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Formula is a structural element of popular romances. This essay analyzes the situation of this element in the romance of Amir Arsalan. First, the concept of formula in the field of oral composition is defined; then functional arrangement of formulas is presented (formulas construct linear process of the story, shape the space of the story and dialogical formulas); afterward, through analyzing the subset of this three major groups, qualitative and quantitative effects of the factors such as literary tradition, naqqali's (storytelling) tradition, naqqal (the storyteller), addressee, writer, social setting and other factors depending on this romance have been demonstrated. It should be pointed out that among the above factors the influence of epic and lyric text and artistic prose, domination of metaphorical pole of language and poetic quality of the text and sensible effect of the addressee and the writer of romance (Naser al-din shah and Fakhr al-dowleh) on the process of creating the romance have been also influential.

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In this study, the optimum combination of major factors affecting the acceptability of whey-based Ricotta cheese i.e. fat at three levels (0, 5, 10%), salt at three levels (0, 1, 2%), and starter culture at two levels (0, 3%) was determined in a complete randomized design method with a factorial experiment. Ricotta cheese trials made by mixing whey and milk in a ratio of 5:1 were then organoleptically judged on the basis of the main attributes such as color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability. The collected data were then statistically analyzed using a seven point hedonic method. The results show that the addition of fat had a significant effect on all sensory attributes (p< 0.05). The incorporation of salt in the formulation also had a significant effect on flavor, color, and overall acceptability (p< 0.05) as well as on texture (p< 0.01), whereas the addition of starter culture had a significant effect only on texture (p< 0.01) and overall acceptability (p< 0.05). It was concluded that a combination of 5% fat, 2% salt, and 3% starter culture gains a higher score and could be recommended as the preferred formulation for Iranian consumers.

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Potential of three physically different formulations of biocontrol agent Thrichoderma harzianum199 was investigated in a field trial against wheat common bunt caused by Tilletia laevis Kühn. Wheat seeds of cv. Chamran were treated with liquid, semi-solid (gel mixed suspension) and solid (talc powder) formulations prior to planting. Field practices were performed based on Khuzestan wheat planting schedule and no chemical was used until harvesting. The results of analyzed data showed significant effect of formulation type on common bunt incidence. Tetraconazole (chemical check) showed common bunt reduction (97.7%) and among bio-formulations, gel-mixed suspension was significant in disease reduction (43.41%), but it was next to talc and liquid formulation in yield, harvested weight, healthy spikes and stem height. Talc formulation reduced bunt infection (39.07%) and showed better than gel mixed suspension in yield and some yield components. Conversely, liquid formulation enhanced bunt incidence (25.31%) but was almost same as the talc and better than gel formulation in yield and yield components. General findings of this experiment indicate that physical form of T. harzianum 199 formulation can effectively influence both common bunt prevention and agronomic potential of Chamran wheat cultivar.

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In this study, the effect of carbon and nitrogen sources, on production of yeast biomass was determined as well as the efficacy of various formulations of Candida membranifaciens to decrease blue mold on apple. The media containing sugar cane molasses as carbon sources caused more yeast growth than the media supplemented with permeate powder. Yeast extract as nitrogen source produced higher biomass than urea and Corn steep liquor (CSL). The best growth was obtained in medium that composed of sugar cane molasses, yeast extract and CSL. Viability of C. membranifaciens differed in various carriers significantly (p < 0.01). The number of viable cells in Kaolin and Talc-based formulations was gradually reduced whereas the viability in wheat bran based formulations increased in 4 months and then gradually declined. In general, the formulations stored at 4 °C had longer shelf life than those stored at 24 °C. The antagonistic efficacy of prepared formulations of C. membranifaciens was evaluated against Penicillium expansum on apple at storage conditions. There were no significant differences among Talc-based, Kaolin-based and Wheat bran-based formulations of C. membranifaciens in reduction of blue mold.

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  The date powder produced from ″Shahani″ variety under optimize condition (600 mmHg vacuum and 75 ^°C) was used in formulation of chocolate toffee as sweet replacer in proportion of 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of sugar which is commonly utilized. Then, texture, color and energy content of product were compared with a blank sample having no date powder. Finally, organoleptic qualities of the produced toffee (odor, flavor, chewiness, sweetness, apparent color) were evaluated by a group of 30 panelists. Statistical results showed that the samples with 50% (odor: 3.2; flavor: 3.5; chewiness: 3.4; sweetness: 3.5 and apparent color: 3.7 score) and 75% (odor: 3.5; flavor: 3.3; chewiness: 3.6; sweetness: 3.3 and apparent color: 3.5 score) of date powder had the highest score in comparison with common chocolate toffee.    

