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Showing 44 results for Conflict


Volume 0, Issue 0 (12-2024)
Abstract

Aim and Introduction:
A growing body of research highlights the bidirectional relationship between conflict and economic performance. Findings indicate that economic decline—particularly severe recessions that reduce income levels, exacerbate inequalities, and intensify widespread economic distress—can fuel social unrest and internal conflicts. Periods characterized by a high risk of government collapse are associated with significantly lower rates of economic growth compared to more politically stable periods. Although such violent events may not occur frequently, they are prevalent worldwide and have affected numerous countries.
The Middle East, in particular, has long been afflicted by internal unrest, persistent conflicts, and intra- and intergovernmental tensions—all of which adversely influence national economies. Political economy literature underscores a complex interplay between political forces and economic direction, suggesting that political instability can disrupt economic continuity and hinder economic growth—a central indicator of national economic performance.
Accordingly, the primary objective of this study is to model the effects of political instability and conflict on economic growth in a sample of developing and developed countries, namely Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United States, India, China, and Canada.
Methodology:
This study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach with practical applications, relying on secondary data collected through documentary research. The analytical method employed is the Bayesian Markov Switching Panel Regression, which effectively captures symmetric and asymmetric effects across different economic regimes.
The selected countries—spanning both developed and developing contexts—include Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia, which have historically faced political tension and oil revenue fluctuations, as well as Russia, Canada, the United States, India, and China. The inclusion of India and China reflects their status as major global energy consumers. These countries were chosen based on their exposure to international tensions and their substantial influence on the global energy landscape.
The study period covers 1990 to 2020. The Markov switching panel framework enables the model to differentiate the impact of explanatory variables across distinct economic regimes. For instance, political stability may influence economic growth differently during recessionary periods compared to times of economic expansion. The variables analyzed include conflict intensity, political instability, oil income, population growth, foreign direct investment, life expectancy, government expenditure, budget deficits, trade openness, and the governance quality index.
Results and Discussion:
The analysis reveals that conflict and economic instability exert statistically significant effects on economic growth across both recession and growth regimes. In the recession regime, the coefficients for conflict and instability are 0.17% and 0.12%, respectively, while in the growth regime, they are slightly lower at 0.16% and 0.11%. Although both variables remain significant in both regimes, their influence is more pronounced during recessions, implying that political instability and conflict are more detrimental to growth when the economy is already underperforming.
These findings are consistent with prior research by Ashenfelter and Troeger (2006), Gaybulov and Sandler (2019), and Bart et al. (2021). Additionally, variables such as oil income, population growth, foreign direct investment, life expectancy, government expenditure, trade openness, and governance quality all exhibit positive and statistically significant effects on economic growth in both regimes.
The dominant economic regime identified in the study is the growth regime. Notably, with the exception of Iraq, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, the other countries analyzed have been experiencing economic growth in recent years. This observation underscores the correlation between political stability and sustained economic performance.
Conclusion:
The findings of this research emphasize the critical role of political stability in fostering a robust and resilient economic environment. A stable political climate is not only essential for social cohesion but also serves as a prerequisite for sustained economic growth and development. Policymakers are thus encouraged to invest in institutional reforms, infrastructure development, and inclusive governance frameworks that enhance citizens’ participation in decision-making processes. These measures can significantly contribute to both political stability and long-term economic prosperity in the countries under study.

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Volume 1, Issue 3 (10-2008)
Abstract



Volume 2, Issue 2 (6-2014)
Abstract

The water remains at the centre of livelihood from the beginning of human civilization. Civilization enriched mostly on the fertile plains and river valleys. With times, people began migrating to highland slopes where there was easy access to water to use. Two villages in Mustang region of Nepal were considered for research to drill the causes of conflicts on water sources right and water shares. People’s perception, traditional practices and field evidences from those two villages were collected and analyzed. There were no any conflicts over water rights between two villages over long period in the past (until 200 to 300 years before). When the natural hydrological process derailed, people felt effects in decreasing in agro products and pasture due to scarce waters. Worsening livelihoods reflected to conflicts over water in the area. Communities were not only demanding greater portion of water share but also were claiming exclusive right over sources. The inherent cause of conflict were climate change which appeared through dyeing springs and changing nature of hydrological cycles.
Elham Haddadi,
Volume 2, Issue 5 (3-2009)
Abstract

