Showing 26 results for Shadow
Volume 0, Issue 0 (12-2024)
Abstract
Aim and Introduction
Today, the environment is considered as one of the most important pillars of sustainable development, and the development of other economic and social sectors depends on its sustainability and proper functioning. Environmental pollution has become one of the main challenges of countries. Environmental health is currently one of the most critical concerns of people and officials round the world. Almost all managers and decision makers believe that this national wealth should be protected not only for the current generation but also for future generations, since the pollutants caused by industries are highly costly and detrimental to health.
Active industries are one of the main sources of environmental pollution. One of the necessary conditions for economic progress and the introduction of extensive structural changes in economic and technological fields is industrialization and industrial development. In the production process, using production inputs whose main source is the environment, in addition to desirable outputs such as consumer goods, undesirable outputs such as environmental pollutants are also produced. If the number of outputs is not controlled and disproportionate, the losses from undesirable outputs will be greater than the benefits of desirable products in such a way that damages to the environment would be irreparable and sustainable development less likely to be achieved.
One of the most important concerns related to industrialization is the effects and environmental consequences of industrial activities. Therefore, achieving the necessary solutions to control such consequences is vitally important. Minerals are essential for human survival, but their extraction and processing are not environmentally friendly practices which contribute to problems such as soil erosion, air and water pollution. On the other hand, mineral sector is one of the largest energy consumers which has active contribution to air pollution and global warming. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the economic effects of Gol Gohar mine in Sirjan. For this purpose, it is intended to determine the type and amount of pollutants released from this complex, and also to determine the amount of the green tax of the complex as a solution to reduce pollution and examine the social welfare resulting from reducing pollution.
Methodology
In this study, the economic effects of environmental pollutants of Gol Gohar Iron Mine in Sirjan (Southeastern Iran), is investigated using the input distance function model from 2001 to 2022. Through calculating the shadow price of pollutants, a criterion for determining the green tax is determined, and then the amount of social cost resulting from the emission of pollutants is calculated.
The shadow price of the undesirable output is the cost that the producer must bear if they plan to reduce the production of the undesirable output. In fact, it can be interpreted as the marginal cost of reducing pollution for each producer. Therefore, the shadow price of the desirable output is considered positive and equal to the market price of that output, but the shadow price of the undesirable output must be estimated to be less than zero.
Findings
The products of Gol Gohar Iron Ore Complex in Sirjan, include granulated iron ore, iron ore concentrate and pelletized in the production process. The most greenhouse gases and air pollutants are related to carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur oxides (Sox), nitrogen oxides (Nox) and particulate matter (SPM). According to the obtained results, the average shadow price for air pollutants in Gol Gohar complex for CO2, Sox Nox, and SPM was calculated as 11.15, 3,074.5, 5,529.62, and 1,875.62 rials per kilogram respectively. Moreover, the average total social costs resulting from the production of Gol Gohar Sirjan Complex was calculated as 92,710 billion Rials according to the amount of pollution produced over the period.
Discussion and Conclusion
The estimation of environmental costs is actually an introduction to providing solutions for internalizing and reducing environmental costs, using the input distance function model and the shadow price of environmental pollutants in the industrial and mineral complex of Gol Gohar, Sirjan. The title of the largest producer of iron ore in the country was calculated, and the social cost resulting from the emission of pollutants was also evaluated. Finally, in this study, solutions and mechanisms for reducing environmental costs have been proposed.
