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One of the problems which prevent a correct or common comprehension of a fiction and its precise analysis is the diversity which exists in understanding and using the common terms in fiction domain. Although most of these terms have been listed in dictionaries and used by researchers, there is no unanimity about their usage. Due to this matter, distinction of fiction's elements and the analysis of narratives confront some difficulties. In this paper we intend to revise one of the most common terms in narratology i.e. motive, focusing on dependent motive and independent motive. Hence it is necessary to criticize the most important definitions in dictionaries for motive, to show their credibility and the degree of their expressiveness and to present our definitions. Also, all types of motives in traditional Persian fictions will be categorized and their four functions in narration will be explained. In our point of view, motive is a structural – semantic term that is related more to structural elements of a story than to its semantic aspects.

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Geometry is considered one of the fundamental structures of Iranian traditional art and architecture, and some of its displays can be seen in most of fine ancient works. Studying geometry, as one of the main fields of Iranian art and architecture, is of more importance when it comes to the word of architecture, as it seems impossible to define it without relying on geometry. Architecture has been founded on "construction" as it is necessary to utilize accurate geometry and order; and in architecture, Order and planning are manifested as geometry. In other words, the basic factor that makes different parts of architecture united is nothing but geometry, and through this uniting and coordination between parts of architecture culture the survival and endurance of that culture becomes possible. In general, order and geometric plan assists the designer to predict the course of the plan and design. Not only the Iranian traditional architecture works from the ancient times to the Islamic era have been relied upon the geometric principles, but also the contemporary architecture is based on such principles. This study is concentrated on the exact recognition of geometric principles, intellectual roots and theoretical basics of Iranian traditional architecture in addition to the analysis of the advent of such items in the contemporary architecture. The main aim of this research is to recognize the geometric principles of the traditional architecture and its application in the contemporary architecture. In other words, we aim to answer to the question, what are the geometric principles of the traditional architecture and how is the manifestation of such principles in the contemporary architecture? The results show that the use of geometric order in the plan, along with the application of hidden geometry and creation of geometric understanding through the static sense have been more applied in the contemporary architecture compared to other characteristics of Iranian traditional architecture and the traditional architecture archetypes and motives have always attracted contemporary architects.

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Due to Limited resources and unlimited human demands, it is important for marketers to use resources efficiently and thoroughly to achieve the organizational goals. In this regard, green marketing assists marketers as a marketing strategy, and support environment and customers’ expectations with observable benefits. Automotive industry is one of the reflection of economic and industrial development, and as an extensive process, performs important role in rotating the wheels of economy. The aim of this study is to identify and examine the effective factors on green marketing in automotive industry of Iran. The statistical population is formed of two groups. The first group consisted 8 experts in green marketing and chose for identifying effective factors. The second group consisted experts in automotive industry to evaluate performance and extract indices weights. For collecting data, questionnaire of identification effective factors and performance evaluation used. Confirmatory factor analysis, Topsis and GRY decision making techniques employed to investigate the questions of the study. For presentation of clear and practical results, confirmed factors are placed in Importance-Performance Matrix, and separated to 4 parties. The most important factors are those that situated in second quarter which automotive industry must focus on, and improves its performance in those factors.  

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Aim: Every year, a huge number of incidents of irreparable damage to personnel and industries occur, most of which are predictable with identifying hazards as well as risk assessment and control. Therefore, in order to prevent occupational accidents, the automotive industry is one of the top priorities for evaluating and identifying the hazards.
Methods: The purpose of this study is to identify, control and rank the hazards of actions and processes in the hazardous automotive industry. This descriptive-analytical study was carried out in 2017 in one unit of Iran Khodro Company by using FMEA method. Also to accurately assess the health risks and make decisions for corrective actions to prioritize hazard risks, Wiliam Fine and AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) methods were used, respectively.
Findings: In this research, a list of 301 risks in 7 units including cutting line, assembly line, prototyping and modification, manufacturing, packaging, quality control, laboratory, and repair and maintenance were provided. The results of FMEA method indicated that the highest risk priority number (RPN) is related to the risks of particle swirling in grinding operations (336). Moreover, based on the results of William Fine method, the exposure to noise in the Kissing & Wessich Sersim Strandbauft operation was rated at 540 and 500, respectively, with the highest risk of evaluation. The risk of exposure to noise (Kicking operation) with a relative weight of 0/1904 was ranked the first.
Conclusion: The results of the hazard analysis showed that the effect of noise pollution that leads to hearing impairment in the staff is very high.

