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Showing 7 results for Psychoanalysis
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
This study explores how Lacanian psychoanalysis governs and understands the mother-child relationships in Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie (1944/2014) and Darren Aronofsky’s Black Swan (2010). In so doing, the primary purpose of this study has been to establish the links between the central characters' behaviors and the psychoanalytic concept of 'deferral of desire’.' The research proposes a novel aspect of 'psychoanalytic meaning' by basing it on the counter-intuitive process of evading the jouissance of actualizing and immersing oneself in one's object of desire. To support the proposition mentioned above, this study has explored the eventual fate of the children in Black Swan (Nina), and The Glass Menagerie (Tom and Laura), analyzing their respective experiences of (dis)satisfaction after their ultimate success or failure in their attempts to attain their objects of desire. This study has employed the Lacanian psychoanalytic concepts of the objet petit a and register theory to posit that satisfaction lies not in obtaining one’s object of desire, but in repeatedly failing to do so, due to the fact that possessing the object of desire shatters the lack which is the necessary condition of maintaining the desirability of the object of desire. The article concludes that while we are intuitively equipped to think of satisfaction as the effect of the realization of the object of one's desire, psychoanalytically speaking, satisfaction is found in precisely the opposite direction, that is, in a repeated failure to obtain the object of one's desire.
Hossein Ali Ghobadi,
Volume 2, Issue 7 (12-2009)
Volume 2, Issue 7 (12-2009)
Abstract
Among the various critical approaches to literary works, psychoanalytical criticism is of special eminence. Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, was able to introduce a new reading of literary and mythical texts as well as art works to his readers, based on his new and innovatory perception of human mind and his discoveries of new aspects of human existence. His tendency to analyze the author's psyche through his/her work(s) is his greatest achievement in this field. After him, psychoanalytical criticism was subject to many developments. Jung, Adler, Ernest Jones, and Erik Erikson were amongst those whose activities have had magnificent effects on the development and evolution of this critical method. As a result of these developments, the practice of analyzing the characters of a literary work from a psychoanalytic perspective was pursued by Freud's pupils, and in particular by Ernest Jones and this critical approach became one of the most remarkable methods of literary work analysis.Due to its dynamic and structured nature, the method still remains a pre-eminent and well-known trend in modern psychoanalytical criticism. Thus in this study we have tried to analyze and scrutinize the character of "Zal" in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh from a psychoanalytical viewpoint in order to shed light on his psychic features. We have chosen Alfred Adler's psychoanalytic speculations on the inferiority complex, superiority, and compensation as our methodological guideline.
Volume 7, Issue 30 (12-2019)
Abstract
Psychoanalysts and psychologists of different schools have analyzed fairy tales for psychoanalytic purposes. Bruno Bettelheim, a Freudian thinker, seeks to show how fairy tales, using imaginary faces, shape the process of healthy human development and make the process of development interesting and acceptable for the child. The Limped Deer tale helps children figuratively to learn how to manage the two conflicting feelings of love and hatred toward their parents and to preserve the image of the loving parents. In the story, when children leave home, it means that self-care and individualism require leaving home. Running away from the demon is a symbol of the child's conceptualization of the dangers of adolescence as imaginatively disturbing creatures. Siblings are symbols of the need to assimilate conflicting human and animal tendencies within themselves to achieve real development. The whale swallowing the sister represents an unreal death to reach a higher existence. "Replacement", "adjustment and modernization of deep psychological conflicts", "individuality and identity independence", "psychological extraversion", "personality integration", "mental, psychological and social order", "the cultivation of the imagination" are all the most important functions which are extracted from the Limped Deer. Therefore, it is concluded that fairy tales can address the fundamental problems of the child's maturity process figuratively and resolve them in an imaginative and indirect way.
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Volume 10, Issue 37 (5-2017)
Volume 10, Issue 37 (5-2017)
Abstract
War has caused the most terrible kind of fear, stress, anxiety and frustration for those people who have been or not involved in it, as a result above mentioned parameters emerged in war and holy defense’s related works. The Scorched earth was written to show imposed war and its tension. It can be analyzed from different perspective such as Froid’s psychoanalysis theory.in this novel the effect and features of war and defense against the enemy is stated. The aim of this study is to analyze fear, anxiety and defensive mechanism in The Scorched earth. The present study uses a descriptive and analytical method. some people use defensive mechanism in order to lesson the mental injuries that is caused by fear and anxiety of war, defensive actions such as taking drug, repressing the memories, escaping from situations, insulting the enemies, saying prays, and crying over martyrs .the memories, escaping from situations, insulting the enemies, saying prays, and crying over martyrs .
