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Besides the main elements such as setting, theme, plot, and conflicts, any narrative or story requires another key element called character. It is the character that adds meaning and life to each of these elements, transforming a narrative into a compelling story. Characterization is essentially the process of bringing life and creating human figures from the elements of a narrative discourse. Creating and developing characters in the realm of storytelling and art is a delicate and novel task referred to as “characterization.” This process results in the creation of characters that are believable, engaging, and understandable for the audience. Characterization establishes a bridge of communication between the reader’s or viewer’s mind and the world of the story, enabling them to empathize with the characters, understand their emotions, and become curious about their actions and motivations, thereby increasing audience engagement.The corpus of this research consists of short stories by the Afghan author Mohammad Asef Soltanzadeh. The present study, relying on Soltanzadeh’s ability to utilize and develop story characters, is conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner. The aim has been to analyze the use of the element of characterization and the interaction between pragmatics and stylistics in three short stories from the collection “Nowruz is Only Splendid in Kabul,” considering Culpeper’s theoretical framework (2017). The results of this study indicate that characterization consistently follows three elements: the degree of narrative control, the dialectic of self and other, and explicit and implicit meanings within the overall narrative discourse, which the author skillfully employs.
 

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Landowski, the social semiotician, focuses on the subject of discourse and discourse,and thus introduces the concepts of presence,perception, and emotion in semiotics.The fact that enunciation is more important than enunciation provides the basis for phenomenological semiotics.The important problem of the authors of this research is that since in "adaptation"system,we see unity between subjects and "other" or that aspect of "otherness"is not only a passive object but also plays the role of a subject with dynamic interaction.It explores how the semantic process takes shape,and whether it can be argued that the relationship between the subjects is consistent with Landowski's theory of "adaptation."According to the research problem,the authors hypothesize that the perception of meaning is different according to the specific interactions between subjects in social contexts,so the perception of meaning cannot be separate from the context and field of rhetoric,but it is a function of the interaction between subjects in different discourse contexts.The present study has examined the signs of meanings in the ode "Layali al-Manfa"by Mohi-al-Din Fares.The findings indicate that the semantic system governing the discourse of the ode's "negative night"is of the adaptation system.In fact,the interactive and adaptive relationship of the sign system in this poem is such that the meanings of exile,civil war,occupiers are not predetermined and one-sided,but these meanings can be obtained only if the issue of simultaneous presence and interaction of the subject and another to be raised.At the same time,enunciator has used the Apollonian and Dionysian systems, respectively,to make the phenomenon of colonialism and nostalgia unfavorable.
 

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This article explores the effect of iconicity and textual cohesion on processing causal relations in Persian discourse using an experimental method. A reading-time task with a within-subject design was set up. Twelve 3-sentence experimental scenarios and 12 filler scenarios were constructed. Iconicity and cohesion were the independent variables and participants’ reaction time (RT) was the dependent variable. The cohesion variable manipulated the degree of cohesion between the first and second sentences of scenarios. The iconicity variable manipulated the order of the second and third (cause and effect) sentences of scenarios. Forty-eight participants read the scenarios and verified if the target sentence, which asserted the implicit causal relation between the second and third sentences of scenarios, was correct. The RTs of the participants were collected using DMDX program. The data were then submitted to a mixed-model analysis in R. The main effect of iconicity and cohesion on participants’ RTs was found. There was no interaction effect between iconicity and cohesion. The target sentence had the shortest RT in the condition with iconic and high-cohesion scenarios. Also, the target sentence in the condition with iconic but low-cohesion scenarios was processed as fast as the target sentence in the condition with non-iconic but high-cohesion scenarios. The findings confirm the facilitatory effect of iconicity on understanding causal sequences. The results also show that if, for discourse reasons, information is provided non-iconically, the existence of highly cohesive relations between the causal sequences and the previous context can compensate the non-facilitatory effect of non-iconic sequences.

