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This paper examines incongruity as one of the linguistic mechanisms of texts bearing humor. The main question is that what works these texts seems humorous. Humor has been studied from three different, but related, approaches: psychological, literarily and linguistic. The paper takes as two main factors generating humor. First, the problem, the question and the literature review are mentioned. Then it refers to inconguity from structural and functional levels with regard to some humorous texts in Zakani's Resale-e- Delgosha. On the structural level, it refers to words play (homonymy, homophony, homography, paronymy) and the kind of punning andits in Persian rhetoric. On the functional level, it refers to ambiguity/amphilboly and their functions. The results showed that incongruity in the form punning as well as ambiguity/amphilboly paves the way to make texts seem humorous.

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Molecular imprinting is a novel technique for preparing specific absorbents with selective sites for binding to the target molecule. Molecularly imprinted polymers, because of their high selectivity and stability, low cost and easy methods of preparation, have been widely employed in separation procedures. In this study, we evaluated the synthesized electrospun imprinted membrane (MIM) as a specific sorbent for herbicide mecoprop (MCPP). The films were prepared using methacrylic acid (MAA) as functional monomer and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as a main part of polymeric solution and in the presence of dichloromethane (DCM) and Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as the solvents. The template was extracted through washing, results in the free specific memory sites within the films. Then, the synthesized electrospun imprinted membrane (MIM) was evaluated as a specific sorbent for herbicide mecoprop (MCPP). The results showed that the solution with 20% w/v of PET was the optimal solution for electrospinning process and at all different MCPP/MAA molar ratios (1:2, 1:4. 1:6 and 1:8), MIM had higher removal ability for template molecule (p<0.05) compared to NIM. The template/monomer ratio of 1:4 had the best binding amount. We also investigated the capability of MIM to be used as sorbent for pesticide 2,4-D, that is, the analogue of the main template molecule and diazinon, that is, the pesticide with different structure to the template. In addition, we used synthesized MIM and NIM films to extract MCPP analyte from environmental aqueous samples (bottled water and groundwater) and the results indicated successful performance of MIM compared to NIN.

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Ozone is a powerful oxidant capable of killing insects and microorganisms and has been used in the food processing industry in the gaseous and aqueous states. In a laboratory study, the susceptibility of immature stages of an important stored-product pest, the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hubner to ozonated water was investigated. Ozone was applied in aqueous form at four concentrations (0, 2, 3 and 5 ppm) for four different periods (30, 60, 90 and 120 min) on eggs, larvae and pupae of, P. interpunctella. The results indicated that in all tested stages, the rate of mortality increased with increasing of concentration and exposure time. This study showed that 5-day old larvae were more susceptible than other stages (12-, 17-day old larvae, pupae and eggs) when exposed to 5 ppm ozone for 120 min. Following 5-day old larvae, 12-day old larvae, 17-day old larvae and pupae had the highest sensitivity to ozonation. At the highest concentration of ozone for the longest time, the least mortality rate was recorded for one day old eggs. According to these preliminary results, ozonated water has potential of reducing population density of P. interpunctella, one of the most important pests of dried fruits such as date, almond and pistachio, in storage.

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Since arts normally have human sources, they are originally alike and have different forms. Therefore methods of representation in one media, with a little formal change, could be used for the other one. In this research after defining pun as a rhetoric device, its visual equivalents have been dealt with in the world of pictures and particularly in animation. Pun has been defined as: two words are same in form or pronunciation, and different in meaning. Pun is normally used in rhetoric for decoration and make the speech humorous. But in modern semiotic theories, it has been considered as: two similar signifiers with different signified. In this case one can consider two homogeneous visual signs which indicate two different meanings as a visual pun. For instance a picture of a man’s face and a picture of the moon both of which are round. By replacing word and picture we can define visual forms in animation field. In this paper we will offer methodized analysis from visual plays, which might be found heuristically in the artists works.

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Nariman Tirgar Fagheri Mohammad Hossein Najafi Abarand Abadi The restriction of custodial sentences is the importance subject which suggested in the criminal policy of the most pencl system. In this article we dislussed the global efforts and criminal legislation policy of Iran for restriction of custeidal sentence. The main motives to notice of such policy are tbe unsuccesfully costoidal sentence in socialre reintegration of offenders goals of decreasing prison over crowching and preventional recidivism decreasing of expenditure that resulting enforcement of custoidal sentence. Also the efforts for restrictional custoidal sentence in global level has as effects on national legislation with the guiding rules. At this fundation we discussed regional international activities for restriction of custiodal sentence of finally the changes of Iranian criminal legislation policies in before ofter islamic revolution. Consequencely ofter considering the global efforts to criminal legistation policy of iran we needs to supply certain practical method. It also suggsted that to be supply certain practical method with vespect of accepted principal for sentences and with consideveing the international practical method to guiding rules in ordered to suitable used of adjustment to atieration to suspention policy of cuntiodal sentence.