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  This study carried out at industrial and laboratorial scale to produce a by- product from pistachio (pistacia vera) named "Pistachio butter" for the purpose of finding a way for better use of shut-mouth pistachios which are not be used as dried nuts, and also considering the importance and global fame of pistachio which Iran has about more than 50% of world production .To do this descriptive- explorative study, pistachios (CT: Fandoghee- Ibraheemi with 16% shut-mouth) were gathered from Kerman gardens, then peeled, milled and mixed with additives containing lecithin, antioxidant, sugar (or salt) and flavoring agents (cardamom and vanilla) and finally packed after kneading and preparing by using pistachios with third skin or peeled. Chemical components of the products also measured according to the standard operations. Produced samples, difference, dependence and relationship of them preparing, by using pistachios with third skin or peeled .At first, 4 treatments from every group of sweet or salt base were made. Then, Sensory evaluations for flavor of treatments were carried out by 5 member instructed sensory panelists, based on scoring test. Treatment with 30% sugar from sweet flavor and treatment with 1% salt from salt flavor were selected which had significant difference with other treatments (p<0.05). Then two selected treatments on society were evaluated by paired preference evaluating method. Sweet base was preferred with significant difference (P<0.05). By selecting sweet base in society, sweet base pistachio butter with vanilla and cardamom were made and again were sensory evaluated by instructed panelists using scoring method. According to the received results pistachio butter with 40% sugar in vanilla treatments and pistachio butter with 30% sugar in cardamom treatments were selected because of no significant difference with 50% sugar treatment and having significant difference with 15% sugar treatment. Two preferred treatments were evaluated by paired preference method on society again, which there was no significant difference between two treatments. At last for studying effect of shelf life on flavor , after 5 months , vanilla and cardamom treatments were evaluated by ranking method using in – house panel, which cardamom treatment with 30% sugar and vanilla one with 40% sugar were selected because of having significant difference with the others ( p<0.05). Physicochemical characteristics of every produced sample with different percents of sugar in vanilla and cardamom treatments were measured. Determining shelf life in durations of 15, 30,45,60,90 and 120 days were done by measuring peroxide and acidity index in terms of oleic acid noting related standard which the result showed high stability in pistachio butter. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics in form of mean and standard deviation were used for quantitative parameters and physicochemical characteristics For sensory characteristics, depend on cases, variance analysis and LSD test, ranking method and freedman test and also two sentence two scope test were used.

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The ‘diachronic approach to narrative studies’ may take different directions, one of them being a typological research on narrative texts, and the other, a genealogical enquiry into the modern ways of storytelling as to see how they have historically originated from a certain group of folktales. Assuming, in the same vein, that some relics of Persian formulaic oral narration should have survived—through functional modification, or even obliteration— into the Iranian literary fiction, this article introduces just one instance of these Persian-folktale-specific formulae, drawn out from a bulk of more than 270 texts whose inscription dates back at least to 70 years ago. Then the question is whether the formula has completely vanished away, or simply alternated between a number of functions.

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Potato cyst nematodes (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida are major limiting factors to potato cultivation globally. Effective use of nematode antagonistic bio-agents is a potentially important component of the eco-friendly agro-farming. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Purpureocillium lilacinum are known for their nematode antagonistic potential and plant growth promotion ability. The effect of seed treatment with liquid suspension of P. fluorescens at 1 l/ton seeds and soil drenching with suspension of P. lilacinum at 5 l/ha, singly and jointly, was studied to minimize the damage caused by PCNin potato plants under field conditions in two regions in India. Both applications showed significantly greater PCN suppression and better plant growth promotion in comparison to solo application. The both application showed the highest reduction of cyst population (75.7%) in soil, female population (79.9%) in root and egg numbers per soil of each location (84%). The potato plants from P. fluorescens-seed treatment and P. lilacinum-soil drenching both applied plots were 33.5% taller with 45.6% more number of tubers than untreated plants. The tuber yield was also significantly higher (35.9%) in both application than untreated control. There was no significant difference on the root colonization of P. fluorescens and P. lilacinum in solo and both treatments.
 