Volume 10, Issue 45 (8-2022)
Abstract
Research background:
So far, no research has been done about the krait totem in Baloch folklore and literature. Some of the studies that are slightly related to the present research are:
1. Totemic reading of the animal motifs of the Halil River Jiroft civilization (3rd millennium BC) by Sehatmanesh (2018): In this article, the author examines the animal motifs discovered in Halilrud based on totemism and concludes that about 47% of the discovered motifs are related to animals. This article indicates the importance and sanctity of animals in this area of civilization.
2. Metamorphosis of blood into a snake in Garshaaspnaameh byEmami et al. (2013): In this article, the authors investigate the mystery of finding a snake from blood. One of the findings of this article is emphasizing the connection between snake and blood.
3. A new species of cobra and its registration in Iran by Abtin et al. (2016): This article identifies and examines a new species of a black snake that lives in Baluchistan. This research is based on environmental sciences and biology, and it is related to the present research only because of the investigation and stabilization of the krait in Balochistan.
Research purposes, questions, and assumptions
In this research, we examined how the krait became a totem and its continuation over many centuries. We wanted to know how krait is presented as a totem and what its connection is with the structures of Baloch consciousness. The continuity of a totem until now is another important psychological issue. The answer to why this continuity is based on Freudian-Lacanian psychoanalysis will provide a more accurate understanding of Balochi popular culture and literature.
In the present study, after explaining and describing the krait totem in Balochi popular culture and literature, using the theoretical approaches of Freud and Lacan in the field of psychoanalysis, with a descriptive-analytical method and based on the author's field research in Balochistan, we examined the emergence, continuity, and function of this totem in Balochi popular culture and literature. The most important research questions are:
1. What is the position of the Bungarus totem in Balochi popular culture and literature?
2. What are the psychoanalytic principles of the formation and continuation of the Bungarus totem in Baloch culture?
Main discussion
Baloch is one of the ancient tribes that has still preserved many of its very old customs and traditions. There are still signs of belief in some animal and plant totems among the Baloch. One of the most significant and enduring Baloch totems is a type of cobra known as the "krait" (seyahmaar) in Baluchistan. This type of snake, whose scientific name is Bungarus, lives in most areas of Balochistan. Baluchistan black snake with the scientific name B. persicus is registered globally.
The snake has been very important in the field of ancient Baluch civilizations, like in other regions of Iran. This importance can be seen in the ancient artifacts extracted from the living areas of the Baloch people. Bompur, Jiroft, Shahdad, Yahya, Mehregareh, and Shahresukhte are the most significant ancient sites where Baloch people live. Other material productions of the cultures such as Yahya, Shahdad, Jiroft, Bompur, and Shahresukhte are noticeable (Moradi, 2014, p. 132). According to the belief of the believers in this totem, finding killers of their kind and biting and killing them is one of the special abilities of this snake.
The krait in Balochistan is more than any other symbol associated with the phallus. As in the popular culture and literature of most nations of the world, "snake has been considered as a symbol of annoyance, masculinity, depression, revenge, misogyny, messaging, sloth, cunning, intellect, power, death, generation, renewal, temptation, intelligence, etc." (Yahaghi, 2012, p. 737).
Conclusion
The krait is one of the most dangerous and deadly snakes in the Balochistan region. This snake has had a significant presence in Balochi popular culture and literature due to its connection with issues related to life and death, and the functions and symbols related to it. Due to its association with the phallus, reproduction, and gestation, the krait has become one of the most important Baloch totems in the field of symbolism. Based on the psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Lacan, the krait totem is, above all, a symbol of the phallus and fertility and gestation, and it is an ancient sign of the problem of monogamy, reproduction, and the awareness of the father's role in it. This totem is the crystallization of fear and hope, desire and avoidance.
