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The present article aims to analyze six contemporary short stories based on Halliday and Matthiesen's systemic functional grammar framework (2014). In functional grammar, the message and textual meaning of clauses will not be revealed to the reader without identifying the topical themes and the discourse factors influencing to highlight them. Thus a perfect interpretation of the message will not be obtained. The study answers the question how the thematic structure in clauses helps highlight and convey the author's messages. The study hypothesis is: the thematic structure conveys the author's message by highlighting the topical themes by means of syntactic tools. the study corpus contains six contemporary short stories, comprising 3736 clauses. The descriptive- analytic method were used to analyze all the 3736 clauses based on thematic structure in textual metafunction.  The data analysis showed that in unmarked clauses the topical themes were used in their natural place as subjects, mostly being participants to preserve and maintain the topic. However, when there were good discourse reasons such as new events, topic change and certain meaning, mostly preposed adjuncts were used as topical themes in marked declarative clauses. while the process was used as topical theme in imperatives to show the participants social status. Therefore, the readers by using the thematic structure and identifying the topical themes can understand the author's intended textual meaning and his message in unmarked and marked clauses.
 

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In this article,first,postmodernism and its most important components, such as ontological theme, revalation of novel techniques,short circuit,indeterminacy,time disturbance,shift of narrator and point of view, rebellious characters,multiple endings,are shortly described.Then the existence of some of them in two short stories of Abootorab Khosravi( PELEKAN and HUZUR) is demonstrated,using some examples of the texts.Although these two texts have some of the elements of modernism ,ontological theme, which is the dominant element of postmodernism,can be seen in these texts; therefore they could be considered as postmodern texts.

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The oldness of religiousness and literature, and their co-relation ascribe to the first steps of human being toward the reflections and inner contemplations. The contemporary literature is also involved in the representation of themes referring to belief, faith and ontological questions that create man’s point of view. The present article performs a comparative study of Kiss the Beautiful Face of God and Jean Barios. The man’s fundamental questions like faith, religion, unbelief, skepticism, existence of God, love, life and death are represented in a communal manner in two novels. Furthermore, the representation of anxiety, solitude, loneliness and homeless are included in the “religious situation” of the two stories that get to doubt, denial and at last to creed. Moreover, in spite of their different origins and their literary value, these two novels are really successful in representation of a theme like return to the significant as well as agreeable and meaningful roots of spiritual life. The likeable and symbolic end of these novels is among the pleasant themes of comparative literature that displays man’s common experiences, visions and points of view.

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Literature of resistance has both human and world face. Efforts by a generation of fighters for liberation of land, religion, culture and traditions from the shackles of aggressors to national privacy and human values are done, which everyone can draw poetic and literary expression. Events such as occupied Palestine and Iraq’s attack on Iran caused the creation of unique works of the resistance literature of nations. Works of the poet of Palestinian resistance, “Smyah Alqasem”, poets of Iranian’s Sacred Defense, “Hosseini Hassan” and “Kaiser Amin Pour” are valuable legacy in the realm of the resistance poetry of the two territories. The present study is to investigate homology and differences in the poetry of resistance by relying on the works of two poets of the country. Research findings showed that sense of belonging to the land, disposal of foreign invasion and occupation are among the main factors in the incidence of resistance elements of Samyh, Husseini and Aminpour poetry. Land, war victims, rebellion against the aggressor, religious and ethnic motivations of struggle, martyrdom, the enemy, oriented ideals and values to override objections by flow resistance are the main themes of the poets.

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Koupa ,F. ,Ph.D.

Abstract:
Literature has played an important rule in transferring, conceptualizing and conception of the issue more rapidly thought imitation and recreation of the universe facts and life image and conceptualization and human world in a sensible form. Despite the fact that literature and language enjoy the same subject, each face the various images and approaches of various basis, namely in approaching language, the language itself is a tool for understanding the universe as it is, while in literarily approach language is a raw material for universe recreation as we want to it to be. 
            This study is an attempt to put forward the commitments by the writers and his main responsibility and writing importance when the various view points are studied based on the “Literature” real meaning. 
            Meanwhile, some approving evidence, mostly from the contemporary literature, factor for human similarity and differences and other literature and human similarities, the criteria for beauty in literary works and also the rules and standards ruling the literary works have been also considered.
 