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The Aeneid is one of the master pieces of the epic literature in the world and, without doubt, the most precious model of Latin epic. In spite of the fact that this book could be considered an artificial epic, but even in this case, the truth is mixed with the fantasy, and the mythology of the poet is based upon the neglected historical facts. This article has tried to contemplate the rhetorical aspects of the Aeneid, using the epical text of the archaic Latin poets who were influenced by Grecian poetry. Thus, after giving a brief biography of each author, the major stylistic character which has affected the Aeneid will be illustrated. It is considerable that the classical Latin grammar with its evident difference from the Vulgar Latin had a crucial role in the formation of the rhetorical style in the Aeneid.  

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The seeds of ten pomegranate (punica granatum L.) cultivars were analyzed for their physicochemical and oil properties. Also mineral elements such as Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mg, Na and K were determined by ICP atomic emmision spectroscopy. The highest quantities of mineral belonged to Mg, K and Na. Also, the quantities of ash and protein in pomegranate seeds were 1.81-2.35 % and 6.63- 12.95 %, respectively. The average contents of refractometer, unsaponifiable, saponification, iodine, peroxide, acidity, moisture and volatile matter were the ranges 1.50-1.51, 1.16-1.63, 181.3-187.9 mgKOH/g, 165-179.4, 0.3-0.7 meqO2/kg oil, 0.25-0.4 % and 0.10-0.19 %, respectively.

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Aims: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is part of human oral cavity microbiome and is known to be responsible of dental caries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of Punica granatum, Ricinus communis, and Allium sativum extracts on biofilm formation caused by S. mutans.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the biofilm formation was carried out by broth dilution method with glucose -supplemented Tryptic Soy Agar (TSB) in 96-well microtiter plates. Seven serial dilutions from the aqueous extracts of the Punica granatum, Ricinus communis, and Allium sativum were prepared. Then, a suspension of S. mutans was added to the wells. The anti-biofilm effects of the extracts and turbidity were measured by an ELISA reader apparatus at OD₄₉₂nm. Experiments were completed in triplicate.
Findings: Ricinus communis was more active on S. mutans than other extracts. In comparison with others, the mean OD obtained in the presence of a concentration of 50mg of the plant extract (OD=0.083) was close to the negative control (OD=0.068). This plant was effective in higher concentrations (50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25mg/ml). Allium sativum extract has a moderate effect on S. mutans. The lowest activity belonged to Punica granatum extract.
Conclusion: The extract of Ricinus communis has strong anti-biofilm activity against Streptococcus mutans, when compared to other extracts, Allium sativum extract show moderate activity on the biofilm formation. Aqueous extract of Punica granatum peel isn’t very effective on S. mutans.

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Fumigant toxicity of camphor was studied against the aphid Aphis craccivora Koch and three associated natural enemies, i.e. Coccinella undecimpunctata L., Aphelinus albipodus Hayat & Fatima and Aphidius colemani Viereck. Aphis craccivora was the most tolerant one compared with all tested natural enemies as the recorded LC₅₀ values were 12.71, 6.33, 1.16 and 0.48 mg camphor/liter space for the above mentioned insects, respectively. Subjecting newly emerged adults of A. craccivora to LC₂₅ of camphor vapor significantly reduced female longevity from 17.6 to 6.45 days and reduced the female daily progeny from 4.44 to 1.93 nymph / female, which resulted in a reduction in productivity as finite rate of increase decreased from 1.57 to 1.14 female / female / day. Aphids that survived after subjection to LC₅₀ were found to have significantly higher amount of acid phosphatase and G. S-transferase than non-treated aphids. Inversely, Survived aphids were found to have significantly less amount of β-esterases and alkaline phosphatase than non-treated aphids; while no significant difference was found in case of α-esterases. Camphor fumigant can be a candidate as a control agent against A. craccivora but with restriction because of its drawbacks on natural enemies.  