References
Moradi, H. (2014). The origin of the snake motif in the cultural materials of the third millennium BC in southeastern Iran; a sign of connection with Eilam and Mesopotamia. Archaeological Studies, 7(2), 131-148.
Yaahaghi, M. J. (2011). Culture of myths and stories in Persian literature. Contemporary Culture.
Majid Houshangi, Mahdiyeh Tahmasebi,
Volume 16, Issue 62 (10-2023)
Volume 16, Issue 62 (10-2023)
Abstract
The centrality of psychoanalytic criticism is the interaction between the field of art, especially literature, with psychoanalytic subjects, in this method, the subject of the text becomes a platform for recognizing the signs, roots and factors of psychosis in the three axes of the author, the text (structure and characters) and the audience; And in rare cases, it will become a method of overcoming crisis and a tool for psychotherapy. In this field, the category of anxiety and obsession is one of the important topics that have been discussed in psychology with different cognitive approaches, and it can be one of the practical topics in the text-oriented analysis of literary works. On the other hand, Golshiri's works have a high capacity for psychoanalytical analysis due to his knowledge of psychology and the conscious application of its techniques and important features in processing and strengthening personality. Therefore, this research has investigated the category of anxiety in the collection of stories " Namazkhaneye Kochake Man " with a descriptive-analytical method and has concluded that the root of anxiety in the characters of these stories is the fear of an accident. Unfortunate is in the future and the characters often turn to the basic response of avoiding the situation and basic defense mechanisms. Most of the characters are suffering from depression, anger and isolation in the face of anxiety, which will represent this crisis in various behavioral signs such as alcohol consumption, insomnia and restlessness, aggression and screaming. In general, anxiety and depression can be considered as the dominant aspect in this collection.
Extended abstract
Psychoanalytic criticism is the interaction between the field of art and literature, with psychoanalytic subjects. In this method, the subject of the text becomes a platform for recognizing the signs, roots and factors of psychosis in the three axes of the author, the text (structure and characters) and the audience; And in rare cases, it will become a method of overcoming crisis and a tool for psychotherapy. In this field, the category of anxiety and obsession is one of the important topics that have been discussed in psychology with different cognitive approaches, and it can be one of the practical topics in the text-oriented analysis of literary works. On one hand, Golshiri's works have a high capacity for psychoanalytical analysis due to his knowledge of psychology and the conscious application of its techniques and important features in processing and strengthening personality. Therefore, this research has investigated the category of anxiety in the collection of stories "Namazkhaneye Koochake Man" with a descriptive-analytical method and has concluded that the root of anxiety in the characters of these stories is the fear of an accident. On the other hand, psychologists associate anxiety with a general feeling of restlessness and worry and believe that anxiety is the thought or imagination of threats that we may face in the future. So, anxiety is an unpleasant emotion that we usually describe with words such as worry, tension and fear. Freud believes that the first experience of anxiety that every person faces in life is birth, (Freud, 2021: 166) because birth is the moment of separation of the child from the mother. But later he changed his opinion to the fact that anxiety is the result of the conflict between unconscious sexual desires or aggression and mutual threats from external commands or reality.
Psychologists also distinguish between fear and anxiety. The difference between fear and anxiety is that in fear, the cause of danger is external, but in anxiety, the person's own internal conditions are the cause of danger, and both are mental reactions to danger. So our immediate reaction in the situation of danger is known as fear, but anxiety does not occur only at the moment of danger. In presenting different types of anxiety one should consider Freud's theory. He mentions three types of anxiety: 1. Real anxiety, which is a kind of normal fear and its cause is threats caused by dangers in the real world. 2. Neurotic anxiety, which is a threat from the institution and is much more difficult to cope with, because the institution is completely unconscious. 3. Moral anxiety that comes from command threats. As a result of this analysis, according to the presented theoretical foundations and examining the relationships between internal and external factors with anxiety, it will lead to general results. In the first story of this collection, "Namāzkhane-ye Koochak-e Man", the presence of social and pervasive anxiety in the narrator's personality is prominent. The two main factors of the formation of these anxieties in him are heredity and living environment. The presence of anxiety in the narrator has caused him to find a recluse character and turn more to the irrational response of avoidance; which led to the continuation of his anxiety and rumination and focus on himself has drowned him more than before. By convincing himself and using the defense mechanism of argumentation, the narrator has considered the subject of his anxiety as a part of his being, and the same subject is pervasive anxiety disorder and constant worry about losing the appendage. The disorder has a negative effect on his interpersonal and emotional relationships and disrupts his life to a great extent.