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In this study Zarryn malk to Naqyb almmalk authenticity of the text and its relationship to the Qajar examined and evaluated. For this purpose, fotmula shared form between the text and two other works Naqyb almmalk, the Amir Arsalan and Malek jamshyd extracted and assessed. Although formula, joint actions narrative in classical texts, but considering how the use of different forms of rhetorical distinction, can play an important role in determining personal style and knowledge of the creator. Formula common eight groups of three texts in this study statements formula the beginning, end, descriptive, Among - text, similes, swear, curse and prayer is segmentation. In addition Formula, other common patterns matched three texts, in three verses, names and common spells have been studied. According to the same frequency patterns and same Formula, can be manuscript Zarryn malk text from Nqyb almmalk, story-tellers knew Naseral - Din Shah Qajar court.

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«نظریه عام کلیشه‌ها» یکی از نگاه‌های صورت‌گرایانه قرن بیستم به ادبیات عامیانه است که به تأثیر از مطالعات عامیانه، عبارت‌شناسی و واژگان‌شناسی صورت گرفت. جی. ال. پرمیاکوف زبان‌شناس و نویسنده روسی، با نوشتن کتاب از مثل تا قصه‌های عامیانه (1968) چارچوب نظری این نظریه را بنیان نهاد و با بررسی عناصر بازتولیدی زبان از قبیل ضرب المثل‌ها، چیستان، کنایات، قصه‌ها، و هرگونه عبارت قالبی و فرمولوار زبان در تقابل با متون تولیدی و خلاق زبان، نظریه عام کلیشه‌ها را معرفی نمود. پرمیاکوف و برخی هم‌نظران وی برخلاف گروهی که عقیده داشتند در آفرینش‌های ادبی باید از عناصر کلیشه‌ای زبان پرهیز شود و چندان نظر مساعدی به‌این‌گونه عبارات نداشتند، تلاش کردند که علت وجودی کلیشه‌ها و فواید ساختار آن را توجیه کنند. و نشان دهند که کلیشه‌ها صرفاً مشتی عبارات دست‌دوم، کهنه و پیش‌پا افتاده نیست. پرمیاکوف از منظر زبان‌شناسی، نظریه عام کلیشه‌ها را ارائه می‌کند و حدود طرح کلی نظریه‌اش از ضرب‌المثل‌ها (کوچکترین واحد ادبیات عامیانه) تا افسانه‌ها (بزرگترین واحد ادبیات عامیانه) را شامل می‌شود و بیشتر به دنبال تحلیل ساختاری واحد‌های ادبیات عامیانه است. با استناد به عنوان فرعی این کتاب: «یادداشت‌هایی درباره نظریه عام کلیشه‌ها» می‌توان ادعا نمود که این نظریه هنوز کامل نیست و پرمیاکوف بیشتر به دنبال طرح مقدماتی این نظریه بوده‌‌است. هدف ما از ارائه این نوشته، معرفی این نظریه و جایگاه آن در نقد ادبی است و برای این منظور، تلقی زبان‌شناسان و منتقدان ادبی را از منظر محققان شعر شفاهی و نیز صورتگرایان درباره ادبیات عامیانه جستجو نموده‌ا‌یم.

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Oral –formulaic composition (theory) has been originated from Homeric studies in Parry and Lord Works and is widely used in most languages. In the field of folk prose texts of Persian several researches have been conducted, all of which have addressed the issue of general stereotyped propositions. On the basis of these achievements, foreign scholars have considered Persian epic poems, particularly Shāhnameh, as a product of narrative and oral tradition. With a new look at narrative scrolls as oral epic texts, this article in addition to presenting their general propositions, introduces another type of proposition in the form of epic statements in three parts: a) Propositions indicating the beginning or entry to the scene of wrestling c) Propositions indicating the beginning of wrestling and C) Proposals indicating the end of wrestling that are presented and describe the function of each category. The paper concludes by proving that the scrolls and narrators of the manuscripts had in mind a treasure trove of these propositions and used them automatically when they thought of combat. Therefore, one can better understand the narrative structure of the Persian oral epic by using this method and extracting the assertions used in various martial art.

