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Grammarly software is one of the most popular software for automatic recognition of grammatical errors in texts translated from Persian to English. The study aims to evaluate the efficiency of Grammarly and propose some suggestions for upgrading the software. To achieve this, a corpus including the English translation of the booklets introducing the works of Resistance-literature was studied. After the grammatical errors were extracted by the researchers (human evaluator), the electronic file of the booklets was provided to the software to detect the errors by Grammarly. Grammatical errors were then categorized and the extracted data were matched by researchers and software. After the qualitative and quantitative analysis of errors and the presentation of the findings, suggestions were made to improve the efficiency of Grammarly. According to the findings, out of 98 cases being specified by Grammarly as errors, 16 of them were not actually errors. In 4 cases (4.9%) Grammarly failed to accurately identify the "type" of error. The weakest grammatical performance of the software occurred in the misdiagnosis of ‘word spelling’ and ‘misuse of masculine and feminine pronouns’. Regarding the efficiency of Grammarly, it was found that the software has an excellent performance with a diagnosis of 82.8% of errors.
 

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The increasing ubiquity and impact of audiovisual content has turned it into one of the primary objects of study in a number of disciplines in humanities, including Translation Studies. In the recent decade, audiovisual translation (AVT) has been a thriving research focus in many parts of the world. This article aims at mapping AVT in the context of Iran by reviewing the published Persian AVT research worldwide. The article is organized into two parts: the first part provides an overview of the main research articles, delineating the main research trends in AVT research in Iran. The second part presents and discusses research gaps and areas that merit further scholarly attention by academia. The article concludes that research on the topic in Iran is still in a fairly early stage, with the studies focusing mainly on dubbing and subtitling of audiovisual products. Furthermore, areas such as accessibility and inclusion, in particular, voice-over and game localization are grossly under-researched. To fill the gap, certain areas are highlighted and recommended for future research.

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The question of research is to what extent the translator has reflected the function of source text in the system of target text, and has followed the style of source text in conveying the meaning? The authors used a descriptive-analytical method based on the Systemic Functional Approach of Halliday and Matthiessen. They aimed to compare the thematic structure of one poem in Rumi's Masnavi and its English translation and answer the following questions:
1. According to Halliday’s Functional Theory, how were the theme types used in this poem of Masnavi
 and its translation?
2. Considering the comparative analysis of thematic structure in the source and target texts, what changes occurred in the textual meaning of the translated text? And to what extent has the translator been successful in transferring the concepts?
According to Halliday's model, the application frequency of topical and multiple themes as well as the marked and unmarked types in the clauses of two poems were calculated. The translator has been successful in translating 90% of the clauses containing unmarked themes and has been less successful in translating 66.6% of the clauses with marked themes and in conveying the meaning and emphasis intended by the author because of not considering the style of source text in theme markedness. Considering Halliday’s Approach of Equivalence in Translation, similarity in using the theme types in source and translation texts can indicate translator's adherence to the style of source text in conveying the textual meaning and achieving functional equivalence in translation process.
 

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This study investigates the impact of translational contact on use of epistemic modality in Persian translations  and originals in the genre of education.  Our findings show that the frequency and distribution of epistemic markers (especially, hedges) in the English texts is considerably higher than those of the Persian translations and originals. However, this has changed in the period of some sixty years, and Persian texts have become noticeably similar to English texts. Upon investigation of the ways translators rendered the epistemic uses of English modal auxiliaries (e.g., may, must, etc.) we found that translators in the 2006–2015 time farme have omitted fewer epitemic modals and translated fewer of them into Persian modals of higher confidence than translators in 1957–1968 time frame. These findings suggest that as the translational contact between English and Persian prolonged translated and original Persian texts have relatively converged towards the communicative preferences of English and have become more addressee-oriented. In fact, the addresee orientation of has first leaked into Persian translations and then has found its way into Persian originals. Weakening of cultural filtering  in Persian translations has facilitated this process.
 

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Every person in society has a perception of reality and the translator is no exception. Identity construction is somehow related to reality construction. So the main issue is not how the narrative is constructed as a text, but how the narrative acts as a mental tool in constructing reality and, consequently, identity. Like the controversial issue of language-thought, it is not easy to deal with narrative discourse and narrative thinking, since the reality existed in the mind, depends on the spatio-temporal framework of the culture. Eelaborating on the concept of narrative identity, and Goffman’s Frame Analysis and its applicability in the mentioned concept, this paper shows how society, as a cultural frame, forces the translator (or the publisher) to retell the narrative and to reconstruct the identity, and why this identity formation will be more pronounced in the paratextual elements (translatorial & authorial prefaces). Analyzing the frame, along with literature and media, it proposes a hybrid model based on Somers’ features (Paul Ricoeur’s Mimesis), and Goffman’s Framework for the concrete manifestation of renarration, and the incorporation of the core conception of identity formation, to indicate how orientalism concepts have been renarrated in translatorial and authorial prefaces of Edward Said’s Orientalism, affected by structure or agency during 80s in Iran, and how these prefaces play a role in framing readers interpretation. Finally, it has concluded that, regarding structure/agency, and the involvement of multiple agents in translation, different author-functions and identities have developed through the presentation of the prefaces in question.
 

