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Showing 18 results for Fear
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
The present research investigates the conceptualization of the metaphors of “fear” in the Quran. Conceptual metaphors are an important discourse in cognitive linguistics. In this approach, metaphors are believed to be a cognitive phenomenon which manifests in language. This research aims to identify the initial spheres based on which fear has been conceptualized in the Quran and endeavors to attain the stance of the Quran on this emotion. To this end, a body of 607 verses containing the concept of fear was collected. In the next stage, 18 concepts were identified using cognitive analysis. The two schemas of force and movement as the initial spheres play a major role in the conceptualization of “fear” in the Quran. In conceptualization based on movement, behavioral and physiological actions of people facing external forces indicate their lack of control and defeat by external forces, with a virtual basis in most cases. In return, in conceptualizing fear based on the schema of force, the presence of a range of forces such as pressure, blocking, and redirection in facing external forces express the voluntary reaction of people in overcoming the external forces. Hence, in line with its guiding purposes, the Quran has missioned the prophets, in many cases as a divine command, to ask His audience to confront the non-divine external forces with the force arising from – the fear – of divine majesty.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (4-2013)
Abstract
Gothic terminology (vocabulary) is an adjective, which implies a thing that is related to “Got”. Gothic also is the name of a genre, which has been created from the 1760s to 1820s and correlated with the readers¢ uncommon imagination, dreams, nightmares & inner thaughts. Usually milieu of this genre is closed castle, ruins and dierelict lands. Gothic literature should be numerated as a branch of rheumatism or pre- rheumatism school. Gothic tales usually are dim stories of enigmas, apprehensions and extraordinary matters, which are formed around a hidden & trightfull mystery. Apprehension, frighty & deeth are three important elements of them. Indeed, Gothic was an architectural & sculpture style about Goth tribe that, in addition to the art of architecture, has entered into the story literature. Nowadays, Gothic literature is an important part in the word literature, which we can not understand the modern literature without understanding it. The present research tries to survay the elements, structure and content of Gothic stories through descriptive-analytic way and with the use of library sources.
Volume 4, Issue 3 (12-2023)
Abstract
Problem: In some historical periods in Iranian cities such as Tabriz, there is a physical response to the fears caused by wars and insecurity, which urban narratives are shown among the general public, especially people of age, such phenomena also exist in the mentality of the people.
Target: The purpose of the current research is to investigate the state of the architectural elements of the historical city of Tabriz, such as alleys, fences, gates, neighborhoods, residential areas, etc., in the face of urban fears.
Method: This research is of the research-fundamental theories type, and the interpretative-historical research method and the means of collecting information in the form of library, historical documents and texts and based on content analysis.
Result: Findings show that in the past, the city was built using research studies such as gate, tower and barrow, fence, moat, narrow alleys and covered alleys, houses with short doors, lower outer and inner courtyards, etc. The level of the crossing in the three areas of territory, surveillance and the appearance of the environment gave a suitable answer to the concept of urban fear. In future researches, there is a need to examine each of the elements such as the house in more detail.
Volume 7, Issue 3 (9-2019)
Abstract
In this study, with the aim of understanding the meaning and analysis of the literary text, it has been attempted, by relying on existentialism and in the context of the American school of comparative literature, the effects of fear and hope and some of its related components in the works of Houshang Moradi Kermani and Mark Twain. Existentialism encourages human action, because it says that hope should not be limited to action, and that it is possible for human being to live. Existentialism is a philosophical thought that has influenced literary criticism and has led to the emergence of numerous theories. What is Jean-Paul Sartre writing about literature? He writes of a prestigious commitment to literature, and Heidegger puts into practice a modern philosophical hermeneutics and publishes a traditional look. Thus, based on Cartesian and anti-Cartesian Heidegger's doctrine, Heidegger's two types of Hebrew literary Existentialism Sartorius is formed. This research, through an adaptive approach, has inspected the elements of fear and hope. The findings of this research show that although the researchers have compared the works of Moradi Kermani and Mark Twain more from the perspective of the school of Realism, one can find hope and hope based on pragmatism and existentialist attitudes in these works.
Volume 8, Issue 3 (10-2023)
Abstract
Aims: The aim of this systematic review was to examine the correlation between fear of falling and dual task gait parameters in older adults.
Method and Materials: The present study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. An English search of PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases was conducted in January 2022, using the four main concepts, namely “Elderly, Fear of falling, Gait, and Dual task”. Modified Downs and Black checklist was utilized to assess the quality of the included studies.
Findings: Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 articles out of 2368 were included in the review. All the articles were of acceptable quality. On account of the quorum of meta- analysis, it could only be conducted in the velocity parameter (4 studies were included). An analysis of the correlation between the fear of falling and dual task gait velocity based on 95% confidence intervals found a significant difference between dual task gait velocity with and without the fear of falling (P=0.06, I2=50%, 95% CI: 0.31-0.51).
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the fear of falling deteriorates some of the dual task gait characteristics in healthy and cognitively intact older adults, and that this reduction can be varied by the difficulty of the dual task (cognitive or manual).
Method and Materials: The present study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. An English search of PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases was conducted in January 2022, using the four main concepts, namely “Elderly, Fear of falling, Gait, and Dual task”. Modified Downs and Black checklist was utilized to assess the quality of the included studies.