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This study aimed to produce and characterize solid lipid nanoparticles containing the essential oil (SLN-EO) of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. The preparation was carried out using the high shear homogenization and ultrasound method. The biological activities of the prepared nanoformulation were evaluated against Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae under laboratory conditions. The particle size of SLN-EO was estimated to be under 150 nm (polydispersity index, PDI < 0.2) and zeta potential was negative. Morphology of nanoparticles was in globular form as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy analysis. The loaded essential oil (EO) in SLN was calculated as 92% using the filtration-centrifugation method. The fumigant toxicity of EO as SLN formulation against E. kuehniella larvae was three times greater than that of pure EO. Similar results, but to a lesser extent, were obtained from comparing their contact toxicities. The fumigant durability of EO was enhanced by nanoformulation for up to two weeks. The nutritional indices of larvae, including relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), and feeding deterrence (FDI), were influenced considerably by SLN-EO compared to pure EO. The findings suggested the solid lipid nanoparticles as a suitable nanocarrier for EO in sustainable control management of Mediterranean flour moth.

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Conversational implicature, which is a component of speaker meaning that constitutes an aspect of what is meant in a speaker’s utterance without being part of what is said, is  subsumed under interlanguage pragmatics (ILP) which has attracted considerable attention from pragmatics practitioners and theoreticians. Nonetheless, very few studies have explored the correlation between implicature knowledge and the proficiency level; therefore, the present study, conducted at Golestan University among Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) and English Literature students,  aimed to find out not only whether there would be any statistically significant relationship between 102 (35 males and 76 females) Iranian EFL learners’ proficiency level (High vs. Low) and their implicature knowledge as well as the subcategories of idiosyncratic and formulaic implicatures, but also whether there would exist any significant relationship between male and female EFL learners’ proficiency level (High vs. low) and their implicature knowledge. Moreover, this study investigated to what extent the (sub)categories of idiosyncratic and formulaic implicatures could be predicted by the proficiency level. The results of Pearson correlation indicated that there was a positive significant relationship between proficiency score and both formulaic implicatures and idiosyncratic implicatures. Moreover, among three sub-constructs of formulaic implicatures, Understand Criticism had the highest positive significant correlation and the Pope Q had the lowest correlation with proficiency. In addition, among four sub-constructs of idiosyncratic implicatures, Relevance Disclosure had the highest positive significant correlation and Relevance General had the lowest correlation with proficiency. However, the results of independent-samples t-test indicated that there is no significant difference in the implicature knowledge between male and female students. Results of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) revealed that both types of implicatures are predicted positively and significantly by proficiency level. Therefore, one of the implications of the present study for materials developers is to include idiosyncratic and formulaic implicatures in the textbooks to enhance the leaners’ implicature comprehension; teachers can also focus on the significance of interpreting the implied meaning rather than just focusing on linguistic features.
 

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This article has been written on the basis of critical rationality. The main purpose of the article is formulation of a epistemic apparatus for Solving Scientific Problem. Initially, the paper has posed methodological problems, then responsed to two methodological questions: “How scientific problem, is”and “How problem- finding can be done”. In response to the first questions, two kinds of problems have been distincted: social problem and theoretical problem. In response to the second question, the sources of the problems have been discussed. Source of theoretical problem is scientific knowledge and criticism from theory. Social problem arises from social reality that in a given situation leads to a problem and further creates crises in the existing system. In continuation, the logic of solving scientific problem has been formulated on the basis of two kinds of reasonings: rational reasoning and experimental reasoning. Rational reasoning is a tentative solution of the problem. This solution may be true and false. Experimental reasoning is a justifier of the rational reasoning. These two kinds of reasonings are based on the method of trial and error. This scientific approach was applied to solve democratization problem in Iran, therefore, this article has both theoretical and practical dimensions.

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Fungal plant diseases can severely damage oil palm crops and compromise agricultural yields. To ensure a high crop yield while keeping the fungal pathogens at bay, microbial control to combat such diseases offers a more sustainable alternative to chemical control. It is safer to replace chemical fungicides with eco-friendly bio formulations containing living fungi or bacteria and their products to manage fungal infestations on plants, especially oil palm. This is because natural antagonistic microorganisms/substances form components of biofungicides and protect plants by various modes of action such as hyperparasitism, antibiosis and/or by induction of systemic resistance. Microbial agents’ application in managing fungal plant diseases, especially oil palm crop diseases, promises a safer and sustainable agricultural system to control fungal phytopathogens while ecologically less polluting. This article briefly describes the different bioformulations and the mechanism of action of microbial agents to manage fungal phytopathogens of crops, especially in oil palm. A summary of various merits and demerits of biofungicides over synthetic ones and the future outlooks are also highlighted. Bio-based microbial agents for controlling fungal phytopathogens, especially in oil palm plants, appear to be a promising fungal pest management approach considering the growing need for sustainable practices in the agronomic sector.
 

