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Children's poetry is a suitable and effective platform for moral and social development and increasing their mental and cognitive abilities. In this respect and due to the importance of the content of children's literary works in the education system, it is necessary to understand children's poetry from different angles. People's culture is a wide collection of elements related to the material and spiritual life of the people of a land, which preservation and transmission to the children's audience and strengthening its place in the thoughts of composers of this field is the reason for the influence and creative productivity of this rich culture. Among them, material traditions are people's daily issues such as tools, food, clothing and vehicles. The present essay examines the reflection of these material traditions in Shaaban Nejad's epic poems. review method; Analytical-descriptive based on library sources. The results show; Shaaban Nejad's poetry as a main source in research; It has a clear and conscious link with people's culture. By using the material examples of people's culture, he connects the past and the present together, with the help of narration, rhythm and song, wide range of vocabulary, imagery and literary works, he displays his ancient roots for the child of the modern world and flourishes and The stability of children's and adolescent literature in Persian language.

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The quality of urban spaces and the presence of residents are some of the primary issues of current urbanism, as the dominance of vehicles has diminished the commuting opportunity for different social groups and the liveliness of urban spaces. This is especially true for urban spaces where once acted as children’s playground and now have turned into vehicle routes, pushing their former function to the sides. In the dense landscape of district 10, with its insufficient open urban spaces, this issue is even more pronounced, doubling the need for creating urban spaces accommodating children. Tactical urbanism is a general term describing such urban interventions regarding different qualities (e.g. the scale of the project, provisional measures for reusing the unused potentials of cities, providing privileges and support, unofficial actions within legal bounds, or attention to and revitalizing abandoned spaces) and has been further extended in specific academic fields such as traffic engineering

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Special attention to physical activity in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic
 

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Background: Enterobious vermicularis (E. vermicularis) is one the most common parasitic infection among children.
Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of enterobiasis among preschool children in Mazandaran province, northern Iran.
Materials and Methods: In this cross–sectional study, 653 preschool children were recruited via the cluster sampling method during April 2013 to Feb 2014. A questionnaire was administrated to parents by an interviewer and determined children’s socio-demographic characteristics, personal hygiene, and healthy behaviors. The Graham technique was applied for diagnosis. Data were analyzed using logistic regression model and chi-square test.
Results: In a total of 653 examined subjects, the prevalence rate of E. vermicularis was 19.4%, among which 40.9% were male, and 59.1% were female.  The highest and lowest prevalence rates of E. vermicularis were found in Neka (61.4%) and Tonekabon (1.6%) districts, respectively. A significant association was found between infection and residency, parental occupations, parental education, number of family members, changing underwear, sterilization of linen clothing, taking daily bath, boiling or ironing clothes.
Conclusions: The high prevalence rate of E. vermicularis infection in this study proves the stability status of enterobiasis in this area, posing a risk for children there. Systematic control of infection in children is proposed.

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Aim: The present study was conducted to validate the international version of the resilience scale (CYRM-28) among adolescent youth students.
Methods: The first original scale was translated into Persian language by two experts. Then an integrated version of the two was translated to the language of the original version again; then it was ensured that the content of the Persian and English versions' was matched. The Persian version scale was filled in by 412 high school students (270 males and 142 females) in Tehran, who were selected as a random cluster. Regarding the clear scale structure to assess the validity, construct validity was used (confirmatory factor analysis) using the LISREL software version 8.8. In addition, scale reliability was examined using the two methods of internal correlation coefficient and test-retest.
Findings: Fit Index confirmed the resilience scales' fit ness in confirmatory factor analysis. In examining the reliability using the internal correlation calculation method (Cranach’s alpha), the value of each sub-scale item, as well as that of total questions was higher than the standard value of 0.7 to confirm the tool's reliability. In examining the reliability using test-retest method, correlation coefficient of each sub-scale in two steps was at an acceptable level and significant.
Conclusion: The present study confirmed the three-factor structure of CYRM-28 scale, including the individual sub-scale's relationship with the primary caregiver and contextual factors in the Persian version of the scale. This study showed that the reliability and validity of the Persian version of CYRM-28 was suitable for measuring the resilience of Iranian children and youth.