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Translation Studies seems to have succeeded to establish itself as an area of enquiry for scholars. Patterns of flourishing this discipline with its diverse audience is not well studied, though. The present study used scientometric and bibliometric analyses to identify and assess topics and trends of Translation Studies over time, as evidence of evolution over the course of time. Documents (from 1931 to 2021) were extracted from Scopus to examine relevant indicators; document types, top journals, authors’ networks, institutes/universities, organizational support, countries and interdisciplinary contributions. In addition, VOSviewer, network and cluster density visualization and word co-occurrences were utilized to analyze and evaluate the development of the field. Trend analysis was considered at three intervals. The analyses showed that over a 90-year time span (1931-2021), 13916 documents were published by 21509 authors from 16323 institutes/universities that contributed to the scientific mobility of Translation Studies. Authors’ cooperation from 124 countries emerged in four clusters led by the US, the UK, Spain and China. In its course of development, Translation Studies witnessed a remarkable proliferation of documents since the 2000s onward. Relevant topics were shown by keywords analysis, and interrelationships of Translation Studies with other disciplines were explored. The findings offer analyses of trends and topics in Translation Studies, as evidence of scientific evolution, attested by the interdisciplinary contributions and bibliometric findings.
 

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Today, the news media has a momentous role in shaping public opinion and social developments. Journalistic translation thus follows guidelines and standards in order to convey the message and objectives of its source material. The translation of the political press discourse surrounding the US and international sanctions on Iran is particularly sensitive, due to its high potential in impacting international relations and political affairs.
The objective of our research is to highlight the importance of methodologies used for the translation of political press discourse. For this purpose, we have analyzed two important news articles related to the aforementioned sanctions. First, we conduct a critical analysis of the political discourse, based on Van Dijk's model, and then we perform a translational analysis, based on Antoine Berman's views. Finally, we explore the different types of modifications made by translators, as well as the efforts made to adapt the news to the media’s political ideology. In line with Van Dijk's opinions, we have shown that there is a close relationship between the ruling policy (power) and the press discourse (media), in shaping the public perception of policies and events at mass scale. We demonstrate how subtle deletion, change, and intensification is strategically used in jo urnalistic translation, in line with their desired discourse functions to achieve political goals.
 

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The present study is an effort to know the place of translation aid tools among students or graduates in French Language Translation as well as professors of French translation courses in Iranian universities. We surveyed these two groups on the reasons and frequency of their reference to each tool and its impact on the speed and quality of their translation, while measuring the effect of factors such as experience in professional translation, judgment and awareness, the need to speed up work, Internet access, knowledge of the English language and the CGPA of students, graduates and professors on the nature and frequency of their reference to these tools. The method used in this research is the cross-sectional survey of Priscilla A. Glasow (2005), the questionnaire being the means of sampling. Fifty students or graduates and twenty professors participated in this survey. General dictionaries, online translators and contextual dictionaries turned out to be the most popular tools within participants, dominating translation memories, forums and speech-to-text converters. We also know that online translators and translation memories provoke controversial opinions among them. In addition, most of the participants practice post-editing in order to increase speed, quality and productivity in translation and the desire to translate.
 

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Since learning theories have been often ignored in translation education, the present study aimed to explore the impact of implementing principles of connectivism learning theory in translation training using an AI-powered translation tool, Matecat. Participants were thirty third-year students who enrolled in a course on the translation of Islamic texts from English. Before the commencement of the course, a pretest was given to the students to assess their translation skills. Then, on the basis of the results, two groups of experimental and control were formed. The homogeneity of the two groups was further checked by using independent samples t-test in SPSS. Unlike the control group, the experimental group was trained on the basis of the principles of connectivism and the tailored model designed for the present study. At the end of the program a posttest was administered, and the scores were subjected to statistical analysis using independent samples t-test. The results showed although both groups had started at more or less the same level, the quality of translations produced by the experimental group improved significantly more than that of the control group. Furthermore, the experimental group outperformed the control group in cohesion and coherence, structure, style and cultural aspects. In fact, the findings indicated that employing AI-powered translation tools per se will not lead to a significant improvement in learners' translation quality unless the training is integrated with pedagogical application of a digital age learning theory, such as connectivism.