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Nafsat-al-Masdur by Shahab-al-din Mohammad Zeidary Nasavi, is one of the Persian euphemistic masterpieces. An examination of the structure of this text, from the perspective of language, reveals that the poetic and emotive functions of the text are more highlighted than the historical information. From a linguistic standpoint, a message could either be directed towards the addressor or the message itself. Therefore, the addressee is basically confronted with a literary text whose language often has an emotive function. As a result, the addressee understands the author’s soliloquy all the time. On the other hand, the author, through using his regular extra-regularity, produces numerous musical parallelisms and invigorates the internal music of a lyrical text, which is an essential component of any lyrical text. The pinnacle of lyrical language in Nafsat-o-al-Masdoor is where the author adds poetic and emotive functions to his text and makes use of a variety of parallelisms. In such cases, where the author expresses his spontaneous overflow of feelings in a given poetic and lyrical text, the prose of the book is quite simple and eloquent. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of lyrical language focusing on the structure of Nafsat-al-Masdur.

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Structural analysis of classic narrative works preapare the way to investigate the components of a story within the language. Mehr and Mah has a complete plot and another capabilities in order to analyze. In lyrical system of so called collection poetic and emotional function of language is dominated on other roles. The relationship between language and narrative and decelerating species can be so interpreted. When the narrator of the story focuses on himself, the (+) emotive function of language is more salient , and when he or she  describes the actions, actors and other phenomena (+) the literary function of language shows itself, because in this extent generally more figures _due to an style of old story_ are used. Descriptions of natural phenomena, the appearance of characters and even the details of some lyric acts like hunting, night wedding, banquet and… reduce narrative acceleration. In this part, the poetic function is apparent. Mental complaints, whispering to himself, speaking with the language inspired by the elements of nature and … because of specific texture that mainly associated with vocative particles has a direct relationship with emotive function of lyric language. Emotional discourse is central to narration and decreases the mechanism of narrative actions. Another achievements of this research using emotional pattern of discourse is to show  the  hopes of event  the hope,  and confidence for Joined beloved.

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Nuh Manzar is one of the lesser-known educational narratives and the only parody of Nizami’s Haft Peykar in Persian literature that was kept unedited and unpublished till recently. The present article attempts to criticize the fictional motives of Nuh Manzar and propose a rather comprehensive description of its characteristics.  This research is basically in two parts. In the first section, the origin, time and place of the compilation, the narrator, reasons for its title, the subject and theme, the style, the expression, and the literary genre are identified. In the second part, for the qualitative analysis of the subject, the main motives of Nuh Manzar are criticized in three parts: influence of Shahnameh, Ayyari, and lyric motives

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The Model of a Global Strategic Supplier Selection in Supply Chain (Case of Iran Automotive Industry) Globalization is one of the important changes in the 21 century that increased competitions around the world in national, local and international tread and business. Thus production transferred from a national and limited decision to a global and strategic issue. Many competition rules and foundations were changed and redefined in the new situation. This paper studies one of the important aspects of this problem, that is supplier selection, considering two points: 1)world class manufacturing (WCM) conditions, 2)Strategic cooperation. We designed a new model that can select a global strategic supplier, which is tested in Iran auto motive industry supply chain management. This model is very suitable for Iran and other similar countries, and tries to find a suitable answer to this key question, that our managers: is faced with Which supplier should be selected as a part of our supply chain, to improve company company ability, at global production dimansions This model is called »Mogbel – Goudarzi global strategic supplier selection model« or »strategic diamond«.

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This article is dedicated to study of Persian equivalents of emotive predicates in Russian syntactic structures. The number of Russian syntactic models serving to describe the mental state, depending on the lexical and grammatical nature, ranges from one to seven. In Persian language, as well as in Russian, there are different linguistic ways to express the emotional state, but they are poorly studied, moreover, they are not clearly classified, unlike their analogues in Russian language. The variety of synonymous models for expressing mental states in Russian language makes it difficulties for Iranian students to select the appropriate model. This problem requires comparative study of ways of expressing mental states in Russian and Persian languages.
The purpose of this study is to attempt to answer two main questions: how equivalence are the Russian syntactic structures of emotive predicates in Persian language, and is it possible to provide a stable model for their translation from Russian into Persian?
The novelty of our study is that for the first time we consider the linguistic ways of expressing a mental state in a comparative Russo-Persian aspect. In order to classify the Persian equivalents of emotive predicates in Russian language have been reviewed about 5,400 examples of literary works translated directly from Russian language into Persian and also examples from Russian-Persian dictionaries. Analysis of collected examples shows that in the Persian language the Russian emotive predicates are expressed with the help of at least 11 different language means. These means can be classified into three groups: 1) nominal model 2) verbal model 3) metaphorical model.
As our study shows, the meanings of the Russian verbs of the emotional state in most cases are expressed in the Persian language by the verbal model, and among the subgroups of this model, compound verbs are the most frequent model, specially verbs by model: noun with meaning of mental state + verb. Other Russian models are expressed in the Persian language generally with the help of nominal models and among the subgroups of this model, constructions with non-verbal predicates (noun, adjective) + linking verb or constructions with non-verbal predicates + connected pronoun are the most common. In addition, our study shows that the translation of emotive predicates in different Russian syntactic constructions into Persian language does not follow a stable model.
 