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Aim: The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of Gottman's theory-based training on the reduction of couples' marital conflict and marital instability.
Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with the pretest-posttest control-group design, and the population of this study was comprised of all the married couples in Shiraz, Iran in 2015-16. They were selected by the convenience sampling method, and after the interview, and were randomly assigned into two (28) groups. To collect the data, descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, frequency and frequency percentage, as well as inferential statistics including analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and (ANCOVA) were used to test the hypotheses. Subsequently, the experimental group was given the considered training during 7 sessions, and the questionnaires were, finally, completed again by both groups.
Findings: Based on the findings of this study, Gottman's theory-based training has had a significant effect (α=0.05) on the reduction of marital conflict and marital instability of married couples.
Conclusion: It was concluded that Gottman's theory-based intervention is able to reduce the level of marital conflict and its components and marital instability significantly in the experimental group.

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In recent decades, processing relative clauses (RCs) and studying their complexity in different languages had an important role in linguistic and psycholinguistic researches. This study is to compare the complexity of two types of Persian RCs: Subject-Subject (SS) type and Subject-Object (SO) type. This complexity is assessed on the psychological criterion of the preschool children’s understanding of the sentences in which these types of RCs are used. 96 Persian native children in three different age ranges of 3-4, 4-5, and 5-6 (each range 32 children) took part in this study. They were presented by the fore-mentioned types of sentences in two different forms of declarative and interrogative sentences, in different ways of showing pictures and realties, and also asking them to follow the order. Then their understanding of these sentences was tested. The results showed that SO type RCs, both in declarative and interrogative forms, were clearly more complex than SS type RCs.        

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Aim: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of parental support of their children’s participation in recreational sports classes.
Methods: This study was a functional-descriptive survey in which a self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. It consisted of variables including psychological, cultural, social, emotional, economical and informational support. The face and content validities were evaluated by 10 professors specialized in sport education. Moreover, confirmatory factor analysis assessed the validity of questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbach's alpha in the pilot study. The study population included all children participating in the recreational sports classes at summer 2016 out of whom a sample of 300 was selected randomly.
Findings: The results showed that all variables (Psychological, Cultural, Social, Emotional, Economical and Informational support) encouraged the participation of children in sports activities.
Conclusion: Generally, the results showed that parental support increased the children’s participation in sport activities, which, in turn, improved the physical and mental health of young generation in the society.

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  Abstract: In this article social documentaries of post Islamic revolution of Iran about of children and teenagers social pathologies analyzed with sociological view. The purpose of this article is to understand: social documentaries that produced by directors and Issues raised in the documentaries indicate to society pathologies and are equal films problems with society problems. To investigate the relationship between social changes and cinema we need to conceptual framework in cinema sociology means indicates to relationship between produced films and Characteristics of community. Theoretical framework is Reflection Approach in Sociology of the Art.The method in this article is Outward-oriented criticism. Article results show that there was interaction between condition of society and different objects in social documentaries of post Islamic revolution of Iran. In fact base on Reflection theory with study of social documentaries of post Islamic revolution can be realized the largest social pathologies in each period and social documentaries offer a view of community.   .

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While writing a literal or educational text, especially for children, it is very important to know the characteristics of the readers. Children’s literature and educational professionals believe that using difficult vocabulary or structures in a text will eliminate the reader’s motivation, so using simple structures and core vocabulary is very important. Core vocabulary means a list of words that have high frequency in use, and everyone (in an age level) can understand their meaning. In this research, we study the usage of core vocabulary in 20 texts from “Roshde Noamuz” magazine according to Nematzade et al (2011). The results of this research can be fruitful in writing and translating childrenʼs texts. We further aim to find vocabulary that all Iranian children can understand its meaning to use in literal and educational texts.

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Background: Bacterial meningitis is a devastating infection associated with significant morbidity and mortality rate among neonates and young children. Early identification and treatment of the causative agents of meningitis is crucial due to high fatality rate in untreated cases. The present study aimed to investigate the common bacterial etiology and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in patients suspected to meningitis in southwestern Iran.
Materials & Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted during a five-year period from January 2011 to January 2016 at two major hospitals in southwestern Iran. CSF samples were aseptically collected in BACTECTM, and conventional methods were used for the bacteria isolation and identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done using disk diffusion and E-test methods.
Findings: Out of 89 CSF samples collected from children under 17 years, the number of culture positive specimens was 21 (23.6%). The highest number of culture positive cases was observed in patients younger than 5 years (57.1 %). The most frequent pathogens were Streptococcus pneumonia (N = 10, 47.6%), followed by Haemophilus spp. (N = 3, 14.3%), and Neisseria meningitidis (N = 3, 14.3%). Antibacterial susceptibility testing results showed that S. pneumoniae isolates were mostly susceptible to vancomycin and chloramphenicol. Moreover, among N. meningitides and Haemophilus isolates, the most effective in vitro drug was ceftriaxone (100%).
Conclusions: These results showed the promising activity of several locally available antibiotics against S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus spp. and N. meningitides, as the most common causative agents of bacterial meningitis in Iranian children. Therefore, such regional studies help prevent and control the burden of infections.

