continuity in modern architecture: In modern architecture a continuous space is created by eliminating or neglecting the role of walls (separators). Therefore, there is no difference remains between inside and outside. The boundaries have become smooth, so visual continuity and accordingly, spatial continuity arises. In other words the walls lose their existence and permanency, the conflict of inside and outside is eliminated therefore the meaning of inside is weakened. The same as universal architecture, there are some rules in ancient Iranian architecture to represent spatial continuity, however mentioning the spiritual and moral sides of continuity. Iranian architectural space include three categories from the primitive time: closed, covered and open spaces. These three mainsubspaces define the whole space. Room, as a closed space, porch (Ivan) as a semi closed one and the yard as an open space. Iranian architects always try to track the continuity between these three items in their design process. They have attempted to pass the user through the space unimpeded, promoting the idea of transparency, lightness and spatial continuity, by reducing the bulk of mass and increasing the space. Iranian architectural space can be thought of as a wavy space. Conjunction with unlimited space is created through the light and perspective expansion, and space expansion between the components. Continuity through these spaces were shown spreading natural lights, and the extension of the sceneries and perspectives. Iranian architects tried to reduce the material mass of the building body in order to achieve transparency and spiritual lightness. In this essay we are intending to study the level of effect of traditional Iranian architecture on contemporary Iranian architecture and the level of effect of modern architecture on it, and finally we will make a comparison between them. For this review, a descriptive–analytic observation is set that the criteria of comparison are the factors of spatial continuity of Iranian and modern architecture. For each architectural Style, factors that represent continuity is listed, mentioning that any of these factors can be used in which state, relating the inside and outside. So this will assort results in a set of tables for each Style. A number of public buildings, built during 50 decade till now is selected for analyzing the factors in each group. Four of them will be expounded. At last the results can be observed in a detailed table, along with, a diagram represents the percentage of each factor’s participation in indicating spatial continuity in both Iranian and modern architecture.

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Hafez poems have complex and depth aspects. According to this feature everyone analysis the semantic structure of his poems differently. Structural study of Hafez narrative lyrics shows that not only different verses of lyric are not separate and disconnected but appear in a continuous and dynamic chain. Semantic integration of these lyrics and narrative structure of it provide the strong basis for semiotic study. For a better understanding of internal relations of narrative lyrics and its continuity and discontinuity, it is necessary to pay attention to the structure of narrative. The most widely used type of discourse in these poems is cognitive discourse, however sometimes the interaction between cognitive and emotional discourse is established in lyrics. In this way, Hafez destroys the common cognitions and suggest new and uncommon cognitions that are apparently against Islamic law and thereby criticizes the hypocrites of time and invites them to passion and drunkenness. In narrative lyrics, Cognition is associated with discourse discontinuity. The discourse of these lyric supports the integration of verses is established until the end of poem. So in this article we will survey the structure of Hafez Narrative lyrics and discourse discontinuity and continuity.

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Aims: This study aimed to develop a continuity of care model designed to identify and minimize unnecessary interventions, thereby reducing instances of delayed management in maternal-neonatal emergencies managed by midwives.
Instrument & Methods: Employing a pre-post-test design, this research and development project engaged 49 eligible participants from March to August 2022. The statistical analysis was conducted using a paired t-test.
Findings: The development process began with a needs analysis through a thorough review of the literature. This was followed by the design and development of the module materials, which were then validated for their viability by two material experts and two media experts. The validation by the material experts resulted in an average score of 3.50, and the media experts provided an average score of 3.21. The results from the small-group trial demonstrated a significant increase in knowledge pre- and post-education, with an increase of 22.06 (p-value<0.05).
Conclusion: The continuity of care education model significantly improves individuals' knowledge, particularly in identifying delayed emergency complications during the postnatal period.
 