 
 

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With the beginning of the third millennium and the passage of about 300 years since the Industrial Revolution, the scope of operation and competition in the business enterprises has increased to a global level. Automotive industry of Iran with more than 40 years of domestic operation and allocating 2.5%of GNP, 20% value added in Industrial Sector and 2.5% of total investment in the country has not yet achieved an outstanding position in the world markets. So to prevent unfavorable (but possible) challenges in the future, it seems necessary to assess the international competition potential of this industry according to a contingent strategic model. Reviewing the current international trade theories and internationalization models of firms indicates that most of these theories and models are developed based on fundamental assumptions governing the open market in developed countries. In addition, most of these models have evolved by the post studies on the large scale multinational corporations after their internationalization process. The most important point is that each of these theories and models studied the internationalization process from a specific level of analysis (firm, industry, country, international environment). So none of these models individually and completely can be generalized to address a suitable solution for those firms operating in developing countries and struggling to enter the international markets. The main purpose of this paper is proposing a contingent international market entry model for firms operating in developing countries (like Automotive Industry of Iran) through integrating the different points of view. The model contains four levels of analysis (firm, local industry structure, national competitive policies, and firms’ international relationship with global ones). It integrates and examines the role and effects of four interdependent variables (firm characteristics, local industry structure, national policies and firms’ international relationships) shaping the strategic capabilities and competencies, which are necessary for entering the international market (as the outcome /dependent variable). The model was examined in the Iranian Automotive Industry. It indicates how the international market entry competency of a firm in developing countries is affected by it’s core competencies, synergy of local industry structure, synergy of national competitive advantage, and collaborative advantage and complimentary effect originated from international relationship between the firm and the global market.

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WTO as one of the 118th elements of third wave paradigm and also strategic shift from traditional management to brand management in global automotive industry, are regarded as the most important strategic challenges for local new established automotive companies particularly Iranian automotive companies. This article represents findings of a study which has examined growth models and learning barriers in Iranian automotive companies. This research has examined first, competition issues regarding Iran Khodro Company (as a pilot to apply results of research) by means of SD modeling in comparison with other internal competitors. And then simulates Iran automotive industry sector in a real competitive environment with presence of other foreign competitors by applying two scenarios. These two scenarios express that what are the growth enablers and impediments for Iran Khodro (in micro term) and Iranian automotive industry section (in macro term), whether or not the infrastructures of joining Iran to bilateral or multilateral WTO negotiates are strengthened. Finally, complementary policies for survival of Iranian automotive companies in a completely competitive situation is examined and addressed and necessary suggestions for their survival are presented.

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In the present paper, the authors initially define customs and traditions, and point out the spiritual and aesthetic reasons and motivations of Rumi in addressing it. Then the customs reflected in “Divan-e Shams” are classified into four main categories, namely, religious, Sufi, Divani and social customs. Providing appropriate evidence, Social customs are introduced and classified in more detail.

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Figure-transfiguration is one of the commonly used themes of folktales, which refers to changing the appearance and the basis of existence and legal identity of a person or something by using a supernatural force. Various forms of representation and its semantic implications are rooted in the mythological thinking of mankind. Therefore, in the present article, based on the descriptive-analytical method and mythological sources, the figure-transformation of four volumes from the ten-volume collection of Khorasan legends have been extracted and categorized. Then, the connection of each type of figure-transformations with mythological elements was analyzed. The result of this study showed that in the 79 investigated stories, there were 165 cases of personification, in which the mythological functions of animals such as snakes, lions, pigeons, roosters, deer, etc. were symbolically manifested in the personification of talking animals. Also, the transformation of objects into humans in Khorasan folktales can be a reflection of animism. The mythical essence of immortality and plant descent of man is reflected in the transformation of man into plants such as watermelon, reed, pomegranate, orange, etc. The metamorphosis of demons and fairies into humans and other creatures indicates the influence of Iranian mythological beliefs regarding their demonic nature.
 