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   The phonetic layer is a linguistic concept that creates music in speech. Such musicality can be both external and internal and can be examined at the phonetic level of discourse. By analyzing rhythm, rhyme, and refrain, external music can be identified, while internal music can be discerned through the analysis of rhetorical devices such as assonance, punning, repetition. Furthermore, the musicality speech can be understood by investigating various processes such as metathesis, vowel shifting, syllable quantity, onomatopoeia, and archaic pronunciations, thereby taking the form of speech out of its ordinary and standard language form.
   The importance of examining the phonetic layer lies in the fact that these linguistic components, in addition  their aesthetic influence on speech sounds, enhance the prominence the text and contribute its stylistic distinctiveness.
   Those Years is the title of a book written by  Jafar Yahaghi, a researcher and professor of Persian language and literature, wherein he recounts his childhood, adolescence, and youth.
   This research employs a descriptive layered stylistic approach to investigate the frequency of phonetic elements within the target text. By analyzing textual evidence explaining the recurrence of phonetic patterns, the study aims identify the stylistic characteristics of the work under study. components such as onomatopoeia, assonance

  Due to the author’s dedication, interest, commitment to using local dialect to convey his message, he skillfully incorporates phonetic elements without sacrificing meaning for form. Statistical analysis indicates suggests that phonetic and repetition are more prevalent than other linguistic features, making them defining characteristics of the text’s style.

 

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The present study investigates the effect of baking temperatures (140, 160, 180, 200, and 220℃) on texture kinetics. It also explores a statistical classification meta-algorithm, called Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), to predict texture changes during conventional cake baking. The experimental results indicated that texture properties were significantly affected by baking temperature and time. As time and temperature increased, there was an increase in hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness and a decrease in springiness. However, the impact of time and temperature on resilience was inconsistent, as it was maximum in the last quarter of the process. The predicted results revealed that the AdaBoost algorithm accurately predicted the texture properties with a high coefficient of determination (R² > 0.989) and minimal root mean square error (RMSE < 0.0019) across all textural properties. Therefore, it can serve as an efficient tool for predicting the texture properties of cakes during baking. Furthermore, the proposed methodology can be extended to predict the texture properties of other baked goods.
 

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One of the important subjects in Sohrab Sepehri’s poems is the philosophy of education and his attention to the basic aspect of human existence. This subject is important because Sepehri had a great shift in his literary and practical life since 1340’s. The goal of research: This research shows that Sohrab Sepehri was under the influence of phenomenological educational approaches and there are great similarities between Fromm’s  and Sepehri’s views in the poetical works like Shargh-e-Andooh (East of Sadness), Seday-e-Pay-e-ab(The Sound of Water’s Foot), Mosafer (Traveler), Hajm-e-Sabz (Green Space), and Ma Hich Ma Negah (We Nothing, We Look). According to this research, like Fromm, childhood has a philosophical concept for Sepehri. Childhood equals intuition and direct understanding of phenomena, gaining personal experience and freedom. Satisfying the human instincts is the first stage of gaining individuality, and maturity is the time of overcoming instincts, thinking dependence, escaping from imitation. Fighting with habits, opposition to imposed education, admiration of loneliness and acceptance of death show great similarities between Sohrab Sepehri and Erich Fromm’s views.      

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One of the most important questions about the Persian translations of holy Qur'an is that which of them is the most accurate and faithful. A translation, which is faithful to the language of the holy Qur'an, and at the same time, recreates the holy glorious themes of Qur'an into the form and structure of Farsi (Persian). In the meantime, the holy Qur'an translated by Mohammad Ali Rezaei Esfahani and a group of Qom seminary teachers has more accuracy and faithfulness than the other translations of Qur'an. In this paper, we review the accuracy and faithfulness of this translation.  It seems that it is the most faithful and accurate contemporary translation of the holy Qur'an into Persian.    

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 Narration (Naqqali) is one of the oldest jobs, which is common in Iran. Some of the narrators (Naqqals) were engaged in Kings Court, known as the “Samar Khan”, “Qesse Khan” and ”Naqqal”. “Naqalbashi” was a position title in the court of Qajar. Some of the Narrators (Naqqals) were “Naqibalmamalek”. One of the most famous Naqibalmamaleks was the narrator of Amir Arsalan. Years after the publication of Amirarsalan's introduction by Mohammad-Jafar Mahjoub, Mohamed-Ali Nqibalmamalk was known as the narrator of the story. In recent years, a number of researchers in the field of folk literature know Mirza Ahmad as the narrator of Amir Arsalan. This article primarily explains Mirza Ahmad’s biography and then, according to one of the most important resources in Qajarid period, proposes that Mohammad Ali Naqibalmamalek was the narrator of Naseraldinshah’s court as well as Mirza Ahmad, and therefore, jodgement on which one was the true narrator of Amir Arsalan is too difficult.