In the story "Aksi Baraye Qāb-e Akse Khali-ye Man", anxiety has become the basis for changing the behavior of prisoners and, in general, the feeling of anger was caused by anxiety. In the story " Har do Ruye Sekkeh", the old man's perfectionism and loneliness will become the main cause of anxiety and, as a result, anger and aggression and finally depression was apparent. Akhtar's anxiety in the story "Gorg" is manifested in the form of phobia of animals, that is, wolves, which causes him to become isolated. The presence of two features of focusing on the anxiety-causing issue and irrational response to anxiety are more prominent in this story. In the story "Arusak-e Chini-ye Man", Maryam reconstructs herself in the form of a game and by using the defense mechanism of displacement, and she releases her negative experiences and emotions with the help of her doll. In this story, the two components of anger and depression caused by anxiety are more pronounced. In the story "Masum-e Avval", the fear of the presence of the scarecrow and environmental conditions are the main causes of anxiety in the city's residents and anxiety at the end of the story becomes a part of the narrator. In the story "Masum Dovvom", the cause of anxiety in Mustafa is guilt, and environmental factors cause anxiety in four of the characters. The defense mechanism of projection plays an important role in relieving anxiety in this narrative. In the story of " Masum-e Sevvom", the presence of personality disorders in the teacher, his passing from reality, and the use of the defensive mechanism of identification are the main factors and results of anxiety. The character of the narrator in the story "Masum-e Chaharom" is anxiety resulting from an external matter and fear of the proximity of opponents. Depression, as a common consequence of anxiety disorders, is seen in some way in all anxious personalities and even leads to suicide. Other frequent consequences of anxiety in personalities are sleep disturbance, self-blame, thinking and focusing on a stressful issue, and feeling angry and aggressive. The anxiety of people has a growing trend; To the extent that it often leads to the death of people. It can be concluded that from the author's point of view, anxiety causes a lot of personal helplessness and is paralyzing. Apart from the story of “Masum-e Sevvom”, where anxiety is caused by the presence of psychosis and personality disorder in the main character, in other stories, environmental factors play more effective roles in the appearance of anxiety in people.
Extended abstract
Psychoanalytic criticism is the interaction between the field of art and literature, with psychoanalytic subjects. In this method, the subject of the text becomes a platform for recognizing the signs, roots and factors of psychosis in the three axes of the author, the text (structure and characters) and the audience; And in rare cases, it will become a method of overcoming crisis and a tool for psychotherapy. In this field, the category of anxiety and obsession is one of the important topics that have been discussed in psychology with different cognitive approaches, and it can be one of the practical topics in the text-oriented analysis of literary works. On one hand, Golshiri's works have a high capacity for psychoanalytical analysis due to his knowledge of psychology and the conscious application of its techniques and important features in processing and strengthening personality. Therefore, this research has investigated the category of anxiety in the collection of stories "Namazkhaneye Koochake Man" with a descriptive-analytical method and has concluded that the root of anxiety in the characters of these stories is the fear of an accident. On the other hand, psychologists associate anxiety with a general feeling of restlessness and worry and believe that anxiety is the thought or imagination of threats that we may face in the future. So, anxiety is an unpleasant emotion that we usually describe with words such as worry, tension and fear. Freud believes that the first experience of anxiety that every person faces in life is birth, (Freud, 2021: 166) because birth is the moment of separation of the child from the mother. But later he changed his opinion to the fact that anxiety is the result of the conflict between unconscious sexual desires or aggression and mutual threats from external commands or reality.