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Literary text always reflects the idea of writers and poets. In these taxes are used common themes such as freedom, justice, fighting oppression. In addition it is formed highlighting the literary texts and messages up human dignity, a special genre of literature known as the conceptual components of conflict and resistance. Some Motif or repetitive elements, components accompanied concept. “Children” as a motif is selected that repeatedly Lyrics resistance for display. Repeat this element is trying represents the poet to convey certain thoughts related to this issue. To achieve this certainty scratch resistance poems in three languages, Persian, Arabic and French, selected and assigned components of the concept of resistance, the relationship of the “Children” as a motif and cookies is analyzed with these components. The results matched elected in three languages, show competence in the use of intellectual poets in the poetry of resistance “Children” as a motif and is very close to each other. Among the factors studied these motifs have been obvious with the emotional abuse and aspirations role.

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This paper uses the theory of "the implied reader in the book" by Aiden Chambers to analyze two of Ahmadi's latest works, "The butterfly had fallen asleep on my pillow" and "The girl, the fish, and the loneliness". To know the implied reader and his/her characteristics, Chambers suggests studying the four factors of style, point of view, partialityand and empty spaces. These factors play an important role in children's books and help the author communicate with the reader. The results show the implied readers in his books are thoughtful and capable children with pure imaginations and innovative souls who are able to enjoy the beauties of the story and discover the hidden concepts in it. Also the depth and complexity in Ahmadi's books provoke the adults and the young adults to read and enjoy his works. Keywords: Aidan Chambers, Ahmadreza Ahmadi, Children Story, Implied Reader, The butterfly had fallen asleep on my pillow, The girl, the fish, and the loneliness.

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Ali Mohammad Haqshenas Lari,PH.D.
Ferdoos Aqagolzadeh, PH.D.
Aliye Kourd Zafaranlo Kamboziya,PH.D.
Fatemeh Alavi
Abstract   
In the present study, the theory of Roqayeh Hassan on the emergence and development of verbal aesthetics in children is surveyed. According to this theory, a child unconsciously and involuntarily learns literature through hearing children’s lullabies and poetry. The child then identifies the phonetic, semantic and syntactical patterns in the poems and as a result a potentiality is formed in his mind; which builds up the basics of his verbal aesthetics in the following years. In this study, among the literary genres we merely focus on poetry. And among the literary patterns, we solely focus on phonetic patterns. It is noticeable that in this writing, investigation about the overlapping realms and at the same time the differences between ‘language’ and ‘literature’- as two of the scopes within the scopes of mind- exist at the background of all the discussions. In the next stage we will study what demands and theoretical consequences learning literature for teaching literature to children has due to the mentioned assumption. Based on the findings of this research, in children’s understanding and perception of literature, form prevails content and the cultivation of this assumption plays a significant role in developing their literary potential within the following years. Therefore, in writing children’s poetry it is better to pay sufficient attention to the aesthetic form and the manner in which the poetry is expressed rather than presenting complicated and educational content; especially in the early years of childhood. Among the aesthetic features of children’s poetry, pleasant and delicate phonetic patterns enjoy a vital significance. In the final part of this research we will investigate this question; to what extent the present theory and some of the other theories are useful in clarifying the major sources of literature? Are there other similar theories for the manner of elaboration and perception of literature? Does understanding the major source and the process of elaborating literature helps in understanding its entity?
 
 

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This study aims to explain the role of children in family purchase decisions based on the parent clusters with a market-oriented approach. Accordingly, the present study is exploratory in terms of objective and mixed and applied in terms of result. In the first step, 30 statements were extracted using in-depth interviews that after examining the face and content validity, and exploratory factor analysis in the pre-test, these statements were reduced to 29 and the final questionnaire was developed. To determine the sample size, the experimental rules were used, therefore given the 29 resulting statements, the sample size was obtained 290 that a total of 400 questionnaires with a share of 25% were distributed among four urbanite groups of parents in Mazandaran, among which 311 questionnaires were usable. To achieve the parents’ attitude factors, exploratory factor analysis was applied and after removing four statements during various stages, 25 remaining questions were classified in six factors. In the second step, using K--mean cluster analysis, three parent clusters (traditional, halfway and moderns) resulted from the hierarchical cluster analysis approach were analyzed based on six attitudinal factors. Results showed that in traditional, halfway and modern clusters, three factors are of paramount importance including interaction, product and time. Finally, by matching the demographic characteristics of the statistical sample with three parental clusters, recommendations were presented with a market-oriented approach among four types of footwear and clothing, educational, toys, food and drink products.