 

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Novels created by women in recent years are similar in many aspects like plot, point of view, character, etc. This paper tries to analyze and compare the theme of four novels written by female novelists. It seems that in these four novels, there are many proportion in themes and motifs. To achieve this aim, we first explain the theme and then analyze the theme of novels in the two aspects of theme and motif. The results showed that the theme and motif of the novels are too similar. The main reason behind such similarities is similar discourse of the creators of these novels.    

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Theme as the central thought and the main word of the artist is interpreted in the text and content. Theme is the main essence of literary work that illuminates the direction of thought and idea of its author. Couplet is one of the most pleasing Persian poetry forms with chiliad written history. Perhaps its oral history is even older. This form, along with the Persian traditional poetry, has grown in different languages of Iran. One of these languages, namely “Mazandarani” has a remarkable literature itself.In this article, the themes of two hundred folk couplets of Savadkouh (a city in Mazandaran) have been analyzed. The findings indicated that most of the themes are socially-oriented.the study analyzes seven themes in two-hundred couplets.the themes are: pain of love, sorrow of nostalgia, curse, complaints of young ladies for imposed marriages, as well as dissatisfaction with the fortune and luck, compulsory military service and the complaint of lover from beloved. Most of the couplets are monologues, which have been composed for the regret and reminiscence of the past days. Some of the important factors leading these couplets are analogy, rivalry, treason, financial poverty, illiteracy, hard work in strange lands, system of lord and vassal or mastery system, denial of other cultures, and cultural hybridity.

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Our understanding of the reality of our knowledge and understanding of changing the way we know to be changed. To understand reality in faced with the complex realities in spiritual terms; we are forced to adopt methods that their main claim to discover hidden meanings and realize it is a fact. Religious and mystical experience in understanding the phenomena are very spiritual and sacred mixed, reduced to social or psychological reality, they can understand and prevent the use of empirical phenomenology to understand religious experience makes it inevitable. This article has attempted to offer gains over the experimental phenomenology and methodological principles of the present one, demonstrate the conceptual complexity of religious experience on the other hand, inevitably use this method to show understanding of religious experience And with providing a real example of the spiritual experience of pilgrimage in Iran empirical phenomenology emerges as an example for understanding the religious and mystical experiences are introduced.        

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The purpose of the present article is to  make a comparative  study of theme markedness in Persian and English medical texts. It aims to determine the similarities and differences of Persian and English with regard to markedness. The study has been done based on Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) and is concerned with the textual metafunction of this approach. To accomplish the purpose of the study, several books and articles were selected in the field of medical sciences. The corpus contained 1000 randomly chosen clauses of written texts, the data were gathered in both Persian and English and the research method was descriptive-analytic. The restults indicated that in Persian medical texts, circumstantial adjuncts in the subject position have a high frequency, representing that such an occurrence sounds unmarked to Persian native speakers and Persian has a different word order rather than English in medical texts. It does not completely conform to the concept of Halliday’s theory with regard to markedness. This research  also illustrates that the properties of being pro-drop and having non-fixed word order distinguish Persian from English regarding the notion of markedness. In addition to language differences, theme markedness is closely related to some factors such as authors’/writers’ style differences, writing form types, text-clause relationship, emphasis, contrast, and specific genre. Since, the above mentioned factors in Persian and English effect theme markedness, they are regarded as their similarities, while language structure refers to their differences.