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The aim of the present study is to analyze the two-way interaction of stress and tension in the discourse of the narcissist. Nafteh al-Masdoor, which means "sighs of a painful chest", is a glorious work and a painful complaint written in AH by Mohammad Munshi Nasavi, influenced by the tragic tragedies of the Mongols, which begins with a sharp tone and rhythm. The discourse of this work becomes a discourse with two aspects of tension due to the interaction of external tension (multiple wounds caused by the Mongol invasion) and internal loneliness (burning and regret of the author) and their relationship with each other. Therefore, the results of the present study showed that although at the beginning of the discourse of this work, we see a gradual increase in content tension and linguistic excitement, but gradually the initial energy and excitement calms down and the book structure follows a downward pattern towards discontinuity. The creation of a distributed counter-discourse has observed as well.

 

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Positive Character Strengths can be defined as characteristics that allow an individual to function at their personal best. The strengths are especially important for knowledge acquisition and problem solving. Knowing the dimensions of character strengths is effective on business continuity and development. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the impact of positive character strengths to business continuity with the mediating role of resilience and moderating social responsibility in corona-drive conditions. The statistical sample of this research includes 240 managers of service businesses in Isfahan. In order to data collection, the questionnaire and convenience sampling method were used. The reliability and validity of the research constructs using Cronbach's alpha and average variance extracted (AVE) were confirmed. Research hypotheses were checked with the help of Smart PLS3 software. The results of the research showed that positive character strengths have a positive and significant effect on resilience. As well as, resilience has a positive and significant effect on business continuity. In order to promote the business continuity of through the positive character strengths, emphasis should be placed on resilience. Also, four important functions of character strengths; the virtues of wisdom, self-control, courage and excellence have a positive and significant effect on resilience. Two other functions of character strengths; the virtue of humanity and justice has no significant effect on resilience. It should be noted that the social responsibility-moderating variable does not moderate the relationship between resilience and business continuity in the Covid-19 era.

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The advent of meaning follows cognitive functions in active discourses of exteroception, enteroception, and Physical sense and perception in discourse. Accordingly, intellectual and perceptual-cognitive dimensions, which lead to the advent of meaning by cognitive functions, emotion and perception, have a significant role in creating and continuing meaning. These functions are considered effective to understand and perceive the meaning of signs and continuation of discourse. The current study aims to explain the techniques of meaning continuation and the interaction of sings and meaning in the novel to the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf.  Applying a descriptive-analytical approach, the present study aims to figure out the techniques of meaning continuation in the aforesaid novel according to functions of cognitive, sensory-perceptual, emotional, and aesthetic discourse. The findings reveal that the techniques like the angle of view in cognitive dimension, sensory-visual in emotion demission and external perception, object-perception in emotional dimension, and the relationship between time and aesthetic discourse have created some signs whose interaction gets meanings continued through the discourses of to the lighthouse.

1. Introduction
Signs, in the breadth of narratives and within unique discourses, can reconstruct and transform the experiences of characters from various angles, thus contributing to the continuity of meaning. The discovery patterns of these signs in interaction with meaning in the narrative process result in the reconstruction and continuity of meaning. "The generative grammar model, originating from the studies of Vladimir Propp, is a dynamic model that illustrates the process of meaning renewal in a story. Based on this, it can be said that grammar successfully establishes a narrative discourse system or, in other words, standard semiotics" (Grami, 1987, translated by Shairi, 1389; 5). Therefore, meaning is not examined as a separate entity but is explored generatively throughout the narrative and story. Coexistence, parallelism, mutual divergence, transformation, and challenging of signs in interaction with each other in a generative process lead to the continuity of meaning. Based on this, signs always interpret meaning, and meaning manifests in signs.

2. Literature Review
The present research aims to elucidate the patterns of continuity of meaning and the interaction between signs and meaning in Virginia Woolf's novel "To the Lighthouse" using a descriptive-analytical approach. It seeks to answer which functions cognitive, sensory-perceptual, emotional, and aesthetic discourse serve in the studied novel and how they contribute to the continuity of discourse meaning.