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Metaphor is practised in all languages worldwide. Over the last two decades, investigation on metaphor has relied on some perspectives, such as lexical-constructional, critical, conceptual, axiological, cognitive theory or underlined aspects, as well as semantic and cultural pragmatic as the least of all. This qualitative study focused on how semantic component and cultural pragmatic were used to study the meaning and function of Balinese women metaphor. The purposive sampling method was to collect data from various sources and triangulated it into key informants. The results showed two classifications of Balinese women's metaphors, namely physical perspective as a concrete metaphor that depicts their body parts and personality perspective as an abstract, which emphasizes their ideal role. The pragmatic cultural interpretation involved the cognitive process of declarative analogy that referred to the similarity of values. Meanwhile, the personality perspective metaphor produced higher emotive values than the physical one. Hence, this type of metaphor is used by the Balinese people to advice women.
 
 

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Abstract It is safe to say that motivation is one of the most controversial concepts of study in all social sciences especially psychology. Concerned with this controversy, the purpose of this study was to investigate the problems of defining and theorizing about motivation. To this end, the tendency and capability of Iranian English learners and native speakers to distinguish motive and motivation was investigated. Moreover, the problems were situated in a historical context to shed light on the reasons behind them through a structural and genealogical approach. Based on the results all the participants including only distinguished motivation and motive where both of them were present, otherwise, they were treated synonymously. The structural analysis of motivation as a word resulted in a very broad definition: the whole process of moving toward a goal. This extensive meaning, which includes both mental and outside factors, cannot be accounted for in a single theory. Therefore, in the process of becoming a concept and then a measurable construct, the range of meaning has shrunk. It, in technical terms, is the inevitable result of embracing the ontology of analytical philosophy, which ends up in moving toward fixity and identity, by most psychologists. Being aware of these facts can play a major role in preventing motivational scholars from making unjustified conclusion based on their findings.

1. Introduction
The first psychological use of the term ‘motivation’ dates back to 1901 and has been a main concern and a controversial topic in psychology. It is also one of the most important, controversial, and debated concepts in SLL research. The common belief is that motivation is the indispensable factor in all facets of language learning without which the efforts for accomplishment would be in vain, and it can also make up for lack of abilities in other skills. Acknowledging the problems that surround motivation, this study aims at inspecting these problems, discovering the reasons behind them, and coming up with a comprehensive definition for motivation.
Research Question(s)
1. Do English native speakers differentiate motive and motivation when one of them is present (error-recognition test)?
2. Do Iranians majoring in English differentiate motive and motivation in error-recognition test?
3. Is there any difference among male native English speakers, female native English speakers, male Iranians majoring in English, and female Iranians majoring in English in the error-recognition test?
4. Do English native speakers differentiate motive and motivation when both of them are present (two-options test)?
5. Do Iranians majoring in English differentiate motive and motivation in the two-options test?
6. Is there any difference among male native English speakers, female native English speakers, male Iranians majoring in English, and female Iranians majoring in English in the two-options test?
7. Is there any difference between participants who took the error-recognition test and those who took the two-options test?
8. Structurally speaking, what could have been the meaning of motivation as a word?
9. What are the sources of the difficulties surrounding the definition of motivation?
10. In what ways the meaning of motivation has diverged throughout its life in the field of psychology?

2. Literature Review
2.1. Motivation in Psychology
Earliest attempts of psychologists to capture the essence of the concept is what came to be known as instinct approaches. In these approaches, inborn, biologically determined factors i.e., instincts, were considered to be the reasons behind behaviors. Later, drive-reduction approaches emerged to compensate for the problems inherent in instinct approaches. In these new approaches, the reason behind any behavior was considered to be lack of some biological needs which creates a drive for action to satisfy those needs. Regarding the drive-reduction approaches, two different criticisms appeared: they could not explain behaviors in which the goal was to increase arousal, and  lacked the rationale needed in accounting for behaviors which do not follow an internal drive. The line of work addressing the first criticism resulted in the development of arousal approaches the main proposal of which was  that each person wants to maintain a certain amount of arousal. Furthermore, incentive approaches emerged to cover external drives addressed in the second criticism. The shortcoming inherent in previous approaches paved the way for the emergence of cognitive approaches in which the source of motivation was believed to reside in people’s cognition, i.e., mental information processing or thinking.

2.2. Motivation in SLA
Dornyei and Ryan divide the historical development of L2 motivation research into three periods: social psychological, cognitive-situated, and process-oriented. The first trend differentiated language learning from other school subjects because, as the proponents proposed, it is not a neutral subject. The second trend started off as an attempt to connect with motivational psychology and study motivation in actual classroom settings. Beside temporal nature, attended to by cognitive situated period, the socio-dynamic perspective emphasized the dynamic character of motivation i.e., its fluctuation in response to the changes in environment.