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The meristic data of the following species of terrestrial Parasitengona (Acari: Trombidiformes) from Australia are given: Paratrombium australe Southcott, 1997, P. anemone Southcott, 1997, P. curculionis Southcott, 1997, Eutrombidium trigonum (Walsh, 1866), E. orientale Southcott, 1993, Hexathrombium willisi Southcott, 1993, Verdunella lockleii (Welbourn & Young, 1988), Buandikia anneae Southcott, 1994, Willungella willungae (Hirst, 1931), Workandella virgata Southcott, 1994, Thormicrella janeae Southcott, 1994, Yurebilla gracilis Southcott, 1996, Abrolophus tonsor (Southcott, 1996), Harpagella moxonae Southcott, 1996, Callidosoma tindalei Southcott, 1972, C. rostratum Southcott, 1972, C. tiki Southcott, 1972, C. dasypodiae (Womersley, 1934), and C. susanae Clark, 2014. The type specimens were deposited in the South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia (SAM). A key to hermanni species subgroup  is also included.

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During the interrogation process and its discourse language contains certain characteristics that can be the source of many linguistic researches and studies. One of the most important issues that can be mentioned in the interrogation process is how to evolve the verbal communication by the interrogator in order to obtain the truth of the interrogee’s statements. In this regard, the interrogator uses strategies to advance the discourse in his/her own way. In analyzing the data, the participants in the interrogation interaction were divided into two groups of specialist and non-specialist. The first category are the people who are familiar with the law and the legal language and include the police, judge, lawyer, etc. On the other hand, the second group are people who are not familiar with the law (or at least have little familiarity), including the accused, the plaintiff. In the present essay, based on the corpus of ten litigation files and based on the analysis of the verbal interaction between the expert (judge) and the non-expert (the accused, the plaintiff), we attempted to extract the various strategies used by the interrogator. The strategies include question formulation, use of repeated questions, quotation clauses, contrast,the use of the phrase "khob" as a discourse maker and interruption.
1. Introduction
In a simple definition forensic linguistics is an attempt to explore the way relationships between people in legal contexts are constructed through language. What we are dealing with in forensic linguistics in general is the analysis of legal writing or legal talk. The present study focuses on legal talk in interrogation, specifically questioning in trial. In the present study we examined the interrogation process, which includes the strategies that the interrogator uses during the interrogation process to obtain answers to his questions and to discover the truth. Based on the issues raised, the present study seeks to answer the following questions:
 1. What strategies does the interrogator use to obtain the truth in the interrogation process?
2. What is the formal and pragmatic representation of the questions during the interrogation process?
2. Literature Review
Holt and Johnson (2010) study the socio-pragmatic aspects of legal talk: police interviews and trial discourse. They believe that reporting, contrasting, formulating and repeating are at the heart of the process of formulating the facts of the legal story in trials and police interviews. Their use produces important fact-making moments that distil and encode a version of reality, which play an important part in the legal case: an authorized-authoritative version.
Momeni (2012) show how linguistic analysis can help to identify language crime especially when there are no clear available proofs or documents. As she points out language crime is accompanied with speech acts like lying, threatening bribery. After observing numerous cases in courts and police stations (Bureau of Police Investigation), the author chose data which included “lies” and analyzed it in two ways. First, “defendants’ statements” and second “power relation” are analyzed. The author draws this conclusion that linguistics strategies like semantic tools (schema, frame, verb meaning), syntactic tools (mood of verb), discoursal tools (power relation) … can be effective to identify and analyze language crimes. Perjury/lie is considered as a crime in both courts and Bureau of Police Investigation. Analyzing all language crimes in one article is not possible; therefore, the author analyzes just one which is perjury/lie.