The narratological approach in studying the fictional narrations structure provides an organized ground and a systematic pattern for analyzing the main elements of the narrative text, i.e. story and text. In the present research, the Do Donya (Two Worlds) is analyzed in a narratological approach and the first hypothesis of the research about the possibility of applying the structural of narratology for the modern fictional narration of Do Donya is tested. The reason for choosing the Do Donya fiction in the matters of deep structure, time, place and focusing is the conflicts and discrepancies which exist between death and life. The results indicate that the narratological approach with its componenets (including story level elements, such as time elements consisting of order, continuation and frequency; place elements consisting of fiction place and text place; characterization covering direct and indirect characterizations (action, speech, visual figure, environment and names deductions); focalization (internal and external); aspects of focalization conceptive, psychological and ideological)); narrating (the narrative levels (metafictional and subfictional), the narrative layers (internal and external)); representation of speech and thought (narration, crucibles (scenario, merely briefed scenario, indirect repetition of content, free indirect speech)) can present a structural analysis of all aspects of the narration of Do Donya story.

Volume 3, Issue 2 (6-2012)
Abstract

Intertextuality of two text: Comparative analysis between king Lear and Feridoon Comparative study which has opened to investigation the text could illuminate the relationship between cultures and shows the originality and richness of one literature alongside with range of its stubbornness of our or other culture. Comparative analysis between Feridoon’s tragedy and King Lear shows the interlocking relationship and arrangement between two texts in different and completely dissimilar culture and different historical context with two kind of language. Although mapping out the conscious or unconscious trace and impact of this texts over each other is completely impossible but the high level of intersexuality between the two texts is obvious so that this relationship could not be ignored. “similarity of plot”, “being tragically”, “impulses”, “familiarity of two text”, “dividing of kingdom”, “presence of destiny”, “parallel of characters”, “conflict”, “prediction”, “chorus” could be accepted as issues which are convinced common points between the two text. The analysis and survey toward understanding the equivalent between the two texts by helping of comparative literature is the fundamental question which has been followed by this paper.

Volume 3, Issue 2 (9-2013)
Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to study and evaluate the effect of Job - Family Conflict on intention of nurses to quit their jobs in public and private hospitals (A comparative Study), by job burnout as mediator. Statistical society of this research was formed by Emam Khomeini, Firouzgar, Day & Hasheminejad hospitals. 275 nurses was selected randomly among those hospitals. Data analyzing performed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson Correlation test, Conformity Factors Analysis and Structural Equestrians Modeling. The findings showed that Job-Family Conflict has a meaningful (direct and indirect) effect on nurses' intention to quit. We also found that Job-Family Conflict can increase nurses' job burnout. With 95 percent confidence, differences between Job-Family Conflict in public hospitals and private ones was meaningful and Job-Family Conflict occurrence in public hospitals was greater than private hospitals. There was no meaningful difference between public and private hospitals in job burnout level and intention to quit.  

Volume 4, Issue 1 (12-2021)
Abstract

The growing trend of local conflicts within the national space of countries and between the political-administrative realms raises this issue that on what factors and foundations are such conflicts and tensions are based and what mechanism do they follow? Although fundamental differences and contradictions in various spatial -geographical, social, cultural and ethnic, historical, political, etc are the basis of many internal tensions and conflicts in countries, the method of management and political organization of the space in the form of civil divisions is one of the most important factors intensifying or reducing these conflicts. Therefore, in this research, using the descriptive-analytic method and relying on library resources, the most important causes and sources of tension and conflict among political-administrative realms within countries are discussed. The results showed that factors such as the pattern of political management of national space, changes in borders and boundaries of the administrative divisions, natural and cultural heterogeneity in divided units, unbalanced development of political -administrative units, the geography of power and support participation, local competitions, electoral constituency, place senses of units and the resulting identity effects, unbalanced shapes and sizes of divided units, border disputes and environmental issues are the most important factors in creating tension and conflict among political -administrative realms. All of these factors are in a systematic relationship and their interactions will intensify conflicting interests and diverge and eventually create tensions and conflicts among the political -administrative realms.