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The research focuses on the process of translating the word and identifying its significance and the meanings of symbols in the text, and the research also focuses on the difference between the semantic and the meaning and aims at accuracy in conveying information , whether verbal or symbolic, and obtaining an accurate text with accurate translation, the word is a signifier and the external thing intended or referred to, the meaning is associated with the symbol and gives it the image agreed between the writer and readers . The difference between sound or connotation and meaning is that the meaning is identical to the perception that exists and is agreed upon in the human mind , as for the connotation is the relationship of the indicative sound with the meaning and the external thing. The research shows that the meaning is  fixed in the dictionary for each term, while the connotation is phonetic symbols that carry meaning agreed upon by the participants in the conversation, and the connotation is mostly phonetic.

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The language of Qur'an is a multi-layer and faceted one which is considered as one of its marvels. Based on some quotes, the Holy Qur'an encompasses seven and on some other, seventy layers of meaning. This has long derived the Qur'an scholars and investigators to strive to figure out these layers of meaning. Multiple meaning words carry with them more than one meaning and since there is always the possibility of the presence of multiple meanings in a single context, due attention and care plays a significant role in figuring out the right meaning and message of Qur'anic verses and correctly translating them. Following a descriptive-analytical methodology, this study investigated the translation of some multiple meaning words. This implies the incongruences in picking up the Farsi equivalent of the same word by different translators. Taking the semantic and pragmatic context of the verses into account, considering the etymological aspects of the words and analyzing interpretative texts are among the most important solutions to the translation of multiple- meaning words.    

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Linguistic stylistics is one of the modern linguistic approaches to text analysis, which analyzes the unique expression style of a given text as well as the goal and effect of adopting that style. It is maintained in this approach that each text has specific linguistic features, which, on the one hand, gives uniqueness to the text, and makes the text categorized in a category with a number of other texts on the other. From stylistic point of view, regarding a number of shared features, two texts can be categorized in the same category, referred to as “text genre”. However, two texts can be distinguished based on a number of their features. Since text is the aim in translation, a process in which a text is rendered into another language, it is plausible to consider text translation as reconstructing the linguistic features of the source text to the form of target language elements in a relative way. In layer stylistics approach, text features are studied in five layers, namely phonological, lexical, grammatical, semantic, and pragmatic. On the basis of this approach, the present study focuss on the lexical layer of Ḥadīth texts, as one of the religious texts genre. We shall further deal with five aspects of the style-making lexical features of Ḥadīth texts; then we shall investigate the methods, challenges, and tools of reconstructing such features in Persian. In the present study, a number of Ḥadīth s of  Behar-al-Anvar shall be analyzed as the special cases of our discussion.      

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One of the most important questions about the Persian translations of holy Qur'an is that which of them is the most accurate and faithful. A translation, which is faithful to the language of the holy Qur'an, and at the same time, recreates the holy glorious themes of Qur'an into the form and structure of Farsi (Persian). In the meantime, the holy Qur'an translated by Mohammad Ali Rezaei Esfahani and a group of Qom seminary teachers has more accuracy and faithfulness than the other translations of Qur'an. In this paper, we review the accuracy and faithfulness of this translation.  It seems that it is the most faithful and accurate contemporary translation of the holy Qur'an into Persian.    

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The Nahj al-Balagha (Arabic: نهج البلاغة‎ Nahj ul-Balāghah) (“Way of Eloquence") is the most famous collection of sermons, letters and narrations of Imam Ali. This book is Known for its eloquent content and considered a masterpiece of literature in Arabic language and literature. This valuable book many times has been translated into Persian by capable translators and scholars. One of the most famous Persian translations of Nahj al-Balagha was done by Sayyed Jafar Shahidi, distinguished scholar of the Persian language and literature and a renowned historian of Islam. Nahj al-Balagha employs many stylistic, linguistic and rhetorical features, and this use of linguistic and rhetorical features such as simile, metaphor, irony, challenges the translators of Nahj al-Balagha. Meanwhile Shahidi’s translation of Nahj al-Balagha has been a faithful translation in a way that he has tried to convey it faithfully on the one hand, and to find the exact Persian equivalents on the other hand. Using the descriptive and attributive method, this article analyzes the diction, figures of speech, and literary graces of the 114 elementary sermon of Shahidi’s translation. Shahidi has carefully translated figures of speech of Nahj al-Balagha into Persian, to some extent that, the eloquence of this translation draws everybody’s attention.  Shahidi has benefited from the Baligh simile and Makniyah Metaphor frequently. He has also used different types of figures of speech and rhetorical features such as rhyme, symmetry, contrast… which makes this translation more valuable and precious. And finally the authors have come to this conclusion that the rhyme is the most striking feature in this translation.  