Momeni and Azizi (2015) study the role of topic shift and violence of Grice Principles in interrogation. They show the role of changing the subject and violation of Grice cooperative principles in interrogations. That is, the accused seeks to prolong the duration of the investigation or provide incomplete information to the interrogator officer which consistently violates these strategies. On the other hand, the legal context and power relations do not allow the accused to change the subject according to his own desire or give irrelevant answers constantly. If this happens, it can be concluded that the accused tried to mislead the interrogator in linguistic terms. This research is a fieldwork study. After tens of observations of interrogations recorded in Tehran Police Bureau, the real samples were selected, classified and studied. The authors introduce these principles and demonstrate their use in interrogations.
 Razavian and Jalil,(2018) study the “spoken features of the robbery defendants in court”. They try to obtain spoken features of robbery defendants in order to provide a unique conversation of thieves in detection of crimes. The authors are trying to describe and explain speech of robbery defendants in Semnan province judicial system from the perspective of Forensic Linguistics. The results show that the robbery defendants by using many linguistic principles such as high modality, activism deletion, infelicitous utterance, illocutionary act try to gain interrogators confidence. Investigation of lawsuits details show that robbery defendants in their defenses use linguistic principles differently. In particular, they use in their speech modality for 29%, contradictions for 16%, activism deletion for 14%, presupposition for 10%, speech acts for 3%, implicature for 1% and middle voice construction for 0/5%. Results suggest that attention to features and elegances of language like low modality, contradiction in speech, activism deletion, presupposition, implicature; middle voice construction and Gricean Cooperative Principles can help investigators and judges at crime detection. The other researches that concerns language in legal discourse in Iran are as follows: Rowshan & Behboudi (2009), Momeni (2011), Momeni & Azizi (2011).
3. Methodology
This research is a fieldwork study. The present study is based on a speech record of a total of 189 minutes of conversation recording of the interrogation process of ten cases in two branches of the Shiraz Public Prosecutor's Office. After tens of observations of interrogations recorded, the real samples were selected, classified and studied.
                                                                    4. Results and Discussion
By analyzing the data we found that the interrogator uses specific and repetitive strategies, and this pattern is present in all cases. Accordingly, we extract and categorize the strategies which include question formulation, use of repeated questions, quotation clauses, contrast, the use of the phrase "khob" as a discourse maker marker and interruption. The results show that all four strategies proposed in the views of Holt and Johnson (2010) included the formulation, repetition of the question, quotation, and contrast palys central role in the interrogation discourse. Also, the authors have found three strategies: "khob" as a discourse maker marker, interruption, and the second type of question repetition to these strategies.
6. Conclusion
While the formal approaches to the study of language pay attention to the formal aspects of language, the functional-oriented theories focus on language use as a means of communication and its application in different contexts. In the present article, an attempt was made to study another practical aspect of language in the (specifically) judicial and legal context. To achieve this, the authors chose the interrogation process in the prosecutor's office and explored the strategies used in the interrogation process by the expert (interrogator) and non-expert (defendant, plaintiff, etc.). One of the main strategies in this process is “the questions” both in formal and pragmatic aspects. Based on the body of the interrogation process of ten cases in two branches of the Public Prosecutor's Office, the authors evaluated the questions raised by the judge and concluded that all four strategies proposed in the views of Holt and Johnson (2010) are used by interrogator. They are question formulation, repeated questions, quotation clauses and contrast, and also, the authors have added three strategies of "khob" as a discourse maker marker, interruption. It should be noted that the discourse of interrogation has many different dimensions and aspects, both in terms of form and function, which requires deeper and broader research in the field of justice.
 