Volume 5, Issue 1 (12-2022)
Abstract

Abstract
Conflict is defined as a situation in which one human group is at involvement with another owing to aims that are incompatible. Due to their features and capacities, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia are two decisive and significant countries in the area. The Islamic Revolution of Iran has created a field of rivalry and conflict between two countries, which has impacted other surrounding areas. Yemen is one of the most important areas in the sector, owing to variables such as closeness to Saudi Arabia, the Arab Spring, a large Shiite population, the emergence of Shiite organizations and movements, geostrategic location, and so on. The two regional powers' geopolitical interests are located. The purpose of this descriptive-analytical research is to learn more about the nature of the war in Yemen between Iran and Saudi Arabia. What reasons have contributed to the emergence of conflict and rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia in Yemen? That is the major subject of the study. The study's results suggest that the war in Yemen is rooted in geopolitical and ideological cases.
 
 
 
 
 
Key Words: Iran, Saudi Arabia, Conflict, Geopolitic, Yemen.

Volume 6, Issue 2 (9-2014)
Abstract

In this article, the aspect of participatory decision-making in the constitution is considered based on the kind of action and relationship. Accordingly, the research focused on the parties of the second national assembly, which did not proceed towards constructive negotiations even in the first step of decision making (i.e. conflict resolution). Therefore, the “disarmament conflict”, or “Atabak Park” case, was chosen, and the reactions of the parties to the conflicts in each stage were studied. These reactions converted the initial verbal and legal disputes into a military struggle. In this regard, related historical resources based on the stairway model of interests/ rights/ power of Fisher and based on “Fuzzy Analysis method” were read out in the frame of interpretive historical sociology. After coding the historical documents and estimating the membership numbers of the fuzzy-set “agents depend on the highly costly process of conflict resolution”, it was found that the parties gradually used five types of methods, including the highly costly processes of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 0.9 and 1. Different major weaknesses in decision-making such as lack of holistic view and adequate information, lack of alternative and fair solutions, and wrongful trust led to this disaster.  

Volume 7, Issue 1 (12-2022)
Abstract

Aims: Telecommuting effects on various aspects of personal and professional life, such as productivity, work-life balance, performance, quality of life and job satisfaction. Due to limited knowledge regarding these impacts, the present study was conducted to review the 
evidences to conclude the overall effects of telework on personal and professional life of individuals who telework. 
Method and Materials: In this study key search was done between 2000 and 2021 in databases of science direct, web of science, pubMed, scopus, magiran and google scholar. Keywords were telecommuting, teleworking, productivity, job satisfaction, work-life balance, work- life conflict, stress and performance. 
Findings: This study showed telecommuting can have positive and negative effects on various aspects of personal and professional life, such as productivity, job satisfaction, work-life balance, and quality of work performance, work-life conflict and stress. Type of organization, community, family and the telecommuter himself  were various influential factors in this regard.
Conclusion: Due to the importance of the organizational productivity, family and community progress, and the telecommuter himself satisfaction, more attention should be paid to these  factors during Covid -19 prevalence. It is also recommended to conduct more studies on the effects of telecommuting on personal and professional life.


