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The present study, using some morphological Persian constructions, explores Morphological Doubling Theory (Inkelas and Zoll 2005, henceforth MDT) and its essential claim as regards resulting reduplication when the morphology calls twice for a constituent of a given semantic description. In contrast to the previous theories and approaches categorizing reduplication as phonological duplication, MDT categorizes it generally as reduplication of given morpho- semantic features. To answer the research question and know whether the formation of Persian reduplicated constructions are explainable and justifiable in MDT framework or not, using two categories of semantic and morphotactic evidence, some Persian data are analyzed in MDT framework. Semantic evidence such as root allomorphoy, synonym constructions, echo reduplication, medial full reduplication and antonym constructions together with morphotactic evidence such as ezafe vowel, indifference-ke construction, interfix, linker or enclitic and melodic overwriting are some pieces of used evidence for exploring MDT framework in the studied constructions in Persian. The present study, with a descriptive-analytic method, has been carried out by studying some Persian data gathered through people’s daily natural conversations, written works on Persian morphology and authors’ intuition. Analyzing the gathered data reveals that adopting MDT, in addition to presenting a comprehensive description and analysis of Persian reduplication, makes it possible to describe and study the structure and semantic of the reduplicated constructions that were not appropriately analyzable previously. 
 

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The effects and actions of the two words used in the process of creating a metaphor have always been considered, how the transfer of meanings from one word to another is questioned by the researchers; there are two groups of theorists; a group forms the metaphor formation process Symmetrical and believe that the two words of the foundation and purpose play a balanced role in the process of metaphor, in contrast to the other group, they believe that in formulating the metaphor and creating the meaning of that base word, more and more, they impose their meaning on the word of the target. Slowly The main question of this article is what determines the symmetry or asymmetry of the process of metaphor? In this paper, some of the concepts in Einstein's theory of relativity such as space-time, line of world, gravity and tensor were used to study this question. Following theoretical reviews in this article, one can conclude that the "time" factor in the asymmetry of the metaphor process can be affected. In fact, in the process of metaphor, the basic word is more familiar, in other words older, more gravitational force than the meaning of its meaning on the word of the target and its meaning is affected

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Achieving economic growth requires an optimal allocation system of resources at national level. This is not possible without a perfect and efficient financial market. The stock exchange as a part of capital market can provide the required national financial resources and lead to economic growth. In the capital market, information is regarded as the most valuable asset. The more the transparency of information in the stock exchange, the lower the information asymmetry and the more efficient capital market will be. This study aims to analyze the effects of the ownership share of institutional investors, the board size, the role of non-executive board and separation of chief executive officer and chairman of the board roles (separation variable) on information asymmetry in the stock exchange. It estimates a panel data regression for the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) during the fourth national development plan. The results indicate that the ownership share of institutional investors and board size have negative effects on information asymmetry, while the ratio of non-executive members to board size and separation variable have no significant effects on information asymmetry. 

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This paper seeks to investigate the initial aftermarket performance of 142 ‎Iranian IPOs listed on Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 1997-2005 to ‎contribute to the growing body of international evidence on the anomalous ‎performance of IPOs in the short run. The results suggest that Iranian IPOs ‎are underpriced on the initial trading window of 1 through 4-weeks on ‎average of 14.85%, as are almost all IPOs in different countries. In terms of ‎industry sub-sectors, the adjusted initial underpricing is 70.24% for minerals, ‎‎62.31% for oil and nuclear fuel, and 1.12% for multimedia industries. ‎Finally, the investigation of possible factors influencing the high initial ‎positive returns in TSE (the size of the issue, age of the issuing firm, ‎financial risk of the issuing firm, gross proceeds from the issue, market ‎sentiment, offer rate and the institutional ownership of the issue) indicates ‎that the offer rate and financial risk of the issuing firm are significant ‎determinants of the initial underpricing of Iranian IPOs. As such, the results ‎yield strong support for the signaling hypothesis as possible explanation for ‎the underpricing phenomenon on the Iranian IPO market.‎

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 This study investigates the price transmission in the Iranian fluid milk market. We applied a Markov-switching vector error correction model on the monthly price data from March 2003 to December 2015 to allow for multiple regime shifts in the relationship between farm and retail prices. According to Granger Causality Test, there is one side causality relation from producer’s price to consumer’s price. Due to the existence of positive price asymmetry in farm-retail price transmission, the retail prices would incline more quickly in response to increases in farm price than to its decreases, implying serious welfare losses to the consumers. Main results show existence of a positive price asymmetry in the market. In the long run, price transmission is perfect, while in the short run, price adjustment between two market levels is asymmetric. On the other hand, retailers benefit from any shock that affects supply or demand conditions.