Considering that the ability to absorb pollutants by the environment is limited, the shadow price of pollutants, which represents their real social cost, should be taken into consideration. The damages should also be determined based on the shadow price of the pollutants. In other words, the amounts of pollutant emission should be calculated and while taking into account the allowed limit of pollutant emission and shadow prices, based on a legal plan, the environmental costs should be reimbursed. Taking such measures would surely require more studies and capable executive management system
Volume 2, Issue 2 (10-2012)
Abstract
Due to increasing global pressure on the environment caused by human interventions, the studies on interaction of traditional building and their components with nature has been increased. These studies attempt to identify natural building design and determine how to use them in the climatic design of today's architectural design. Building performance simulation enables the examination of the effectiveness of innovative energy efficiency measures and control strategies. Daylighting is an effective approach to allow architectural design and construction practice to have a more flexible design of building facade, and to enhance a more energy-efficient and greener building development. Energy savings resulting from daylighting not only would mean low electric-lighting and reduced-peak electrical demands, but also it means reduced cooling loads and the potential for smaller heating, ventilating and air-conditioning. The absorbed solar radiation acts to raise the surface temperatures and consequently the temperature of the adjacent air layers. This has a significant effect on the generated thermal conditions, which is, in turn, reflected on the thermal behavior of the surrounding habitable spaces. In tropical areas, especially in warm humid areas, the need for shade and air ventilation are most important factors used for the provision of thermal comfort. In climatical and morphological studies of dezful historical context, great appliance of shade and ventilation can be seen. Among the hundreds of ways to do this, one of them is using khavoon (brick work) that creates shadow on the inner and outer walls and increase visual richness of the environment. This paper attempts to understand patterns of the brick khavoon in the way they were used; and to evaluate their shadows. These patterns became 3D using schetchup software and their shadow have been prepared at different hours of day and different directions. The amount of shadow has been calculated and analyzed by the image processing, IMAGEJ software. It seems that such patterns, in different orientation, increase amount of shadow (2.5 - 4.5 times). Given the size of the hourly solar radiation on the walls in each direction, the best direction of using this patterns can be identified.
Farideh Afarin,
Volume 2, Issue 7 (12-2009)
Abstract
This paper aims at a Jungian reading of Shazdeh Ehtejab and thus tries to find the traces of archetypes in the novel. Among the most important archetypes and primordial images that have found expression in the text, one can mention the hero archetypes, the images of water, fire, desert, colors and numbers along with the archetypes associated with Jung’s theory of individuation, i.e., the shadow, the persona and the anima. I have tried to use this conceptual framework to shed light on the way one can interpret different characters of Golshiri’s novel. Thus in my reading the grandfather symbolizes the devil while the prince himself is the exemplification of the hero archetype
Volume 4, Issue 2 (12-2016)
Abstract
In this article, we have discussed the research in the following comparative literature at new horizon and by Michel Butor literary ideas about the concept of border the issue of how to discover the identity Elstir portrait painting model - Elstir is one of the characters in the novel In Search of Lost Time, Marcel Proust's great work -by the narrator. In this study comparative literature uses the literary ideas about the research. In one of the volumes of the novel In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower, Narrator, without any clear indication in the painting Portrait, Elstir, decreased to discover the identity of the painting. The subject of this article, the truth is by the narrator. How to achieve true narrator and his search path for research in new comparative literature. In this study, we have used the idea of literary Michel Butor of the border that is synonymous with depth and intimacy.
Volume 4, Issue 11 (1-2016)
Abstract
Folklore Fictions such as mystery and legends contain magical elements which have been considered since further past years among people. Whereas the metaphysical beliefs provide the psyche calm, they have approved their places despite of scientific progress. Folklore Fictions are one of the most popular features of folkloric culture which has provided the suitable bed for the collective consciousness of a nation. This study approaches two layers including; deep-structure and surface structure of fiction simultaneously. The different forms of magic appear in the surface structure, while the deep structure refers to the critical method of archetype. The findings show that 89% of magical elements appear in the fictions containing the archetype of hero’s journey. Such fictions overlap with the archetypal elements .There are either white or black magic due to archetypal heroes in such fictions, their connections are as if that shadow or the black magic make conflict for the hero and the archetype of old wisdom or white magic guide the hero, in order to remove problems. Their functions are diabolical. The different forms of magic make the elements of fiction which are respectively frequent like: the magical objects, the natural elements, the human personality, the imaginative elements and creatures, the semi-human creatures, the surrounding elements of human, the pseudo-animals, semi-animals, and Satan.