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In Haliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), there are three metafunctions that actually are three semantic layers of clauses of a language; being aware of them are important in transferring meaning in the process of translation. Regarding the crucial importance of transferring meaning faithfully in translation, particularly meanings beyond the propositional meaning of an utterance, here, we study the semantic changes of the structures termed “predicated themes” in SFG. Data investigation revealed that in ideational, interpersonal, textual and also information structure of many predicated themes translated into Persian, we see changes that sometimes have ended in missing of some important parts of meaning. In case of being aware of the different semantic layers of structures like predicated themes, many of these kinds of semantic changes are avoidable; consequently, it is possible to transfer meaning of the source language more faithfully to the target language. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to investigate the semantic changes of predicated themes in the process of translation. The next goal of the research is providing some ways for minimizing these kinds of changes.    

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a catastrophe happened years ago in the palace of rich and famous family of Cenci in Rome that ignited the creation of a play named The Cenci by two significant playwrights with different approaches and writing ideas. This study is a comparative analysis of different approaches of these two writers: Percy Bysshe Shelley’s theory, regarding the popular romanticism movement in the 19th century England and Antonin Artaud’s theory, considering his beliefs on the theater of cruelty. The purpose of this paper is to find the intellectual similarities and differences between these two writers in their approach toward the same historical event and their standpoint on its link to the theater and the text. Poetic verbal descriptions are significant in Shelley’s work; while Artaud, with his opposition to the literature of theater, tries to emphasize on directing and performance and writing the play with his favorite functions and performing methods. The comparative analysis of these two plays will describe their thematic differences. The results of this study suggest that in order to subtract the violence of Cenci’s event, Percy Bysshe Shelley has limited himself to the events that only take place in dialogues and those which show the actions of characters in different acts just in speech; however, Antonin Artaud presents the violent actions in the present time and with a redoubled rage by using mute characters and omitting subsidiary scenes.

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Abstract:
Fārs province is considered as one of the geographical and historical region of Iran which has great extent and geographical diversity being always the site of different ethnics, groups, and races. The Persian people, tribes and nomads, like races of Qašqāyi, BoirAhmadi, and tribes of Xamse, have had the prominent role in culture and identity of people of this province. Therefore, the culture of this region can be divided into three main branches: Torki, Lori, and Fārsi.
The Fārsi culture is a collection of different cultures of urban, rural, and nomadic that flows in a range from the northeast to south of Fārs province. Although, the parts of central province namely city limits of Širāz also plays an important role in the nature of Fārsi culture, but this culture is prominent in the mid-southern and southeastern province. A region that includes cities of Jahrom, Fasā, Estahbān, Sarvestān, Dārāb, and even Lārestān.
Southeastern Fārs in terms of natural and human geography, is very diverse. In this range, ethnicities, races, and tribes of Fārs, Tork, Arab, Lor, with languages, accents, various customs and ideas, live together. Their life and jobs is based on animal husbandry and agriculture.It should be noted that despite the existence of Torki and Arabic languages ​​and cultures in this region, the Fārsi language and culture has more well-known and prominent importance and extent. Most poems of Tork-speakers and especially Arab-speakers in this region are Fārsi and are usually followed by the song. From this perspective, we can better understand the meaning of phenomenon and concept called "Fārsi culture". Fārsi culture can be seen through the localpoems and are considered as well-known language and symbol. In fact, the poems of Dobeyti (quatrain) and Takbeyti (couplet) are intertwined in the most cases and almost in all of the social and cultural aspects with singing and folk songs. Poem and music’s accompaniment in the songs performance of the Šarve, Sarkuhi, Hājiyuni, Sābunāti, and Jahromi cause to better understanding of the Fārsi culture’s Dobeyti and Takbeyti.
The basic goal of this research is to recognize the Fārsi culture through the poetry used in folk songs.
On the one hand, the extent and diversity in the themes of poetry including complaint, discredited the world, oppression-contest, religious and altruism, with a focus on the concept of "love-and-separation", representing the beliefs and thoughts of people and on the other hand, the phenomenon of singing, due to presence in diverse circumstances of the time and place, has social function. The purpose of locative and temporal situations is a wide spectrum of the rituals, jobs, lullabies, and almost all of moments of solitude and pull-together (companionship). In a sense, understanding of the relationship between poetry and song with Fārsi’s culture relies on the social position and meaning of folk songs.
The research methodology of the present research is flied study and library based methodology in order to better understand the executive context of these songs alongside considering the literary, anthropological and psychological factors. 
 