 

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A formulaic speech is a part of language which can carry many meanings, themes and instances. Formulaic speech are commonly used in proverbs, metaphors, idioms and languages and more in conversational language and play an effective role in social communication and language development both structurally and conceptually. They are part of a community's identity, culture and history whose understanding will lead to a better understanding of culture and society and the linguistic infrastructure and developments of a language community. Also, analyzing and recognizing them in a text gives a better understanding of the hidden angles and style of that text. In Dehkhoda's articles, there are various types of formulaic speech that in each of them lies deep social, cultural and linguistic concepts and understanding them helps to understand the style and language of Dehkhoda's articles and the society of his day. The present study uses qualitative (analytical-descriptive) method to analyze and recognize patterns of species in Dehkhoda's "Charand-o-parand" in three categories: proverb, irony, idioms and languages. The results of the research show that using these molded structures, Dehkhoda has depicted the conditions of his community and it has conveyed its content quickly and deeply to the audience. The use of these constructions has also led to the closest proverbial proverb to colloquial language. Idioms (220 Items), Irony (81 Items) and Proverbs (51 Items) are the most commonly used forms of molding in Dehkhoda's articles.

1. Introduction
Language is composed of different components and textures.One of them  is formulaic speech. These expressions are used in specific and limited social situations and are current and common in any language and are considered as an accepted part of that language. Knowing them leads to a better understanding of the language and discovering their meanings and their relationship with different social groups and classes of users.
Also, the study of formulaic speeches in textual research which allows the study of different linguistic layers in a text. Dehkhoda's articles are full of all kinds of stylized expressions of language. Dehkhoda has used these discourses creatively, in a way that his style can be identified through these stereotypes. The present article will examine these speeches
 Statement of the problems:
Formulaic speeches are the pre-prepared parts of the language which play an important role in social communication and language development. Examining these statements can help to examine the text more precisely; because these speeches show and contain different literary, cultural and social aspects of the text. This article uses analytical method to examine the Formulaic speeches in Dehkhoda's articles. This study makes Dehkhoda's articles more deeply understood.
Research aims:
The present study aims to analyze and recognize formulaic speeches in Dehkhoda's "Charand-o-parand" in three categories: proverb, irony, idioms .
Research questions:
This study wants to find some answer to these questions:
Which molded constructions are most used in Dehkhoda's articles and how Dehkhoda used each of them and how the existence of these constructions can affect the language of the text?
Research hypothesis:
The main premise of the present article is that Dehkhoda has been able to use all kinds of formulaic speeches in order to create a better and more effective relationship with the society of his time and solve the social and political problems of that period in simple, intimate and at the same time efficient and effective language.
 
2. Methods
The research method in this article is analytical and descriptive. Also, different types of formulaic speeches in “Charan-o-Parand” of Dehkhoda nonsense have been studied and categorized.
 
3. Results and Innovation
The results of the research show that using these molded structures, Dehkhoda has depicted in Charando Parand the conditions of his community and it has conveyed its content quickly and deeply to the audience. The use of these constructions has also led to the closest proverbial proverb to colloquial language. Idioms (220 Items), Irony (81 Items) and Proverbs (51 Items) are the most commonly used forms of molding in Dehkhoda's articles. These speeches have not been studied in Dehkhoda's articles so far
 

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 The present research aimed to enhance the efficacy of alphacypermethrin and fipronil insecticides formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) by adding varying concentrations of the modified polytrisiloxane (QS-302) as an adjuvant alongside the emulsifier blend. The formulations were subjected to emulsion and thermal stability tests according to the methods used by both the FAO and WHO to determine qualified pesticides. Using the residual thin film technique, the acute toxicity of prepared formulations was also assessed against adult rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.). Generally, alphacypermethrin demonstrated greater effectiveness than fipronil, with LC₅₀ values of 1.545 ppm for alphacypermethrin compared to 8.60 ppm for fipronil. When the QS 302 adjuvant was incorporated at a concentration of 7% into the EC formulations, the LC₅₀ for fipronil decreased from 8.60 ppm to 5.98 ppm. Also, at a 14% addition of QS 302, the LC₅₀ value dropped to 2.92 ppm. In contrast, the efficacy of alphacypermethrin against rice weevils diminished when QS 302 was mixed with the other components at the same concentration. This may be attributed to the enhanced pesticide penetration and distribution of fipronil, which was improved more than that of alphacypermethrin due to alterations in the hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance (HLB), ultimately affecting the solubilization and penetration of the insecticide through the rice weevil cuticle.


 

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Aims: Studying design regulations to eliminate contradictions and deficiencies is a dynamic and important research topic in most parts of the world. There is no doubt about the necessity of regulations, but the question is how to design regulations that does not lead to decrease in quality and tension in design process. The aim of research is to find roots of the reducing function of national regulations, focusing on the fourth issue, in fading design concepts in construction sector.

Methods: The research is conducted analytically, based on content analysis and logical reasoning of library resources, and the research framework is determined through interviews with selected experts.

Findings: National regulations are prescriptive, that determining solutions, inflexibility, and standardization is their most significant characteristics. Reducing design issues, substituting skills with knowledge, relieving design responsibility through reliance on standards, setting minimums as objectives, and eliminating incentives for creativity and innovation are the main reasons for the diming function of national regulations in the design and construction sector.

Conclusion: The structure and content of regulations make changes in designers' methods and work. The prescriptive approach, with its particular characteristics, is not suitable for formulating architectural design regulations and requires regulations that do not compel designers to think in specific paths. The centralization of standards has limited design issues and, by reducing the level of design to that of technicians, has obscured the roles of innovative designers and design concepts, creating a platform for non-specialists to enter the design and construction domain.