, Maryam Soltan Beyad,
Volume 4, Issue 14 (12-2011)
Abstract
Abstract: Focusing on the linguistic and national diversities, the French school of comparative literature has mainly attempted to trace the footprints of the literature of one country in that of another mostly in a historical context. The rival American school, on the other hand, has raised new questions in this field and extended the scope of research to subsume other domains of scholarly endeavors. The present paper first intends to briefly examine the limitations of the French school. It then proceeds to show how the archetypal approach of literary criticism and the American school of comparative literature can be employed to bear fruitful results in the field of comparative studies. Such interdisciplinary approaches can make up for the possible shortcomings of the individual modes of study and make much of the potentials that the concept of archetype can offer for this purpose. The study then singles out the Shadow archetype and makes a comparative study of the concept in two epic works, i.e. Beowulf and Gilgamesh. It finally picks out a structural archetype—hero’s journey-- as an example, to briefly discuss and evaluate such models.
Volume 6, Issue 20 (6-2018)
Abstract
The doppelgänger (twin stranger) with all its dimensions and effects, is one of the oldest beliefs among different nations of the world. This element, originated from mythology, has survived in various ways in the beliefs of the people all around the world. In some cases, the deformation and nature of the data are proportional to human knowledge. In a sense; the belief in the existence of doppelgänger, originated from fear of death and desire to survive. The twin can be examined in terms of shadow, twin, fetal pairs, and image in water or mirror from the perspective of psychology, myth, medicine, storytelling, etc. In this article the authors have discussed the nature and origin of doppelgänger in Iran and the world. Then, the reflection of those beliefs in the culture of Lak's has been definitely considered a continuation, and in some cases the same beliefs that exist among other ethnic groups in Iran and in the world. For many reasons, it can be said that these beliefs are still highly valued in some of the region's villages and among the elders and they are considered indestructible to their beliefs, However, among the young and educated generation, they are no longer superstitious. This research has been conducted on the basis of field library studies through descriptive-analytical methods and, in some cases, based on verbal statements.
Volume 7, Issue 2 (7-2017)
Abstract
Shadows are often concerned with the study of light and in inductive reasoning light has always been precedent respectively. From cited viewpoints, Shadow is deemed to be a secondary phenomenon and similar to when Comparing between full and empty, shadows are assumed to be the empty quality. In this manner shadows are always concerned to be a “lack of light” phenomenon, meanwhile shadows can be analyzed and inferred as an independent entity and an influential element in architecture.
This article introduces techniques for further understanding and analyzing shadows, also a different approach to the world of shadows has been presented which its new insight and profoundness leads to a novel understanding of spatial quality influenced by shadows as an independent quality. The results show that there is a direct and positive relationship between the architecture quality and light, and recognizing the interactions between these two has an indispensable importance in growth of productivity and richness in architecture. The research is a both descriptive and analyzing study and it is considered a qualitative research. The research method in this article is logical reasoning and it includes a path from analyzing data and understanding phenomenon to conceptual modeling.
It is an attempt to answer this question: How we can present more intelligent models via detecting and analyzing elements and new evaluation methods for interactive relationships between variable architecture elements and factors. There are many shadow making elements in hot climate of Iran which can be counted and exterminated. Any of this intelligent and delicate elements navigate a chain of information, thus without this continuity, information cannot be linked and disconnection of information is one of the main problems in today's architecture and its products. Some exam-able models in shadow use are porches, wooden structures named “shirsar” in roof edge, fractures in the body of building and courtyard, dome and green space.
Shadow has a successful and influential role in architectural characteristics and behaviors. Characteristics as coolness, graphical attraction, hierarchy, depth, graphical clarity, urban spatial quality, time and movement, contrast and theoretical discovery are only some of the examples which can be related to shadows. Shadows are like informative labels which are in flow and movement accompanying phenomenon and as the phenomenon stop moving and stay still, shadows keep moving. Shadows are harbingers for motion, life and dynamism. Fountain falls and dies at the time it stops its motion.
Interactive role of shadows as similar to other natural systems and organisms can be examined through different methods and at the same time this passage can be benefited in editing exam-able elements and parameters in human constructing processes. After evaluating historic architectural works which have reached to proximity and nearness with their own environment and climate, we evaluated and examined shadows and divided them in to three types. These three types were the shadows which were back to light, context shadows and interactive shadows. Meanwhile, in addition to introducing shadow quality and properties in architecture productions and its procedures, separate tables are presented for their recognition and identification. In this passage, tables below present multi directional influences of different elements on each other and the whole system.