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Couplet is called Seytak in Sistani dialect that is simple and easy to understand for all Persian-speaking persons. Seytak is more extensively common among Sistani people than the other kinds of songs. The theme of most of these couplets (Sytak) is love and life. Several concepts such as joys, sorrows, concerns, interests, as well as complaining of life’s problems and difficulties, disloyalty, expectation, eagerness and waiting, working and religious beliefs can all be seen in these couplets. The present paper deals with examining the themes of different types of Sistani songs. It also intends to review the artist’s main thought and original thinking by investigating the Seytak in terms of thematic analysis in order to achieve a better understanding of the culture, history, beliefs, traditions, feelings and customs of life of the people who live in Sistan region. The themes of these couplets are classified under four main categorizations including faith, romance, business activities, and social concepts. The other concepts are conveniently categorized under these four main headings. According to the findings, 54% romance concepts, 22/4% social content, 15% of the issues related to faith and 8/57% business activities as the most important concepts were observed in the couplets. The greatest percentage of romance concepts emphasized on using love as an enduring and frequently used literary element in Sistani Seytak.

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The vast amount of existing resources which identify and describe only one part of the wide system of human resources risks, compared with the limited resources which address this issue in a systematic and multi-dimensional way, show the lack of holistic approach in this field of study. A two-dimensional framework is introduced in the present study in order to identify and categorize human resources risks. Three basic sources were provided to present this framework. First, history, models, perspectives and researches in the human resource risk field were extensively studied. Then, applying the results of this step and through semi-structured interviews with experts of three key organizations in the power industry, components and related indicators of the main aspects of human resource risks were identified. Using judgment and snowball sampling, interviews with experts were continued until theoretical saturation. Data extracted from interviews were analyzed using qualitative theme analysis method and QSR Nvivo software and 5 main themes, 14 sub-themes and 60 concepts of human resource risks were identified. The results of this analysis contributed to form a more complete view of human resource risks. Finally, according to the researchers’ analysis and judgment and using the results of previous steps, the research framework was introduced. The proposed framework consists of two strategic reference points. One of them explains the nature of risk and the other considers risk spotlight. The proposed framework could be a proper basis for researchers and administrators to identify and classify human resource risks.

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Historically, scholars of language teaching have got the advantage of linguistic theories and used their findings to get a better teaching outcome. However as many experts believe, English teaching in Iran has not been successful mostly because of the lack in scientific basis. Many studies have been conducted based on Halliday's systemic functional grammar since it emerged to apply its benefit in language teaching. This research has tried to have a textual analysis on Iranian high school English text books based on the mentioned theory to specify the kind and the frequency of themes in the text reading of these four books. After the analysis of 1303 clauses, the results showed that there is not a definite pattern in organizing the texts based on the kind or the frequency of the clauses and in opposition to our expectations, the frequency of marked themes, which can result in a higher difficulty level of a text, has not increased from lower levels to higher ones. Marked themes are even more frequent in grade one.    

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The present article is intended to comparatively analyze characters and themes in Ofoul by Akbar Radi and An Enemy of the People by Henrik Ibsen. The research methodology of comparison is based on Francois Jost’s theories on motifs, types, and themes as well as Linda Hutcheon’s A Theory of Adaptation. Investigating the characters and the themes of these two dramatic works and despite rather similar characters and the themes, Radi made some very adept differences to impart the sense of localization and probability. Themes such as the animosity of the powerful towards any change in the people’s conditions, the insistence of the intellectuals on their own ideas, the treachery of the close friends to the intellectualism, the abuse of the common in the hands of the powerful, loyalty of the wives, and in the end the defeat of the intellectuals are seen in both works. Akbar Radi takes his subject matter as well as his characters from An Enemy of the People but creates them anew so as to adapt them to the needs and values of his addressees i.e. the Iranians. Investigating characterization and the ways of adoption in these two works show the comparative nature of this study.