Volume 7, Issue 2 (4-2025)
Abstract

Currently, the conflict over the exploitation of Tigris and Euphrates has become one of the most important conflicts between Turkey and Iraq. Regarding this important issue, this article tries to answer three basic questions in this field: what are the key drivers of conflict over these water resources between Turkey and Iraq? Second, what are the possible scenarios of conflict over shared waters? And third, what are the optimal strategies to settle this conflict? The present research is applied in terms of type and is futures studies in terms of nature and method used cross impact analysis and scenario writing techniques. At first step, this article tries to identify the drivers of the conflict by referring to experts in this field and analyzing the findings using MicMac software. After identifying the key drivers, strong scenarios are determined by Scenario Wizard software. The research findings show that out of a total of 189 situations on the scenario portfolio, 28 are critical situations, 93 are static situations and 68 are favorable situations. Therefore, critical and static situations occupied a major part of the scenario portfolio. Finally, by considering the most possible scenarios and emphasizing the key drivers of conflict over shared waters between Turkey and Iraq, some strategies are presented to settle the causes of conflict. 
 
Soheyla Farhangi, Masumeh Bastani Khoshkbijari,
Volume 7, Issue 25 (5-2014)
Abstract

Semiotics is an approach that studies the signs and their hidden meanings. This article is a social semiology of Bivatan—amodern novelwritten by Reza Amirkhani. The novel struggles with fundamental issues such as identity, culture, and social traditions. Like most other postmodern novels, Bivatan is a combination of reality and imagination. Most parts of the story happen outside of Iran and show the conflict between Islamic-Persian culture and the Western culture. The conflict between humans and their surrounding is another major aspect of this novel. This article elaborates on the identity-related signs such as religion, food, costume, job, social relations, and so forth. The fundamental role of religion, drawing on Quranicverses, identity crisis, and differences in social class are among the other subjects which will be discussed in this paper.  

Volume 8, Issue 33 (6-2020)
Abstract

Abstract
Binary opposition is one of the fundamental concepts in the critique of structuralism, and post-structuralism as well as the theories of linguistics and semiotics which are rooted in the mythological and cultural beliefs. Binary opposition shifted from linguistics to cultural studies and was challenged in the postmodern condition eventually. Claude Levi-Strauss espouses a bipolar-oppositional structure to the logic of myth, including proverbs. In his view, the structure of the human mind to understand phenomena puts each continuum in a binary reciprocal polarity. This pervasive mental action will eventually lead to the binary opposition, such as nature and culture. The purpose of the present study, however, is to represent the value binaries in the proverbs of the Ilami people. Due to the reconstructural nature of the case study, the research paradigm was qualitative and the method used was qualitative content analysis. The data is the published books about the proverbs of the Ilami people and some key informants were asked to supplement the information. These people were selected through purposeful sampling and were questioned through semi-structured interviews. The findings indicated that the binary value of the Ilami proverbs includes the following general binary oppositions: rational/irrational; collective/individual; dynamism / stagnation; universalism / particularism; order/ disorder; social capital development/ social capital erosion; moderation/ extremism; and justice/ oppression. These binaries consist of more detailed subcategories that represent a society saturated with opposition. The binary oppositions derived from the findings are largely consistent with the Talcot Parsons model variables.
 