Next, a three dimensional model of interaction between three types of shadow in watch stone of “sheikh Baha’i” is presented. This interactive model tries to demonstrate the concept and idea of happenings and events in an interactive pattern based on algorithmic Technics. In image 7 the conceptual model is presented based of an algorithm written in image 8. In two sides of these diagrams hours of day from 8 in the morning to 6 in the evening are presented, the right side belongs to the back to light shadows and in 12 pm this shadow reaches to 0 which is its minimum and after that there is no shadow till the next cycle. The left side of the diagram belongs to the context shadow which its quantity is on maximum on 8 am and gradually as it approaches to 12 pm the quantity decreases and on 12 pm at the time the back to light shadows reaches to 0, the context shadow similarly is 0 and they are both on their minimum and that is the time for experiencing lack of shadows.
This three dimensional model represents the surfaces of this diagram which are created in interaction between the back to light shadows and context shadows and result in compressed and tensed surfaces. The unpredictable result of this model represents the complicated states of interactive shadows which is under the effect of two other types of shadows. Dividing shadows into three types helps us to understand properties of interactive shadows and also remember not to ignore and disregard the edges of drawn diagrams and the surfaces in between which carry multi directional information. The inter-common edge of the two diagrams which is presented with darker color is the diagram of interactive shadow between the back to light shadows and context shadows. Meanwhile in stone watch of “sheikh Baha’i” as of the degree and status of the stone these shadows were hidden intentionally. (Proposed model is written by Grasshopper. This plugin (grasshopper) could be installed on another program called Rhino which works as a host, enables the user to write algorithms and see the results as a drawing outputs (2D or 3D) in this environment (rhino). Writing environment in grasshopper is all graphical and the factors in drawing in all phases of programming could be change and edit.)
Finally, the interactive shadows are elastic and flexible shadows which have the role of interaction and conduction between the two other types of shadows. Creating the diagram models which can represent the mutual interactions in addition to main variables, can have an indispensable role in understanding the complicated behaviors and characteristics of nature for designer and researchers. In this Technic as of numerous amount of variables and data and the multi directional calculations in this relationships, the intelligence of computers can be benefited in representing the complicated results.
Volume 7, Issue 3 (10-2007)
Abstract
One of the main concerns that many countries of the world are encountering, is some economic activities which are usually hidden from official view. Activities such as exchanging stolen goods, drug trafficking, corruption, gambling, smuggling, are among illegal activities, and others like refusing to report the incomes, fringe benefits, and cash discounts for the staff are among the legal activities of shadow economy. A considerable part of economic literature during the past decade focused on the research findings concering the ways of measuring, defining, and determing the extense of shadow economy in the world. Using the “Structural Equation Modeling” and some literature-specified causes and indicators we aim to reach the case study of Iran. Estimation of size and evolution of Iranian shadow economy is analyzed through “Dynamic Multiple Indicators-Multiple Causes” which is one of the most important indirect techniques available. The advantage of this model is evaluation of the simultaneous impacts of all variables on each other, and has fewer restrictions compered to other models. The research findings reveal the increasing trend of shadow economy in Iran and acts as an alarm for policy makers and authorities.
Volume 8, Issue 2 (6-2022)
Abstract
View on Scopus
There are only limited experimental or observational data on vertical and horizontal flight capacity of Coccotrypes dactyliperda Fabricius, 1801 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae), a major pest in date palm plantations throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East. This paper provides a set of proxy data, using actual observations of colonisation rates of Phoenix canariensis (Chabaud, 1882) (Arecales, Arecaceae) seeds in a linear planting array at Alma Park (NSW, Australia). The majority of dispersal movements occurs between adjacent or near adjacent seeds, followed by palms in close proximity with movements less than 4–5 m. While the maximum observed dispersal distance is 350 m, data suggest that a 36 m gap between two groups of palms is beyond the flight/dispersal range of most C. dactyliperda individuals and that colonisation over such distances would be a rare event. Since seed location is aided by temperature-sensitive alcohol-mediated kairomones, the chances of a beetle finding a new seed to colonise over longer distances are increasingly diminished during the summer months, thereby reducing reproductive success.