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A 4 × 4 factorial design was conducted to quantify the optimumrncarbohydrate ⁄ lipid ratio to minimize the dietary protein level in growingrnbeluga, Huso huso (initial weight 891.9 ± 33.4 g, mean ± SD). Fish were fedrnwith sixteen experimental diets formulated to contain four protein levels (35,rn40, 45 and 50%) and four dietary carbohydrate ⁄ lipid ratios of 0.8, 1.1, 1.4,rnand 1.7 for 108 days. At the end of trial, there were no significant differencesrnin growth parameters among fish fed with 35, 40 and 45% protein levels. Nornsignificant difference in growth parameters and feed efficiency (FE) wasrnalso observed when dietary carbohydrate ⁄ lipid ratios decreased from 1.7 torn1.1 within the same energy level (P > 0.05). The highest carcass proteinrncontent was observed in fish fed 0.8 and 1.4 carbohydrate to lipid ratio (P

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There are different ways in Russian language to express prohibition and caution. Choosing the suitable aspect of the verb (perfective or imperfective) in each of these structures shall be based on specific lexical and grammatical considerations that may change the semantics of sentences. Since the category of verbal aspect does not exist in Persian language (as in Russian), the Iranian students often find it hard to choose the right aspect of Russian verbs. This article attempts to provide a classification of different prohibitive and cautioning structures in Russian language and examine the role of verbal aspect in each of them in order to find the most appropriate lexical and grammatical structures that can express these semantics in Persian. The subject seems further promising due to this fact that some of these structures in both Russian and Persian languages do not use a negative imperative verb, rather they express the desired semantics through other syntactic methods.

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Nostalgia or submit for the past is a mental state that appears in a person unconsciously and then becomes a thought. In the literature, this state occurs for a poet or writer, who, because of individual motivation or surrounding social, political situation, feels cut from the present time and raises the idea of returning to the past and its sweet memories. Abd -Al Wahhab Baiati and Mohammad Reza Shafie Kadkani, as two famous contemporary Arabic and Persian literature poets and gonfaloniers of the school of literary romanticism, refresh their memoirs according to their personal and social conditions; and their poem takes the color of pain, sorrow and yearning for the past and induces an atmosphere of submit and nostalgia to the audience. Therefore, in this research, the authors, using Hermeneutics approach and content analysis method, review and match the appearance manner of this poetic thought in these two poets' lyrics. The results showed that these two poets have subscription in nostalgic themes, staying away from land, childhood, lover, loss of values and myths.    

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This comparative study, based on the Slavic approach, explains the features of utopia in the poems of Sohrab Sepehri and Nazak al-Mulaakeh, two Persian and Arabic poets, and analyzed and analyzed the aspects of their sharing and differences with regard to the descriptions of the two poets at content level. The results of the research show that both the poets have taken refuge in their imaginative and poetical uranium to escape the reality of their community; and because of their romantic tendencies and similar social conditions, they have both common themes such as escape from poverty and The cruelty and attention is given to the world of childhood, nature and the countryside. But the different tendencies and experiences of the two poets have brought the utopian utopia closer to reality, giving it a national and socio-ethical dimension, and made Sohrab utopia more cryptic, mystical, moral, and transnational and global.

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To identify arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) associated with Crataegus pontica C. Koch, 54 soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of this plant in Ilam Province, western Iran. Isolation of mycorrhizal spores was conducted by wet sieving followed by centrifuge. AMF were identified based on morphological characteristics of spores. In this study, 13 species of AMF belonging to five genera (i.e. Acaulospora, Entrophospora, Glomus, Funneliformis and Claroideo glomus) were identified. The result showed that Acaulospora was the most dominant (30.77%) isolated from the rhizosphere of C. pontica. The Glomus caesaris andClaroideoglomus etunicatum had the highest (17%) and G. pansihalos had the lowest (3.7%) frequency in this study. Results indicated that AMF spores had high variation in the rhizosphere of C. pontica.

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The performative deletion analysis approach, does not assume the presence of speakers, hearers, and verbs, but rather the presence of the words "I", "you", and performative verbs. In the approach of conversational postulates, it is also possible to formalize principles of conversation and show that there are rules in grammar that are dependent on such principles. But according to John Searle, both approaches to the performative deletion analysis and the conversational postulates show a misunderstanding of the place of theory of speech acts in the general narrative of language. Searle's objection to these two approaches is that they both fail to use the sources of current theories of speech acts. Both theories, when confronted with confusing data, assume a solution that requires the introduction of additional and unnecessary components. In each, a correct understanding of the role of speech acts enables us to justify this data without providing these additional and unnecessary components.