Keywords: Binary oppositions; proverbs; social value; social capital; conflict.
Introduction
Popular literature or "oral literature is an important branch of popular knowledge or folklore that includes a large collection of songs, lullabies, riddles, stories, myths, and proverbs" (Zolfaghari, 2013, p. 9). Proverbs reflect all aspects of life, material or spritual (Zolfaghari, 2005, p. 18). Proverbs represent the life of a people who have illustrated their aspirations, wishes, values, norms, different issues of life, and their social behavior through an artistic expression. In this context, proverbs are nowadays considered as one of the most important sources for cultural and social studies, and can be used to realize individuals' cultural and social viewpoints among which "binary oppositions" is a case in point.
The term "binary oppositions" was coined in the school of structuralism, and employed as a means to examine and analyze the fundamental structure of thought and culture. This term refers to opposite pairs in an area, which usually shows the dominance of one over the other (Ghiyasi and Mahmoodi, 2015). Binary oppositions dominate one pole over the other one and leave the identity and presence of one in the absence of the identity and presence of the other. Similarly, ideology is largely based on oppositions since it depends on values, and values oppose anti-values to be defined. Some other examples include religion against infidelity, good against evil, infallibility against sin (Talebian et al., 2009).
Conceptual Framework
Binary oppositions include values based on which actors act. These values are at the two ends of a continuum that is generally privative and demanding.
Social values are the bases of social actions. According to Pasrons, values associated with actions are not imposed on individuals from the outside but in their interactions with the society. In fact, the values, in practice, form the constructive conditions of the social actions. All actions involve these choices and reflect the system of the actor's choice. There are four major alternatives in this regard (Azkia and Ghaffari, 2008, p. 184), which Parsons calls "pattern variables". They include universalism vs. particularism, specific vs. diffuseness, achievement vs. ascription, affective vs. affective neutrality, and self-interest vs. collective-interest.
Aims, questions, and procedure
This study aims to investigate the representation of binary oppositions in proverbs of the people of Ilam. Within the same line, the following question was raised:
what is the representation of the following binary oppositions in the proverbs of the Ilami people: rational / non-rational, individualism / collectivism, individualism / collectivism, social dynamism / social static, universalism / particularism, order / disorder, formation / destruction of social capital, balance / indulgence, and justice / injustice?
This study employed a qualitative content analysis method of investigation. The scope of this study was the printed books on proverbs of the Ilami people. To triangulate the data, key informants, who were selected through purposive sampling, and their competence was determined based on the saturation principle, were interviewed.
Conclusion
The binary oppositions in proverbs of the Ilami people were represented in eight general pairs, including:
In the binary of rational/non-rational, there were the binaries of considerate/inconsiderate, prudence/non-prudence, and rationality/ irrationality. The binary of collectivism/individualism included opportunist/altruist, responsibility/ non-responsibility, cooperation/ competition, common grief/indifference, and facilitator/ troublemaker. The binary of static/dynamism included social dynamism/ coercion, and incorrigibility/ reversibility. In the binary of universalism/ particularism, the following values were found: specialization/non-specialization, and achievement/ ascription. The binary of order/disorder included the categories of social order/social disorder, agreement/non-agreement, and taking turns/ignoring turns. In the binary of formation of social capital/destruction of social capital, the binary values of social trust/distrust, honesty/demagoguery, trusteeship/ barratry, dignity/ stinginess, forgiveness/ reproach, and humility/ arrogance were represented. The binary of balance/indulgence represents the binary values of patience/ impatience, tolerance/ intolerance, understanding/hostility, adaptability/ dominance, and observing the rights/indulgence. The binary of justice/ injustice included equity/inequity, and the value of women/ patriarchy.
Such binaries are, to a great extent, consistent with Parsons's pattern variables. The difference is that in order to distinguish the traditional societies from the non-traditional ones, Parsons believed that each of the mentioned societies has only one of the attributes in the oppositions, while the representation of oppositions in proverbs of the Ilami people is based on a kind of attitude dynamism and jelly thinking as well as reciprocal movement between the two ends of a continuum. In this sense, we face a society saturated with oppositions, which sometimes tends to the affirmative values and sometimes to the negative ones. It sometimes tends to the rational actions and sometimes to the emotional ones. It sometimes demands individualism and sometimes collectivism. It sometimes calls for dynamism and sometimes emphasized coercion; sometimes calls for order and sometimes for disorder. It sometimes emphasizes formation of the social capital and sometimes its destruction. It sometimes considers balance as its ideal and another time puts indulgence on its agenda.
References
  •  Ghiyasi, N. & Mahmoodi, F. (2015). Deconstruction of binary interpretations in Hafez's poems in the painting of Sultan Muhammed Naghash. Literary Criticism, 32(4), 105-131
  •  Talebiyan, Y., Sarfi, M., Sharifpour, E. & Kasi, F. (2009). Binary oppositions in Ahmadreza Ahmadi's poems. Persian Language and Literature Journal of Research (Gohar-e-Guya), 3(4), 21-34.
  •  Zolfaghari, H. (2005). The stories of proverbs (in Farsi). Tehran: Maziyar
  •  Zolfaghari, H. (2013). The dictionary of Persian proverbs (in Farsi). Tehran: Elm Publication