Volume 8, Issue 3 (12-2018)
Abstract
During the energy crisis and the world’s attention to optimal energy consumption, especially in buildings, the walls of the buildings became one of the most important parts of the design process. In the first step, air locking and isolation of the walls were important in order to prevent the loss of energy. In the next steps, the need to get proper solar radiation in cold areas and the existence of a tool to prevent the entry of solar radiation in hot areas was raised. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of the shading tool location and the optimal combination of glass layers in double skin facade in the warm and humid climate of Iran. The methodology for achieving this goal is to use computer simulations (Fluent software). In this study, different configurations of double skin facade have been investigated. During these surveys, the structure has been considered optimally in the Kish Climate Zone. Three different areas were investigated for the establishment of shaders; the findings of this study are presented as temperature and air flow diagrams and contours. The results of this research show that the most suitable place for the establishment of the shadow tool is the interior and back of the double skin façade. It was also found that the proper type of double skin facade, in order to prevent the optimum from increasing the internal temperature, includes a glass layer in the outer shell and a window with a double-glazed glass in the inner shell. In this paper, the “simulation and modeling research” method has been used. In this paper, the “simulation and modeling research” method has been used. In the software simulation and numerical analysis sections, the type of quantitative research is “analytic” research method and results are obtained based on “induction”.
Volume 8, Issue 31 (9-2011)
Abstract
Aliakbar Bagheri Khalili, PH.D.
Manireh Mehrabi Kali
Abstract
From the perspective of Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961 AD), the collective unconscious, is the source of historical experiences and these experiences are manifested through ancient patterns. Mask, shadow, anima, animos and self/mandala, are the most ancient patterns which are also manifested in literary works. Jung believes that the ancient patterns very effective in the formation and evolution of personality. According to this theory, contrasts and conflicts of personality types and social classes in the poems of Hafez are compatible to mask and shadow of Jung and dictums such as spoiled and distinctness are responsible to define the opposition of shadow mask are responsible. The most important masks of Khawaja Shams al-Din Muhammad are: guardian and, pious. In these shadows, Khawaja shows himself less than what it is, so that there is no or less than what will happen. It has been an attempt to achieve balance, follow through to perfection. In this way, he constructs "I", “mask” and “shadow” bring the unity of the personality of "knavish".
Volume 10, Issue 1 (5-2010)
Abstract
According to the neoclassical approach, input prices as a measure of resources scarcity induce firms to cost-minimizing and efficient allocation of recourses. But when the prices are distorted, the effective competitive inputs are used inefficiently and have resulted in under- or over-utilization of production factors relative to their endowments or allocative inefficiency.
In this paper, the shadow cost approach and system of equations are used to estimate allocative inefficiency using the Iran's manufacturing data over the period 1976-2006. The results show that there is strong allocative inefficiency and increasing cost of production of firms in Iran's Manufacturing Sector.
Volume 10, Issue 4 (1-2011)
Abstract
Regarding environmental importance and the lack of analytical methods for environmental policies, in this paper, shadow price for NOx and SOx emissions has been estimated for the Iranian electric industry. Input distance function is used for estimating shadow prices. The estimated shadow prices have revealed that the cost of Iranian electric industry for reducing one KG of NOx and Sox is 14991 and 17687 Rials, respectively. Estimated shadow prices in this study are greater than the amount offered by EPO (Environment Protection Organization) and World Bank. So it is recommended that any fine should be taken according to the emission shadow price.