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Hesampour ,S. ,Ph.D.
Hasanli , K.  ,PH.D
 
Abstract:
 
Omar Khayyām is one of the most well known Iranian thinkers and medieval poets and his work has been internationally acclaimed. The limited number of his poems is counterbalanced by their deep meanings.
Various studies have been devoted to Omar Khayyām.  However, researchers and literary men alike have mostly focused their endeavors on analyzing the depth of his thoughts as to the inner secrets of the self, his rhetorical questions concerning human existence, its origins, ends and ultimate fate while leaving aside a very important constituent of Khayyām’s poetry, its aesthetics.   This lacuna led to the false impression that his poetry is structurally weak and not endowed with aesthetics elements.
 In this study, we showed the interconnectness and harmony of Khayyām’s artistic lexicon and imagery with its form and content.  Khayyām’s poetical aesthetics elements have been analyzed on three levels:
 1.Artistic relation between poetical elements
 2.Imagery
3. Emphasis and repetition.
 
 

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Sohrab Sepehri and Mikhail Naimeh, the two contemporary poets of Iran and Lebenan, have limited the layers of Mysticism in their poems, which regardless of the their eastern or Islamic origin, have been able to enlive and revive the legacy of literature of Sufism and Mysticism in the contemporary period and in the two Persian and Arabic literature. They have also been able to consider the concerns and demands of contemporary humans trapped in the social and political problems of themselves. The current research is looking for identifying Mysticism and Sufism themes in the poems of two poets, which made their poets more similar and more privileged or more distinct from other contemporary poets. We can mention some Mystical contents (roots) including intuition unity, soul’s unity with the universe, sufical solitude, love and its contraction with reason (wisdom), naturalism, sufical optimistic, explanation of good system, death of Mystical friendship, and being oppotyunist.   

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Research Subject: Removal of industrial wastewater especially from textile and dyeing factories is always important actions to control of pollutions. Using of polymeric adsorbents is an important method for removal of dyes from industrial wastewater. In this research work, designing and fabrication of PVA-based adsorbent with proper potential for removal of green malachite from industrial wastewater has been reported.
Research Approach: For fabrication of adsorbent 4 wt.% PVA was gelled in the present of 10 wt.% glutaraldehyde as cross-linker and punched. The punched hydrogels were porous with freeze drying method. For improving the adsorption ability, graphene and TiO₂ were used. The adsorption of green malachite with prepare adsorbent was measured timely to determine the optimum percentage of nanoparticles. In addition, the effect of contact time and the presence of UV on the adsorption of pollution was investigated. Finally, the adsorption isotherms and thermodynamics study were investigated in different time.
Main Results: The results of adsorption of pollution with PVA/graphene adsorbent in different times showed that 0.5 wt.% is the optimum loading of graphene in the PVA matrix. This value was 3 wt.% for TiO₂. The adsorption percentage via optimum adsorbent in dark condition showed that one minute after addition of adsorbent the adsorption percent increased to 75% indicating the high capability of the adsorbent in adsorption of tested pollution. The porous structure was confirmed via SEM image. By comparing the correlation coefficient for Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms it was found that Freundlich isotherm has better agreement with the findings of the current study. In other words, adsorption of green malachite with fabricated adsorbent was done multi layered. The thermodynamics studies showed that due to negative value of Gibbs energy the adsorption reaction of green malachite with fabricated absorbent is automatically.

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In Speech Acts, John Searle dealt with the analysis of literal meaningful utterances, but in Expression and Meaning, he generalizes his theory to meaning and uses it to account for performing and understanding nonliteral utterances where the speaker means something other than what he is saying. Thus, Searle’s question about indirect speech acts is how a speaker might say something and mean it, but he also means something else. For this purpose, the area of directives is the most useful to Searle. The presence of decency in acts in the category of directive is Searle’s main motivation for researching indirect speech acts. Still, most examples are found in the acts in the category of commissive and not in the acts in the category of directive. At the same time, Searle’s approach does not conform to the usual explanatory paradigms; it’s somewhat like an epistemological analysis of perception. Thus, this article aims to review, analyze, and critique Searle’s approach.