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In this study, with the aim of understanding the meaning and analysis of the literary text, it has been attempted, by relying on existentialism and in the context of the American school of comparative literature, the effects of fear and hope and some of its related components in the works of Houshang Moradi Kermani and Mark Twain. Existentialism encourages human action, because it says that hope should not be limited to action, and that it is possible for human being to live. Existentialism is a philosophical thought that has influenced literary criticism and has led to the emergence of numerous theories. What is Jean-Paul Sartre writing about literature? He writes of a prestigious commitment to literature, and Heidegger puts into practice a modern philosophical hermeneutics and publishes a traditional look. Thus, based on Cartesian and anti-Cartesian Heidegger's doctrine, Heidegger's two types of Hebrew literary Existentialism Sartorius is formed. This research, through an adaptive approach, has inspected the elements of fear and hope. The findings of this research show that although the researchers have compared the works of Moradi Kermani and Mark Twain more from the perspective of the school of Realism, one can find hope and hope based on pragmatism and existentialist attitudes in these works.

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This study aims to investigate and analyze the realization of grounding in the form of foregrounding and back grounding in Persian-children’s narratives according to linguistic devices of aspect (perfective/imperfective) and voice of verb (active/passive) and also the effect of age on using these devices.
To investigate how foregrounding and back grounding are accomplished in Persian-speaking children’s narratives by linguistic devices of aspect (perfective/imperfective) and voice of verb (active/passive) two Hickmann’s (2004) pictorial stories were used. Three groups of school monolingual Persian-speaking children of age 7, 9, 11 and a control group of adults, at age 30 (each group consisting of 10 female subjects) took part in this study. The subjects were tested individually. They were asked to narrate two pictorial stories for one of the researchers. All the narratives (80 narratives, from two pictorial stories) were recorded by a voice recorder. Then, they were transcribed, described and analyzed by SPSS software.
Results showed that the use of perfective and imperfective aspects had a meaningful relationship in the three groups of children, that is, the use of perfect aspect in foreground decreased while that of imperfect aspect increased with an increase in the age. On the contrary, in adult group, the use of perfect aspect in foreground increased but that of imperfect aspect decreased. The same relationship was observed in background. Moreover, the use of active voice of verb was more dominant than that of passive voice of verb in the narratives. No meaningful relationship was observed between the use of passive voice of verb in foreground and background on one hand, and the participants’ age, on the other hand. Based on the results of Chi-square test, there was a significant relationship between perfective and imperfective aspects in foreground and also in background and the age of the narrators (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant relationship between the use of passive voice of verb in foreground and background and the age of the narrators (p < 0.05). Thus, the first two null hypotheses of the study were rejected, and the third one was accepted.

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Background: Malnutrition is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years. This study aimed to evaluate malaria and urinary tract infections among children under five years of age with malnutrition.
Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 189 children under five years with malnutrition. Their weight and height were measured using standard scales. Weight to height/length (wasting), weight to age (underweight), and height/length to age (stunting) ratios were computed using WHO growth charts. Clinical features were assessed. Blood smear, rapid diagnostic test for malaria, as well as urine dipstick test were done to detect those with malaria and urinary tract infections.
Findings: About 80.95% of participants had marasmus, and 11.64% had marasmic kwashiorkor, while 7.41% had kwashiorkor. Also, 23.70 and 62.42% of participants had moderate and severe malnutrition, respectively; in addition, 21.69 and 2.12% were moderately and severely stunted, respectively. Regarding underweight (weight to age), 50.26 and 4.76% were moderately and severely underweight, respectively. Also, 15.87% of participants had a positive blood smear for malaria, and 19.58% had a positive rapid diagnostic test for malaria, while 20.11 and 20.63% had positive results for nitrite and leukocyte esterase activity in urine dipstick test, respectively.
Conclusion: Malaria and urinary tract infections are common among children with malnutrition and could be diagnosed using simple laboratory tests such as rapid diagnostic tests and urine dipstick tests in health facilities without laboratory support in resource-limited countries.