3. Methodology
This research demonstrates that meaning is reproduced and sustained in shared yet different experiences of characters. Signs expand discourses in a dynamic chain of interaction with meaning, creating complex discourses by crossing temporal-spatial components from the mother's (initial) situation, which transform with aesthetic understanding governing discourse into a new positive situation, changing the discourse for movement towards a new positive situation. The dominant perspective in this narrative is the fluidity of the mind's stream. Woolf selects her subjects and gives direction to them, and this directionality connects her view with signs. Woolf's perspective promotes the diversity in creating different signs from one character to another, as if they all align in one direction but give meaning independently through different mental streams.

4. Results
Woolf broadens linguistic uses within various semantic ranges and, by creating understanding in narrative agents and comprehending the emotions and affections of characters, brings about the presence of the story's prominent figure (Mrs. Ramsay) in the discourse of different sign-semiotics functions. The clarity of the lighthouse's meaning, through the signs of maturity in the character of Lily, is continuously woven into the experiences of the two central female characters, granting a new lease of life to the different experiences of the story's central axis. Understanding meaning in the personal thoughts of characters and creating different codes for children and adults in the narrative process shows that various interactions in various social contexts do not limit and restrict the display of meaning in discourse. Instead, the narrative can impact the reconstruction of meaning solely in the hands of the interpreter beyond the recipient's interpretation. The research findings reveal that the continuity of meaning in the novel "To the Lighthouse" is subject to the cognitive, sensory-perceptual, emotional, and aesthetic functions in the cognitive dimension, the sensory-visual dimension, the physical-perceptual dimension, and the emotional discourse, and the relationship between time and aesthetics leads to the extraction of signs that, in interaction with each other, contribute to the continuity of meaning in the narrative.
 

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In a mechanical assembly, errors arising from part manufacturing or assembly process may cause significant variation in final assembly with respect to the ideal model and affect the quality and performance of product. In sheet metal products due to high order of compliancy of components, errors generated during assembly process are as important as parts’ manufacturing tolerances. Therefore, it is crucial to have a comprehensive model in order to analyze the assembly process of these structures and represent the relationship between part tolerances and final assembly errors. However, it should be noted that assembly processes are often complex and nonlinear in nature. In sheet metal structures, the most important factor that makes the assembly process nonlinear is contact interaction between mating parts during assembly. If this factor is disregarded and the assembly process is only represented based on linear force-displacement relationship, the model will result in part penetration and a remarkable difference between theoretical and experimental results will occur. Another important feature in sheet metal tolerance analysis is the surface continuity of components which makes the deformation of the neighboring points of a plate correlated. This paper aims to present a new methodology for tolerance analysis of compliant sheet metal assemblies in which a nonlinear finite element analysis is integrated with improved sensitivity-free probability analysis in order to account ...

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In a structural analysis, dynamic response of a crack is of significant importance as well as the impacts of elastic waves on stress intensity factors (SIF). In this paper, dynamic analyses of multiple cracks on a half-plane subjected to anti-plane shear stresses are presented. Stress intensity factors are calculated and the interaction of elastic waves with the boundary of plane and the cracks' tips is investigated at different locations. The distribution discontinuous displacement techniques are used, enabling us to solve the crack problems in dynamic fracture mechanics. Integral transformations (Laplace and Fourier) are applied to elastodynamics equations and by using a set of appropriate boundary conditions solved discontinuous displacement and the crack problem is solved through discontinuous displacement method. As a result, the stress equations with hypersingularity terms are obtained. Using Chebyshev series expansion and collocation points in Laplace domain, the crack solution is achieved. Finally, different algorithms of numerical Laplace inversion are presented and the stress intensity factors (SIF) are obtained. The presented results are compared with published data and a good agreement is observed. Moreover, it is also demonstrated that the present theoretical study is capable of modelling multiple cracks with different arrangements.