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The land of Balochistan, with its vast geography, water and oral literature of Balochistan, is highly productive, various kinds of oral literature, from ancient times, the diverse weather and surrounded by the sea, mountains, plains and deserts which is one of the most important and fascinating areas in Iran. The Balochi language with many different dialects and accents is added to variety of beauties in this land, it is common and still prevalent. Poems, anthems, and many songs from previous generations are still remaining as part of Baloch people’s identity. Amba is a song of Balochi fishermen who collectively reads in the sea and inside their coves and boats as they catch fish. This type of poetry, in fact, is a song that is called poetry at work. These songs have a special structure and various themes. So far, no research has been carried out on many of local songs and anthems of Balochistan and in particular the Amba. In this article, we have investigated the structure and the content of this song, along with a definition of this type of anthem.

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The study of popular culture in literary works is one of the approaches that may be useful for interdisciplinary studies such as the social sciences, ethnology, cultural research etc. In addition to represent the ancient culture of a society, these studies reveal the differences and distances between today's society and the past. Reflections on traditions, science and popular belief can also be found in literary texts. Thus, literary texts can potentially transfer these socio-cultural propositions to readers of next generation. The goal of the present study was to determine the frequency and the manner one can apply these beliefs to Rumi’s Ruba’i. The research has been organized in two areas: "Reflection of social customs and habits in Rumi's Rubai “and "Reflection of popular beliefs in Rumi's Ruba’i. The results showed high frequency of these beliefs in Rumi’s Ruba’i. In addition, the present study showed that the poet was not only the narrator of certain rituals and beliefs of his time; but also he has concentrated on the artistic thematization by rendering the current thoughts mystic, religious and anthropological for his addressee.
 

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Graffiti, which is also called silent discourse, reflects different status of women and men in social structure. Hence, studying graffiti can provide us with salient information regarding their anonymous writers’ linguistic and social features. The present study aims at analyzing sociolinguistic features of “theme” and “style” in a corpus of female and male university students’ Persian graffiti in the university campus clarifies some basic sociolinguistic processes such as similarities and differences in communication patterns in female and male (silent) discourse. To this end, a corpus of 640 graffiti (320 written by female university students and 320 written by male ones) were collected from female and male dormitory areas as well as central library study halls at University of Sistan and Baluchestan in a one-month period. These graffiti were then analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results revealed that both groups had used “love, solicit help from God, depression, declare presence, wish, time and date, swear, poetry, kidding, and friendship” themes. However, “study lesson subjects” were used only in female students’ graffiti while “advice” and “financial anxiety” themes were used only by the male counterparts. Furthermore, content analysis of the graffiti showed that the male students predominantly sought to “confirm power” and “ higher status” while the female ones attempted to “express emotions” and “make solidarity”. In addition, the obtained results with respect to style showed that the male students tended to use more words than their female counterparts, but the latter were more apt to use linguistic elaborated code through prepositions, impersonal pronouns, and dependent clauses and hence had a linguistic superiority over the males.

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One of the prevalent questions in the realm of Persian sonnet is related to its cohesion. In this respect, using a functional linguistics approach, as well as the model of structural cohesion, the present article is to analyze the thematic structure of a sonnet by Hafiz. The aim of the present article is therefore to discuss the textual structure of a Persian sonnet through analyzing the thematic structure of the clause and the organization of its internal elements. Accordingly, a brief explanation about meta-functions is firstly provided, and afterwards the organization of the thematic structure in Persian language, along with the analysis of marked and unmarked types of Theme-Rheme is discussed. Next, using a descriptive-analytic approach in analyzing the structural cohesion, a poem by Hafiz is accordingly described. This analysis not only reveals some important points about the structural cohesion of the sonnet and its thematic structure, but also explains some of the poet's latent beliefs. In the end, it is claimed that on the basis of such an approach, one can analyze the cohesion of Hafiz's other sonnets according to the organization of Theme-Rheme.