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The effects of alcoholic extract from pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel on some hematological and biochemical parameters, including RBC, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC, TP, CHO, GLU, LDL, HDL, Glb, TG, GOT, GPT, Alb, ALK, LDH, and lysozyme activity of common carp )Cyprinus carpio( fingerlings (11.73 ± 1.81g) were studied for a period of 75 days. Treatments included different concentrations of ethanol extract of pomegranate peel (Zero: control, 50, 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg of diet). At the end of experiment, all fish were sedated for morphometric measurement and blood sampling. Significant increases in Hb, Hct and RBC in groups 300 and 600 mg/kg of diet were observed (P<0.05). Total protein in groups 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg of diet showed a significant difference with other groups (P<0.05). Lysozyme activity was significantly enhanced in all diet containing pomegranate peel extract compared to the control group (P<0.05). In brief, the present study revealed an overall improvement in hematological parameters and lysozyme activities and total protein when 300 mg pomegranate peel extract was used in the diet.

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The translations of the Holy Quran are one of the most important sources behind formulating the mentality of non-Arab audiences of Quran about the concepts within this scripture. The word " عذاب’athaab" (doom) is one of the most widely used words of the Holy Quran which plays a key role in the construction of the Qur'anic schema of resurrection and life after death. The present study aims at examining what equivalents the Persian translators of the Quran have suggested for this term. A study of 50 Persian translations of the Holy Quran over different time periods, using analytical-descriptive methods together with statistical procedures, showed that the Persian translators have not sufficiently tried to find proper Persian equivalences for this term, and thus in most of the cases have used the word itself in their translations. However, throughout the middle centuries of AH, the use of the word itself for translation has been slowly but steadily declining, but this downward trend has been stopped in the contemporary centuries and most of the contemporary translators have followed their antecedents again. In the few cases where the word itself has not been used for translation, the words "مجازات (punishment), شکنجه (torture), کیفر (punishment), عقوبت (retribution), آزار (persecution), گرفتاری (plague), بلا (plague) and ‘عقاب (retribution)" have been used as the equivalent by the order of the frequency of their usage. Among the above, the word "کیفر (punishment)" seems an appropriate Persian equivalence for the the word "’athaab" in the Holy Quran.

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The question of plurality and repetition of crime in the Iranian criminal law may be approached from three different angles: first is the definition which has been given to the said terms. Despite some doubts, there has been no change regarding the definition of the plurality of crime after the 1979 Revolution. However, as to the repetition of crime, the Iranian legislator while considering the issue of Hodud (God made punishment), has made an incomplete definition open to criticism. Second is the distinction which has been made between two kinds of material plurality of crimes. The legislat or has divided it to two category of material plurality of similar and different crimes. As to the later, the rule of collective punishment has been applied, whereas regarding the former, the rule of unity of punishment or the court's discretionary power to aggravate the penalty has been accepted. This initiation has also taken root from the hodud issue but considering the fundamental and substantive differences which exist between the rules governing Hodud and Tazirat (Judg made punishment), this measure of the legislator is untenable. Third issue concerns the criterion of aggrevating punishment in plurality of similar crimes and repetition of crime. The legislator, in spite of granting the judge the discretion to aggravate punishment, has indicated no criterion for it. This has led the Iran's supreme court to take a decision on the basis of the principle of nulla poena sine lege when it approached the issue of plurality of similar crimes. It did not approved the power of the courts to determine a punishment more than the maximum legal penalty.

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The term "Ḥusbānan" in the verse "... wa Yursila ʻalayhā Ḥusbānan min al-Samāʼ…" is one of the words that have different interpretations in Persian and Latin interpretations and translations. Meanings such as punishment, fire, lightning, hail, cold, wind, calamity, etc., have been mentioned for it in interpretations and translations. The present study, using a historical-analytical method, aims to find the reasons for the difference in the meaning of "Ḥusbānan" and employs a modern semantic approach (associative relationships) to present the correct meaning. Examination of lexical sources and interpretations indicates that some differences are based on linguistic foundations and some on narrative ones. The available hadiths have issues in terms of authenticity and convey multiple meanings, making their prioritization challenging. Additionally, lexical sources have not been able to prevent differing viewpoints; the historical trend of interpretations shows that in the early centuries, the meaning and application of "Ḥusbān" were limited, but from the sixth century onwards, they expanded. In this study, by using substitutional relationships, an effort has been made to present a more precise meaning and application.
 