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         The “Right to Strike”, as a fundamental right for demanding the legal claims of employees has maintained an important role in regulating the labour relations in the last decades. Importance of this fact, especially about the public sector servants with attention to organic sensitivity and function of this section, becomes multiple. Recognition of this legal phenomenon requires understanding the public sector servants, and illustrating the general approaches about recognition and regulation of this right. French approach is based on recognition and ensuring of this right about the mentioned servants with some restrictions and prohibitionsi, while English approach is based on denying the right natured of this right. With attention to legal vacuum of public sector servants’ right to strike in Iran, in this paper, we are going to investigate and analyze each of the mentioned approaches and theirs affects on regulating of the servants’ right to strike, and then select a dominant approach.        
*Corresponding Author`s E-mail: mdjalali@gmail.com

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In this paper, static analysis of transversely anisotropic laminate is investigated using improved zig-zag theory. Variation of in-plane displacement is assumed to be sinusoidal while transverse displacement is assumed to remains constant through the thickness. This piece-wise continuous sinusoidal function satisfies transverse shear stresses continuity in interfaces. The Hamilton principle is utilized to derive governing equations and related boundary conditions. The Navier-type solution is presented for simply-supported boundary conditions. The theory has the same unknown variable field as Euler Bernoulli beam although it predicts stresses high accurately. The validity of solutions is confirmed by comparing present model results with that of reported in the literature. Numerical results are given to study the influences the transverse anisotropy on displacement, strain and stress fields through the thickness. The piece-wise continuous sinusoidal function offers more accurate transverse stress distribution in comparison with the piece-wise polynomial function. The present theory provide more slightly accurate stress field through the thickness compared to high order shear deformation theory, which in turn is more accurate than Euler-Bernouli theory. The results shows the continuity of normal strain through thickness predicted by Euler-Bernouli theory has not physical basis. Furthermore, the improved zig-zag theory is capable of capturing precise stress field through the thickness in transversely anisotropic laminate

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House is among the most important concerns with which human beings has continuously been involved and appropriate solutions for its relevant problems has sought for. In addition to being a physical structure to be used by a family, a house includes all the public services and facilities required for promoting human life style, so residents must have sure long term tenure of it. Regardless of its physical size and the natural and climate rules, housing is affected by cultural factors, social beliefs, and spiritual requirements in human life that enrich one’s life. In this regard, we examined housing situation from the standpoint of villagers. The main goal in this paper is to investigate the level of attention to sustainable housing pattern components, such as continuity, efficiency, compatibility, dynamism, intuitive utility, stability, and integrity. We used an analytic-descriptive approach, but the quantitative, i.e. statistical, approach was also used in analyzing data. In the present study, the data were gathered by questionnaires the in three categories of rural population of Mazandaran Province, namely coastal, foothills and mountainous populations. Sample size was determined by Cochran’s formula as 465. Results show that the average level of attention to sustainability of housing in coastal villages is the best, by an average sustainability level of 1.71, compared to mountainous villages with average sustainability level of 1.55 and foothill villages with average sustainability level of 1.53. Total average sustainability level in these villages is 1.54, which indicates a low level of sustainability of housing in Mazandaran Province.

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With the formation of local and national governments during the 3^rd-5^th centuries A.H. [9th - 11th A.D.], the circumstances were prepared for adaption and recreating cultural and artistic traditions of Sassanid period. In this regard, Samanid governors played a key role. Amir Ismail Samanid came up with a style which became a pattern for numerous mausoleums and on the other hand connected the architectural elements and designs of Sassanids with the Islamic era. The Mausoleum of Amir Ismail Samanid itself shows how the Sassanid architectural elements appear in a new format. Both the design and construction of this building appears to have been carried out objectively, and Amir Samanid had somehow intended to follow the Sassanid dynasty. Studying the architectural elements and features of the Ismail Samanids Mausoleum as well as adaptions from the Sassanid architecture, and also its historical and cultural contexts (the revival of Iranian identity and returning to the traditions of Sassanian, during the 3rd – 5th centuries A.H.) are the main objectives of the present paper.