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One of the style-oriented features of narrative texts is frequent application of “epithet” with various functions. In documents and texts of narrations, epithet often refers to persons through expressing the parentage relationships, such as a proper noun; however, in addition to the foregoing, in many of cases not as per such parentage relationships, but through a virtual implication, it makes a certain name for someone to show him/her as considerable in being attributed to a certain feature, so that again it virtually names other phenomena or even abstract concepts. Whereas the epithet discussion is fully based on Arabic culture, it causes certain challenges in translating narrative texts into Persian; especially due to the fact that apparent inclusion of the same in Persian text as a proper noun hides the relevant variable semantic implications; like the fact that due to the syntax and spelling differences between Arabic and Persian languages, the aforementioned also causes further problems in terms of writing. The action of translating narrative text into Persian language enjoys a considerable background, but after all, the problems caused by epithet inclusion in such action have not been studied in any independent work. Relying on several samples taken from the narrations of Bihar Al- Anwar Book, this study addresses and analyzes some of the major issues caused by transferring epithet in translating narrative text into Persian and then practically gives certain solutions to solve such issues and problems.

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The word is composed of three elements: noun and verb and grapheme. And each of these elements has special meaning. The Quran, which is a literary masterpiece, has used of these structures very good.  Because the words of revelation included the meaning fully and exactly, so the translation of verses must be accurate. The verbs express the time in addition to the meaning, while the nouns have not the time. Because of the equality between two languages Arabic and Persian, translation of the verbs in Quran into Persian is not a problem. But it is difficult to translate noun elements to Persian and usually the noun elements are translated to verbs. This action of the translators has caused an imbalance between the equivalents in front of the main text.      

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Although the literal translations of the Qur'an seemed insufficient and unclear, and do not have enough adaption with Persian language, however in many cases these translations have strong points which make them better than modern translations. Some of the strong points of these translations are: accuracy in finding exact equivalents, consistency and cohesion with the text of the Qur'an, paying attention to the morphological and syntactic structures in the source language. On the other hand, Lack of eloquence, ignoring the deletions, literal translation of metaphors are some of the shortcomings of literal translations of Qur'an. In this regard, this paper is to study the advantages and disadvantages of following literal translations of Holy Quran: Dehlavi, Sharany, Mesbah-zadeh and Moezzi.    

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"Structure" should be regarded as the most basic discussion of translation in the Contrastive Linguistics. The linguistic structures, studied in the five sections of syntactics, morphology, lexico-semantis, phonetics and rhetoric, play the crucial role in cross-linguistic analyses. The first two structures, namely syntactical and morphological ones, are also called as grammatical, on which I tried to concentrate my effort to analyze them in this essay on the ground of the Holy Koran translation process.
 

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This research has tried to define a new approach to translator’s role as intercultural mediator supported by the theories of Sapir and Whorf in anthropologies to find a right perception of interactional relation between language and cultural, which affects translator’s understanding of the reality. To achieve this, a Meta model was proposed that could help the mediator/translator to realize consciously the cultural reality hidden in the text in order to create a meaningful text, which is closer to the main concept of the source text.

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The concept of Quranic phrase بَعُوضَةً فَمَا فَوْقَهَا" : a gnat or a larger entity" has been always the subject of dispute among interpreters and translators of the Holy Quran. Apparently, the word "فوق: above" is not used in its common sense (higher and larger), rather, used in the parable sense, i.e. the opposite meaning "lesser and lower". The current study, applying an analytic-descriptive inquiry, using linguistics and referring to lexics, syntax, interpretation books, and considering the differences of words "«فـ»، «ما»، «فوق» : above, anything, or, respectively" based on intertextuality relations, assessed such implications in  words of Islamic grandees (Hadith of the holy Prophet, Imam Ali, and Imam Kazem). The phrase has been neglected due to the intertextuality to get the meaning of the verse, and has been interpreted as "larger and higher". Also with regard to intertextuality of this Quranic phrase and assuming a phrase from Sermon 164 of Nahjo- al-Balagheh, it is indicated that " فـَ" in this phrase means " إلی : to " and should be translated as«تا»  in Persian, implying an ascending trend. Moreover, reviewing many Persian translations of this phrase and providing the diagrams, it is revealed that the word«فوق»  in Persian does not certainly tolerate two opposite meanings (in any case), and accordingly, only some translations remain faithful.