Volume 12, Issue 2 (7-2012)
Abstract
In this article, after defining a conceptional framework for defining and measuring shadow economy in Iran a close attention is also paid to a more precise definition of shadow economy itself. It is also tried to estimate it's changing process and size during 1975-2007 based on the new definition. Direct and indirect approaches are also briefly discussed to estimate the shadow economy. Then, the strengths and weaknesses of each method are pointed out. So far, almost all of the researches carried out in Iran regarding estimation of shadow economy have mainly focused on structural equation modeling approach using Lisrel. Here in this paper for the first time both structural equation modeling software programs of Amos Graphics and Lisrel are applied to estimate the shadow economy in Iran. A comparison of the process and output of both software packages is also done in this research. Finally, in addition to investigating the direct effects of the causal variables, the interactional effects of them on latent variable of the shadow economy are also analyzed.
Volume 12, Issue 4 (1-2013)
Abstract
Shadow economy is an important part of economy in almost all countries especially the developing ones. Most of active firms in this part of economy have negative externality on the environment. Considering the importance of sustainable development and growing international pressures to maintain and support the environment more and more attentions have been drawn to the factors affecting and threatening environmental health. The present paper for the first time considers the role of variables like polity index and active population to total population ratio and how they affect the shadow economy. In addition to the main direct effects of these variables on shadow economy the indirect effects of causal variables through interaction with shadow economy are also examined. Since the relationship between shadow economy and air pollution has been somehow disregarded in economic literature to a large extent in Iran and to some extent at international level the present paper for the first time focuses on the relationship between shadow economy and air pollution. The results indicate that on average the ratio of shadow economy to GDP is 12.25% and a 1% increase in the size of the shadow economy raises the water pollution by 0.17%.
Volume 12, Issue 4 (2-2025)
Abstract
Archetypes serve as fundamental building blocks and inherited attributes of human beings that profoundly influence behavior, manifesting in myths, symbols, and imagery. These archetypes possess an unconscious content that has evolved over millennia within the psyche of humanity. Among these archetypes, the "Self" and "Shadow" hold essential roles in Jungian psychology, aiding in the interpretation of individual identity and the inner conflicts of individuals. In "The Dinner of the Cypress and Fire," the protagonist's quest for identity and self-awareness is portrayed through love and complex human relationships. In contrast, "On Water" depicts the character's journey towards recognition of the other half of the "Self," that is, the "Shadow," confronting existential crises and fears. A deep analysis of the narrative elements reveals that understanding and interpreting the characters through the lens of archetypes not only possess a psychological and symbolic structure but also carry unconscious content. This exploration highlights the mental landscapes of human cultures and recounts the behavioral and experiential patterns of humanity since the dawn of being and authenticity. Overall, this research delves into the archetypes of "Self" and "Shadow" within "The Dinner of the Cypress and Fire" by Shahryar Mandanipour and "On Water" by Guy de Maupassant. The findings of this study underscore the significance of literature as a tool for exploring human psychology and social interactions, indicating that literature can act as a reflective medium for the profound depths of human existence.
Volume 14, Issue 1 (3-2014)
Abstract
Estimating the size of shadow economy is of special importance in setting macroeconomic variables and fiscal policies. In recent years, the fuzzy inference sets have been used for measuring shadow economy. In this paper, we present eight new fuzzy indicators for modeling and estimating the size of shadow economy. Thus, according to Lucas definition, we divide the shadow economy into four sectors and define two indicators for each sector. After three fuzzy inference phases, we measure the size of shadow economy. Our results indicate that the effect of production household on Iran’s shadow economy size is decreasing; and irregular, informal and illegal sectors impact size of shadow economy. In addition, the size of Iran’s shadow economy is estimated around 13 percent of GDP, on average, over 1970- 2007.
Sakineh Hozhabr Lake, Khosro Jalili Kohne Shahri, Ahmad Reza Nazari Charvadeh,
Volume 16, Issue 63 (12-2023)
Abstract
In the Archetypal critique of postmodern poetry, we can see clear signs of the Collective unconscious mind. Among these signs is the archetype of the anti-hero. The archetype of the anti-hero has appeared in postmodern poetry in different forms, especially "Anima", "Animus" and "Self" so boldly and diversely that sometimes it makes the reader feel doubtful and confused in distinguishing the hero from the anti-hero. The current research, using the descriptive-analytical method, has tried to determine the position and function of the archetype of the anti-hero in the course of postmodern poetic narration. The results of this study showed that postmodern poets are praised as long as the archetype of the anti-hero protests against the social conditions, and he is praised among the heroes, but when this role causes damage to one's own archetype or other positive archetypes, it is no longer supported.