Volume 9, Issue 38 (3-2013)
Abstract

Keikhosrow's story is one of the significant narratives in Iranian
mythology. This analysis can demonstrate clear image of the concept
of "identity" and the "power" in the aspect of its material and spiritual
and mythological/ religious cultures of ancient Iran. This image
reflected in the process of intellectual and ideological Islamic period,
As well as present in terms of mythological and cultural icon in
Iranian narratives. Shahnameh is the best plan to achieve the semantic
cultural geography.
In this article, with such motivation and importance of
Keikhosrow’sbig battle,I make use the approach of discourse analysis
to examine the layers of story and discourse semantic systems. In the
first section of the article, I briefly review power / truth form on
Keikhosrow’s story. Next, I examine some of the issues in discourse
with three sections (determined conflict space, semantic conflict,
determined times and place).Finally, I closely examine the results of
discourse analysis focusing on the Keikhosrow’s big battle.

Volume 11, Issue 2 (7-2007)
Abstract

Abstract Concerning the multinational companies activities in different countries, the main problem about their bankruptcy is the conflict of laws in countries that companies are domiciled in them or they have properties. As necessity of inspection of company bankruptcy claim is the determination of competence out, thus, it is supposed to set up county or competence conflicts before solving the conflict of laws within the legal framework. Therefore, the unity (or universality) and plurality (or territoriality) theories and reasons of experts on this issue were analyzed, then efforts have been done for applying the unity or universality of bankruptcy were investigated. At the end, the legal competence of Iranian court for inspection of companies bankruptcy claims and issues of executive judgment were discussed. The obtained results, however, showed that since the nature of bankruptcy necessitates the same judgment of the conflict of domestic laws of countries with unity and universality of bankruptcy, the way of solution must be searched in the conventional laws. Nevertheless, the bilateral or multilateral conventions are not enough for this purpose, there fore, it is necessary to regulate a universal convention by encouraging of more countries to join this convention.

Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2020)
Abstract

The Ministry has been always the genuine pillar of the government after Monarchy institute in the Iran's history. But the relation between these two institution are notable. In order to assess the relation between Monarchy institute and the Ministry in the time of Ghaznavid, the inner nature of two institutions, their places in the community and the political and social situations of the time should be considered.
The assessment of sources from the Ghaznavid period indicates that there have been challenges among these two institutions, conflict and confrontaion have been existed. Beyond old and traditional competition of these two institutions of Monarchy and the Ministry (power struggles). Access to power by the Turks and differentiation and confrontaion of two opinion and theory of Iranian and Turks, competition between Iranian bureaucrats and the owners of thrones or sword from the other side, competition and conflict among them witnessing challenges on that period of the time. As the result of this mater hurt and stroked the Ministry and it decreased the constancy and security for continuation of this institute and made it unstable.

Volume 11, Issue 2 (7-2021)
Abstract

Urban historic areas as a living witness of the history of the past and the main factor in collective identity are dealing with dialectic conflict of "development" and "conservation" that leads to different types of conflicts especially secondary ones. Confrontation of conservation and contemporary needs of the residents is one of the challenging issues. So, this paper tries to analyze conflicts toward planning of urban historic in order to define a new conceptual framework for achieving conflict management-driven urban contemporization.
This study has been done based upon qualitative paradigm and the required data have been collected by using snowball sampling, document analysis and in-depth interviews. Analyzing conflict toward planning of urban historic areas has been done based upon grounded theory and bridging conflict management and urban contemporization done based on logical argumentation.
Findings show that the weakness of conservation planning and management system of the historic areas and the inefficiency of planning and management system of development in such areas at decision-making level are the main factors in the confrontation of development and conservation that lead to the emergence of secondary conflicts at operational level. In case of conflict management, it will be possible to combine two concepts of conflict management and urban contemporization.
Managing conflict between development and conservation can be resulted in achieving conservation-led integrative development as a factor of urban contemporization. Therefore, protecting heritage values along with supplying modern needs of residents can be achievable.
 