Psychologists also distinguish between fear and anxiety. The difference between fear and anxiety is that in fear, the cause of danger is external, but in anxiety, the person's own internal conditions are the cause of danger, and both are mental reactions to danger. So our immediate reaction in the situation of danger is known as fear, but anxiety does not occur only at the moment of danger. In presenting different types of anxiety one should consider Freud's theory. He mentions three types of anxiety: 1. Real anxiety, which is a kind of normal fear and its cause is threats caused by dangers in the real world. 2. Neurotic anxiety, which is a threat from the institution and is much more difficult to cope with, because the institution is completely unconscious. 3. Moral anxiety that comes from command threats. As a result of this analysis, according to the presented theoretical foundations and examining the relationships between internal and external factors with anxiety, it will lead to general results. In the first story of this collection, "Namāzkhane-ye Koochak-e Man", the presence of social and pervasive anxiety in the narrator's personality is prominent. The two main factors of the formation of these anxieties in him are heredity and living environment. The presence of anxiety in the narrator has caused him to find a recluse character and turn more to the irrational response of avoidance; which led to the continuation of his anxiety and rumination and focus on himself has drowned him more than before. By convincing himself and using the defense mechanism of argumentation, the narrator has considered the subject of his anxiety as a part of his being, and the same subject is pervasive anxiety disorder and constant worry about losing the appendage. The disorder has a negative effect on his interpersonal and emotional relationships and disrupts his life to a great extent.
In the story "Aksi Baraye Qāb-e Akse Khali-ye Man", anxiety has become the basis for changing the behavior of prisoners and, in general, the feeling of anger was caused by anxiety. In the story " Har do Ruye Sekkeh", the old man's perfectionism and loneliness will become the main cause of anxiety and, as a result, anger and aggression and finally depression was apparent. Akhtar's anxiety in the story "Gorg" is manifested in the form of phobia of animals, that is, wolves, which causes him to become isolated. The presence of two features of focusing on the anxiety-causing issue and irrational response to anxiety are more prominent in this story. In the story "Arusak-e Chini-ye Man", Maryam reconstructs herself in the form of a game and by using the defense mechanism of displacement, and she releases her negative experiences and emotions with the help of her doll. In this story, the two components of anger and depression caused by anxiety are more pronounced. In the story "Masum-e Avval", the fear of the presence of the scarecrow and environmental conditions are the main causes of anxiety in the city's residents and anxiety at the end of the story becomes a part of the narrator. In the story "Masum Dovvom", the cause of anxiety in Mustafa is guilt, and environmental factors cause anxiety in four of the characters. The defense mechanism of projection plays an important role in relieving anxiety in this narrative. In the story of " Masum-e Sevvom", the presence of personality disorders in the teacher, his passing from reality, and the use of the defensive mechanism of identification are the main factors and results of anxiety. The character of the narrator in the story "Masum-e Chaharom" is anxiety resulting from an external matter and fear of the proximity of opponents. Depression, as a common consequence of anxiety disorders, is seen in some way in all anxious personalities and even leads to suicide. Other frequent consequences of anxiety in personalities are sleep disturbance, self-blame, thinking and focusing on a stressful issue, and feeling angry and aggressive. The anxiety of people has a growing trend; To the extent that it often leads to the death of people. It can be concluded that from the author's point of view, anxiety causes a lot of personal helplessness and is paralyzing. Apart from the story of “Masum-e Sevvom”, where anxiety is caused by the presence of psychosis and personality disorder in the main character, in other stories, environmental factors play more effective roles in the appearance of anxiety in people.
Volume 19, Issue 75 (4-2022)
Abstract
In this study, the character of Wahab in the novel "House of the Idrisians" has been investigated based on the theory of Jeffrey Young. The character of Wahab is analyzed based on the early maladaptive schemas and it is shown how the early maladaptive schemas affect Wahhab's perception of himself and others and how control Wahhab reaction to the environmental events. This article has tried to identify the most important causes of incompatible schemas in the character of the Wahhab and to determine which incompatibility schemas are more pronounced in Wahhab character. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the research data have been investigated using content analysis and documentary method. The results showed that the most important causes of the emergence of incompatibility schemas in Wahab are carelessness and neglect of her since his birAth, thus the most important emotional need, which includes the need for security, stability, love and acceptance, has not been satisfied in him. Among the five main schematic domains divided by Young, the second aspect" autonomy and impaired functioning" is more significant in the character of Wahhab and this aspect has emerged in the character of Wahab in the form of" dependency and undeveloped self, entangled and defeated".
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