Keywords: Postmodern poetry, archetype, anti-hero, shadow
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
One of the distinctive features of postmodern poetry in Iran are open images that reflect the society, individuals and social issues. Direct communication and images without individual and social considerations have caused postmodern poems to be closer to the inner layers of the collective unconscious mind of society (archetypes). One of the key features of the archetype is the inability to represent the real world directly. "Archetypes cannot be directly manifested by themselves, but when they are activated, they express themselves in different ways, mainly through dreams, fantasies and delusions" (Fiest, 2016: 126). "Among the range of archetypes, Jung believes that some archetypes have a stronger role on human behavior and personality, therefore he introduced them as "main archetypes". Besides these archetypes, there are many other manifestations of archetypes, which are called "sub-archetypes". The main archetypes include: persona (mask), anima, animus, shadow (shado), self (self)" (Hall & Nordbai, 2015: 57).
"The archetype of the hero is a symbolic manifestation of the perfected psyche, which has powers that the self does not have. Therefore, the main function of the hero's myth is the self-conscious discovery of one's self, which means becoming aware of one's own weaknesses and abilities in a way that enables "I" to show resistance against external problems. (Jung, 1387: 164).
Due to the two-dimensional nature of archetypes, the archetype of the hero has a negative aspect as well, which appears as the archetype of "anti-hero" in the narratives. He is, in fact, a hero who does not have the characteristics of a traditional hero and usually exhibits behaviors that are seen in the villain of the story. The motivations of the anti-hero are usually good, or the one who thinks they have good motives. He becomes a good character whenever he feels that the situation calls for him to do evil.
Contemporary poets after the constitutional period, especially modern poets, due to the non-implementation of popular ideas and ideals, internal suffocation and tyranny, lack of individual and social freedoms, feelings of dissatisfaction and despair and other individual and social concerns, use the character of anti-heroes as an approach to portray these anti-normative themes. This method has been widely used despite the manifesto of postmodern poets to avoid any structure, meaning and tradition. In the face of such a volume of the anti-hero archetype in the course of postmodern poetic narration, the question arises: what are the grounds for the appearance of the anti-hero archetype in post-modern poetry? And what functions does this negative archetype have in postmodern poetry?
2. Materials and methods
In postmodern poetry, due to the poets’ style, we see distinct manifestations of anti-heroes. Some of the manifestations of the anti-hero in the narrative are in the form of references to unpleasant feelings such as fear, disappointment, despair, frustration, inner weakness, complexes, and sometimes in the form of actions such as external violence, protest, being subjected to violence.
In postmodern poetry, the anti-hero appears in the narrative in two ways: 1- the anti-hero who is the main role of the narrative (the focus of negative archetypes) 2- the anti-hero (negative archetype) against the hero (positive archetypes).
Although there have been many studies, compilations and translations about the archetype as well as postmodern poetry, such as Jung's book and his analytical psychology by Farbad Fadai, which is mostly dedicated to retelling Jung's thoughts, as well as the article "Examination and Analysis of the Anima Archetype in Molana's Ghazals" by Maryam Ismailipour; In this article, the researcher introduced the anima archetype and its representation in Jung's unconscious in some contemporary mythologies and literature of Iran and the world, as well as the thesis "Review of archetypes (persona, anima and animus, exemplary mother, self and Shadow) in the poetry of Mahmoud Darwish", by Sosan Ghaibzadeh and the book What is Postmodernism?, translated by Farhad Mortezaei. In this book, the author tries to describe and define postmodernism. The article "Postmodernism and Contemporary Poetry of Iran" by Qadratullah Taheri also deals with the pursuit and the history of postmodernism. The thesis "Investigation of postmodernist elements in the classical forms of contemporary poetry" by Arman Mearaji also looks for postmodern signs in these poems, without looking at archetypes in postmodern poetry, alongside the classical forms of modern poetry. As can be seen, none of the above sources have made the archetype of the anti-hero in postmodern poetry the subject of their research. Therefore, this article, using a qualitative approach and a descriptive-analytical method, has tried to discuss and examine the issue of the anti-hero in postmodern poetry to answer the research questions.