Volume 14, Issue 1 (9-2022)
Abstract

 
The most common and important theory related to the relations between the people and the state in the history of Iran is the "contradiction between the state and the nation". This view has been expressed explicitly or implicitly by Mohammad Ali Homayoun Katozian and some others. In Katozian's view, the cycle of "tyranny, chaos, tyranny" about the relationship between the people and the state in the history of Iran is discussed. The "conflict" view points to the important role of the political system in the way people deal with the state in the history of Iran, where there have always been situations such as "challenge", "conflict" and "conflict". This article seeks to critically evaluate this view from the perspective of "Iranian identity." It is claimed that the view of conflict cannot explain the essence of the relationship between the people and the state in the history of Iran. In line with the claim of the article, the existence of convergence and alignment between the people and the state in the history of Iran and the commonalities between them is emphasized that the rejection of these commonalities can be seen in a territory called "Iranian identity" which has been proven. Because in the discussion of "Iranian identity", the people and the state subconsciously align and even cooperate, and this cooperation has led to the development, deepening and continuation of the Iranian identity and its dimensions and branches throughout its history.
Components such as the political system and land, tradition, custom, religion and culture and other Iranian historical figures are prominent in this regard.


Volume 14, Issue 2 (3-2023)
Abstract

The Iranian musical community has experienced actions and conflicts in different historical periods and has passed more conflicts than other professions and social groups. The conflicts of musicians with other institutions of society, including government, religion, people, and even the intra-group conflicts of musicians in different periods became stronger and weaker. The main issue in the present study is to find the types of social conflicts of the musical community of the first Islamic centuries (Umayyad and the first Abbasid Era) in which Iran was also under the control of these governments. During the early Islamic centuries, a new brilliant page of the Middle-Eastern music history was thumbed over following the support and attention by the various social classes and, atop of it, Abbasid Caliphs. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze types of intra-group and extra-group conflicts based on social conflicts theory. The main question is what social interactions has the musical society of the first centuries of Islam been involved with? And how many groups can these conflicts be divided into? The results of this study show that the layers involved in the conflicts with musicians are in two main groups: intra-group and extra-group. And the intra-group conflicts of musicians, including their classification, the conflicts between traditionalists and modernists, the competitions and debates, the critique and judgment that caused the growth and dynamism of the musical community of that period. The study employed a descriptive-analytical method.
 

Volume 14, Issue 2 (3-2023)
Abstract

The Islamic Maghreb owes its civilization to its geographical location, which, in addition to simultaneous access to the Mediterranean Sea and Europe and the pristine lands of sub-Saharan Africa, has also benefited from Egypt's proximity to the East Gate. Such a situation has provided a favorable opportunity for business activities, and of course, it is natural that the degree of actualization of this capacity has always been a function of other variables, especially political variables. The study of the evolution of trade in the Maghreb in the Middle Ages (5th to 10th centuries AH) confronts us with a different phenomenon; in this period, despite the change of governments, political decentralization and constant war, we face the growth of all trade indicators. The present article examines this contradiction; It is argued that the existence of dynamic markets, powerful coinage, and the easy and extensive movement of merchant caravans are clear signs of medieval trade flourishing in medieval Maghreb, and The reasons, in addition to the geographical location, are that the governments of the region knew that with strong treasuries, they would have more and more satisfied military power and strength to rely on political conflicts, and the realization of a rich treasury will not be possible except through prosperous trade. This article has finally been able to show the existence of this dual political-economic life, so that we always see the consistent policy of the governments of this region in supporting trade facilitation in spite of all political crises.

 

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