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Students are the country's future makers and the university's existential philosophy. Participation in sports activities can positively affect students' liveness and vitality. The purpose of this study was to present a constructivist theory in line with student participation in sports and physical activities, which was done with a qualitative research method and a heuristic-fundamental nature. Through the purposeful sampling method and snowball sampling technique and based on interviews with 17 experts with experience in university sports, research data were collected, and data were coded and analyzed based on the theoretical foundation of data and with Charms' constructivist approach. The findings showed that four operational factors: budget allocation, management, human resources, technology, and infrastructure, and two mediators of development environment and development resources have a significant role in student growth and desire to participate in sports. As a result, a baseline theory based on medium-range data, which is the essence of the theoretical foundation of data, called " general to specific growth pattern of student in sport, "was explained aiming at changing behavior and institutionalizing a desirable habit based on the active participation in sports for students. It was found that the components of university sports become in the form of the university sports components roles, taking into account the development of stimuli through mediators and operational factors, and the development of university sports in Iran is not far away if this cycle is implemented properly.
 

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Since the formation of absolutist state by King Reza in Iran, there are so many approaches about how it has formed. There are, generally, two main approaches that stand against each other. One approach is monarchism, and its advocates, by following Marcs Weber, believe that King Reza’s absolutism state can be considered as monarchism, and choose an elitism approach. In contrast, some people insist on structural factors. In their opinion, structures play an important role in absolutism state formation and the agent (King Reza) cannot be so important. In this study, Gidenz structuration approach has been adopted that might be a medium approach; we tried to investigate the reciprocal role of structure and agent. Structuration is a method that concentrates on both the agent’s role in context, and cooperative and reciprocal transaction between structure and agent. With these considerations, the present article has been organized around two central questions: How to make and adopt an intermediate approach: and How the absolutist state was formed?

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The scholars who study mystical experience are often divided into two main groups. The first group is advocates of “essentialism.” The advocates of essentialism believe that mystical experience is self-determining and mind-independent; therefore they think all mystical experiences share the same essence and features that are universal and trans-cultural. The second group has a constructivist approach. For them, there is a fundamental relationship between mind of the mystic and hisher mystical experiences. They believe that former experiences and backgrounds form the mystical experience and therefore the mystical experience is an individual phenomenon affected by the mind, language, and traditions of the mystic. This article defends the constructivist approach by providing various evidences from the mystical experiences of Ruzbihan that is reported in his spiritual autobiography, Kashf al-Asrar. To do this, as one of the most important component of Rouzbahan’s cognitive world, we analyze his tendency toward concrete, tangible, and embodied phenomena. The result of this research demonstrates that, as constructivists scholars have said, Ruzbihan’s belief that “the human body is the manifestation of God” led him to attribute anthropomorphic features to God and angels in his mystical experiences and visionary dreams

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Sociology of literature is one of the systematic and scientific efforts that helps to study literature. To examine the role of social structures in the production of literary works, Lucien Goldman chooses the method of evolutionary constructivism, which discusses the effects of creative structures. According to him, the literary text shows the links between the mental structures of literary realities and social realities. The author does not reflect the pure reflection of consciousness, but there is a strong connection between the categories raised in his work and his social consciousness. In this research, relying on the method of formative constructivism, the relationship between the characteristics of the main character of Golshiri's stories and the political, social and cultural conditions of the time of their writing is analyzed. This study shows that although Golshiri belongs to the middle class of society, by entering the privileged group of intellectuals, he has paid more attention to the issues and problems in this class, including political and reformist concerns, more than the general problems of the people. This, along with his party and political leanings, has led most of the main characters in his stories to be selected from the new, educated middle class. Therefore, political ideology is more prominent in its stories than other ideologies. In this context, Golshiri provides a vivid picture of political deceivers, expedient actions, and the fear and pessimism of political repression. In social ideology, the confrontation between poverty and wealth and its consequences and the boredom of the main characters from family and professional life are prominent. In cultural ideology, the tendency of the middle class and the intelligentsia to study socio-political works as well as the tendency of deprived and rural people to superstition and popular beliefs is evident. Finally, from the point of view of religious ideology, most of the main characters have a religious nature, and the author, by creating them, shows his critical and anti-sectarian view of this ideology.