3. Methodology
In general, 200 English native speakers (half male and half female), and 200 MA or Ph.D. students majoring in English (half male and half female) participated in this study. These participants were 22 to 42 years of age and agreed to participate in the second phase of the study via email. Twenty novels (both originally English and translated works) were randomly selected from the lists of ‘best novels of time’ provided by the Telegraph, the Guardian, and Time magazine. The word ‘motive’ has been used 241 times in these novels twelve of which, were randomly selected and used as materials to develop two tests: an error-recognition test and a two-options test. The Crosstabulation and Chi-square Test were conducted to reveal whether the participants differentiate motive and motivation in two different scenarios: first when only one of them is present, and secondly when both of them are provided as options. This data analysis was conducted both as a whole, and separately for Iranians and native speakers across both genders. Subsequently, a series of T-tests and ANOVA Tests were performed based on their scores to find out whether there is a significant difference among participants across gender, and language status.


4. Results and Conclusion
This study revealed that ‘movere’ which means to move, is the principal root of motivation. Another word that has its root in ‘movere’ is motive, the meaning of which has become so close to motivation. The results of the first part confirmed this proximity of meaning: both native speakers and Iranians majoring in English did not differentiate motive and motivation when only one of them was present. However, both group did differentiate them when both of them were primed. Simply put, although English users know and expect motive and motivation to convey different meanings, they could easily end up neglecting this expected difference. The definition of human motivation at point zero, as recreated through its linguistic structure in the second part of the study, turned out to be ‘everything that happens and/or is at play from the beginning of a behavior till its end whether the goal is accomplished or the behavior is abandoned for various reasons’. The review disclosed that this definition is practically nonexistent in the literature for various reasons such as:

• the analytical ontological orientation dominant in research projects within humanities and social sciences
• the inclination of researchers and theorizers toward preciseness and fixity at the expense of excluding differences
• the transition from word to concept within scientific fields of study
• the requirements of establishing a construct in scientific research projects.

 

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— Air conditioning system (A/C) of the car imposes an additional load on the engine, increasing fuel consumption and losses. Therefore, any improvement in its performance has a direct impact on vehicle performance and fuel consumption. The automotive A/C system is a Multi Input- Multi Output (MIMO) plant and There are constraints on its variables So the method of Model Predictive Control (MPC) as an effective method. So far the MPC method is implemented largely for this system. In this paper a predictive control method based on orthonormal functions is provided for automotive air conditioning system. System's model has been changed with an embedded integrator, inputs and outputs changes are highly penalized in cost function and Laguerre orthonormal basis functions are added in MPC's structure and it will be shown that in the proposed control method compared to the conventional MPC method, the automotive air conditioning system performance has been improved and because of reduced computational load the runtime of simulations implementation has been reduced.

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In this study, we developed a Joint Replenishment Problem (JRP) model; In addition, JRP was introduced through capacitated vehicle to send the parts. The model was developed as an Integer-non linear model. Cost function consists of the major ordering cost, the minor ordering cost and the holding cost. Previous studies had not considered transaction cost; therefore, we considered transaction cost, which depends on the number of different parts in the order. Demand for parts was considered as constant and the model was solved by using a genetic algorithm. For calculating variable, we developed the present algorithm in the literature. We solved the model for two conditions, with dispatch volume restriction and without dispatch volume restriction. The results showed that the dispatch volume increases both the cycle time and the total cost. The model was solved for one of the major manufacturers of SAPCO. We considered the problem with 12 strategic parts of this company. The model was investigated through the real data gathered from the SAPCO Company. Finally, for model validation, the results were compared with the traditional ordering system of SAPCO, in which the parts are ordered separately. It was shown that the proposed system has better performance than the traditional ordering system. Validation of Model was performed by the numerical example that has been solved in the literature. Keywords: Joint replenishment, Automotive parts, Genetic algorithm, Inventory.

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This paper seeks to describe an integrated management systems approach for the integration of corporate sustainability into other marketing models in I.R. Iran's Automotive industry. At the first step, an extensive review of the published literature was conducted and an original framework for structuring the integration of corporate sustainability with other marketing models was determined. Then the framework was developed by experts with qualitative methodologies such as deep interview and open questionnaire. Finally, the research conceptual model was revised and completed by focus groups. The results showed that Internal Marketing, Integrated Cultural Marketing, Social Marketing, Innovated Marketing, Lean Marketing, Strategic Marketing, Green Marketing, Ethical Marketing and Humanity Marketing are effective in realization of sustainable marketing in I.R. Iran's Automotive industry. Finally, after discussion, some research and practical suggestions are presented.