3. Results and discussion
In the criticism of archetypal postmodern poetry, one can see clear signs of collective unconscious mind. Among these signs is the archetype of the anti-hero. The archetype of anti-hero has appeared in postmodern poetry in various forms, especially "anima", "animus" and "self", that sometimes the reader cannot distinguish the position of the hero from the anti-hero. The current research, using the descriptive-analytical method, has tried to determine the position and function of the archetype of the anti-hero in the course of postmodern poetic narration. The results of this study showed that postmodern poets are praised as long as the archetype of the anti-hero protests against social conditions, and he is praised among the heroes, but when this role causes damage to one's own archetype or other positive archetypes, it is no longer supported.
4. Conclusion
The result of the study of the anti-hero in postmodern poetry showed that the poets of this style support anti-heroic actions as long as positive archetypes are not harmed. Most of these anti-heroic actions, which are accompanied by external violence, are meant to express protests and rebellion towards society. This group of anti-heroes, in the eyes of poets, are essentially heroes who have performed anti-heroic actions and are also praised. On the other hand, if the anti-hero has abnormal actions or shows his violence towards positive archetypes, he will be criticized, but still the main characters of the archetype do not have the power to confront this anti-hero. In a way, the anti-hero becomes a real image of the shadow archetype in the poem. It was also found that some heroes have anti-heroic actions in postmodern poetry and instead of playing a powerful role in the narrative, they choose to escape. In the eyes of the poets of this style, if the anti-hero even has a heroic action, he is superior to the hero who chooses to run away and surrender. The extension of this process brings the hero into the stage of "transformation of the hero into the anti-hero" and the result is that the positive archetypes that appear at the beginning of the narrative eventually take on a negative role. Another manifestation of the anti-hero is its combination with the face of the hero. Some narrative characters of postmodern poetry are anti-heroes and are not approved by the poet in some ways, but aspects of their heroic face are also expressed in the poem and combination of the hero's face and Twin anti-heroes are also seen in these poems. The archetypes that appeared the most in the role of anti-hero in postmodern poetry are the archetypes of "Anima and Animus". The most common image used in anti-heroic narratives by postmodern poets is the contrast between "man and woman" in the narrative of the story. Although the anima is a powerful archetype, it is powerless against the power of the shadow in postmodern poetry. The ideal mother is also a powerful and active archetype in the unconscious mind, but in postmodern poetry, this archetype, like the anima, shows its credibility shaky. In general, it can be said that the border between the hero and the anti-hero in postmodern poetry is very close, and the anti-hero appears only in situations where the destructive element of the archetype of the shadow has more control over the individual's subconscious mind. The anti-hero harms both himself and the society, and this is caused by the darkness of this negative archetype in the poem.
Volume 17, Issue 1 (4-2017)
Abstract
Islamic banking includes profit and loss sharing (PLS) and transaction contracts. Transaction contracts have fixed rates of return, which in turn form a base for allocating the financial resources to PLS contracts. In Iran, the rates of return in transaction contracts are determined by Central Bank. In this research, we compute and estimate the rates of return in transaction contracts using the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) Artificial Neural Networks and Radial Basis Function (RBF). This research is an extension and improvement of Dadgar and Firoozan (2012) work. Data used for algorithms is the real data gathered from manufacturing workplaces having more than 10 employees. Our results show that two networks are of good accuracy to estimate the coefficients of shadow cost function, and most of them are approximately equal in two networks.
Compared to econometric method, the proposed model has no sampling limitation. This method accounts for all of 14000 manufacturing units in 2007, and consequently the computational errors are much less than those of econometric calculations. According to the results, the estimated rate of return for transaction contracts is 15%. This rate in comparison with the prevailing rate, i.e. 12%, reflects a 20% deviation in determining rate of return, which causes undeniable costs on the economy and allocation of limited resources.