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The purpose of this article is to critically examine two plays, namely Cambises (1569) by Thomas Preston and The Sophy (1641) by John Denham, through the lens of Edward Said’s theoretical framework. These works, although relatively unfamiliar in our country, offer valuable insights into the prevailing political and cultural discourse of Renaissance England, during which the nation's expansionist policies were beginning to form. In line with the prevailing tendencies among writers of their era, Preston and Denham, whether deliberately or indeliberately, practiced Stereotyping and Othering, because their knowledge of the East was neither objective nor direct; it was merely a reproduction of the stereotypical images in previous texts. Through misrepresenting the East and its people, their works became a part of the broader political and cultural discourse of their country, reflecting a thirst for superiority. It is crucial to recognize that such cultural misrepresentations played a significant role in shaping public sentiments, laying the groundwork for expansionism and colonialism. Through a contrapuntal reading of these dramatic works, we can uncover the intricate relationship between cultural artifacts and the underlying power dynamics at play, which provides us with a nuanced understanding of their impact.

 

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Bionomics of Aphis gossypii Glover and its predators Coccinella septempunctata L. and Hippodamia variegata Goeze were studied in Varamin (Tehran Province) during 11th May to 5th October 2006 on eggplant crop, with the interaction (density dependence) between the aphid and either of the predators determined. The reliable sample size (number of leaves) with a maximum variation of 6.73% was about 56. The index of dispersion, regression models (Taylor and Iwao), Morisita’s index as well as Lloyd’s mean crowding to mean were employed to estimate the spatial distribution pattern of the insects. The results indicated that the highest population densities of A. gossypii, C. septempunctata and H. variegata occurred in 8th June (11.62 per leaf), 17th August (0.36 per leaf) and 3rd August (2.11 per leaf), respectively. The index of dispersion, regression models (Taylor and Iwao), Morisita’s index and Lloyd’s mean crowding to mean showed aggregated distribution for all species. The linear regression model between prey and predators’ population densities showed a density independent predation by C. septempunctata and H. variegata on A. gossypii. This study indicated that spatial distribution parameters of the cotton aphid and its natural enemies can be employed to outline a sampling program and to estimate the population densities of these insects for use in integrated pest management programs.

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In this paper, stabilization conditions and controller design for a class of nonlinear systems are proposed. The proposed method is based on the nonlinear feedback, quadratic Lyapunov function and heuristic slack matrices definition. These slack matrices in null products are derived using the properties of the system dynamics. Based on the Lyapunov stability theorem and Sum of Squares (SOS) decomposition techniques, the conditions are derived in terms of SOS. This approach has two main advantages. First, using the polynomial model, the proposed method uses the polynomial state space matrices in the model description. Therefore, it does not need any existing modeling methods such as the Takagi Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model which can be a source of conservativeness in the control design conditions, because the membership function information cannot be used completely in the derivation of the controller design conditions. Second, using slack matrices, one can find the matrices that leads to applicable controller design which this means it provides extra degrees of freedom. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, a PMSM is considered in the numerical simulation.

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This paper considers the problem of stable limit cycles generating in a class of uncertain nonlinear systems which leads to stable oscillations in the system’s output.This is a wanted behavior in many practical engineering problems. For this purpose, first the equation of the desirable limit cycle is achieved according to shape, amplitude and frequency of the required output oscillations. Then, the nonlinear control law is designed such that the phase portrait of the closed-loop system includes this stable limit cycle. The design of controller is based on the Lyapunov stability theorem which is suitable for stability analysis of the positive limit sets (the stable limit cycle is a positive limit set for the nonlinear dynamicl system). The proposed robust controller consists of two parts: nominal control law and additional term which guarantees the robust performance and vanishing the effect of uncertain terms. Finally, to show the applicability of the proposed method, an inertia pendulum system (with parametric uncertainties in its dynamical equations) is considered and the robust output oscillations are achieved by creating the desirable limit cycle in the close-loop system.

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Since the last few years, criminal policy authorities of Iran started to withdraw their previous emphasis on repressive approaches and under the impact of criminological studies and translation of policy initiatives in western countries new concept and vocabulary were entered into official discourse and criminal justice policy of Iran. Consequently, a list of community-based approaches to criminal justice system such as community-based punishment, community-based settlement council, community policing and community crime prevention became integral parts of the third and fourth 5-year Development plan (2000-4 & 2005-9) and the Second Judicial Reform Plan (2004-8) very rapidly. Regardless of how these ideas and policies are introduced to the Iranian criminal policy, the most important questions should be asked in this field are that to what extent thes policies will meet current needs of criminal policy of Iran? To what extent community-based approaches are adapted to socio-economic, cultural and political contexts in Iran? It seems that, successful reforms in the area of public participation in criminal justice needs to some pre-conditions such as; structural changes, cultural capacity building and understanding the principles or rationales which are standing behind each of these reforms. Our effort in this article is to describe and criticize two important aspects of community-based approach to criminal justice in Iran; Community-based punishments and settlement councils.