Findings: Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 articles out of 2368 were included in the review. All the articles were of acceptable quality. On account of the quorum of meta- analysis, it could only be conducted in the velocity parameter (4 studies were included). An analysis of the correlation between the fear of falling and dual task gait velocity based on 95% confidence intervals found a significant difference between dual task gait velocity with and without the fear of falling (P=0.06, I2=50%, 95% CI: 0.31-0.51).
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the fear of falling deteriorates some of the dual task gait characteristics in healthy and cognitively intact older adults, and that this reduction can be varied by the difficulty of the dual task (cognitive or manual).
Volume 8, Issue 32 (4-2020)
Abstract
This study investigates fear in the Dehkhoda’s proverbs from a psychological point of view. To this end, it employs a method of inferential content analysis. The data concern all the Persian proverbs in Dehkhoda's four-volume book on proverbs. The findings show that, as in modern psychology, fear has positive and negative faces; this inconsistent attitude is also evident in Dehkhoda’s proverbs as well. In addition, the proverbs have not only addressed the concept of fear, but also the types of fear and their causes as well as the ways to overcome them in line with modern psychology. Thus, it is suggested to psychologists and counselors to use proverbs as a tool in pursuit of their goals, particularly so far as the behavioral changes are concerned.
Volume 9, Issue 1 (1-2021)
Abstract
Aims: Dentists are at high risk of occupational exposure to aerosols, droplets, and droplet/aerosol particles emitted from patients' mouths during treatment. Therefore, it is natural for dentists to experience a level of fear in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between fear induced by the COVID-19 epidemic and stress and anxiety scores among dental students.
Instrument & Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2020 among the dental students in Ahvaz, Iran. The standard questionnaire DASS-21 and fear of COVID-19 were used for assessment. The questionnaire was designed on the website https://survey.porsline.ir. A convenience sample of 229 dental students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences completed the questionnaire. ANCOVA analysis was used to compare the mean scores of four components in different groups, and MANCOVA analysis was used to measure the effect of fear induced by COVID-19 on stress, anxiety, and depression scores, simultaneously.
Findings: More than 70% of students were normal in stress, anxiety, and depression. Mental health disorders, social support, and media pressure caused by COVID-19 had a significant relationship with the level of depression and stress scores (p<0.05). Likewise, multivariate analysis showed that the level of fear caused by COVID-19 triggered a significant effect on the score of anxiety, depression, and stress (p=0.001).
Conclusion: The analysis showed that the scores of anxiety, depression, stress, and some other characteristics, including the COVID-19 induced media pressure, are directly associated with the degree of fear of COVID-19. Since fear of disease causes a psychological reaction and threatens mental health, and might make coping with the disease more difficult, promising fear-reduction strategies are recommended during the COVID-19 pandemic mental health for dental students.
Instrument & Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2020 among the dental students in Ahvaz, Iran. The standard questionnaire DASS-21 and fear of COVID-19 were used for assessment. The questionnaire was designed on the website https://survey.porsline.ir. A convenience sample of 229 dental students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences completed the questionnaire. ANCOVA analysis was used to compare the mean scores of four components in different groups, and MANCOVA analysis was used to measure the effect of fear induced by COVID-19 on stress, anxiety, and depression scores, simultaneously.
Findings: More than 70% of students were normal in stress, anxiety, and depression. Mental health disorders, social support, and media pressure caused by COVID-19 had a significant relationship with the level of depression and stress scores (p<0.05). Likewise, multivariate analysis showed that the level of fear caused by COVID-19 triggered a significant effect on the score of anxiety, depression, and stress (p=0.001).
Conclusion: The analysis showed that the scores of anxiety, depression, stress, and some other characteristics, including the COVID-19 induced media pressure, are directly associated with the degree of fear of COVID-19. Since fear of disease causes a psychological reaction and threatens mental health, and might make coping with the disease more difficult, promising fear-reduction strategies are recommended during the COVID-19 pandemic mental health for dental students.
Volume 9, Issue 39 (6-2021)
Abstract
Unknown fears and horrors are rooted in lack of knowledge, superstitions, and illusions prevalent in different classes of a society, being much highlighted in the popular belief of the people. This article aims to analyze such beliefs among the people of Hormozgan province comparing the most common types with the beliefs of other people and nations. The data were collected through field study. The demons coming from the darkness are fearers who intend to punish, warn, and threaten the non-conforming children, as they do not have an appropriate understanding of the world around them. Children are stopped for their anger and unrest instinctively or through their parents. This study categorizes different types of attributed fears by adults to children among the people of Hormozgan province. It attempts to explain intuitively and scientifically the local data collected in Hormozgan, and discuss the roots and background of the fears based in Hormozgani people.
Volume 9, Issue 40 (9-2021)
Abstract
Beliefs are the basic themes of magical realism. Therefore, correct apprehension of these kinds of stories can clarify and analyze the belief/s from which the stories are originated. Fear and Trembling, written by Gholam-Hossein Saedi, is one of the story collections, which is very difficult to understand, authored in magical realism style. One of the reasons for this difficulty is Saedi's indirect use of this public belief. In this article, the authors want to delve into public beliefs of Zar in this collection in order to have a better understanding of the story. To do so, first, Zar beliefs have been investigated all over the world via library research method, and then the findings are compared against a case study in Hormozgan province through field research. The insiders in that area were interviewed. After that, in a descriptive analytical manner, the elements of beliefs in Zar in the collection story of Fear and Trembling were examined. The research findings show that several elements related to Zar beliefs in this collection have the following pivotal roles: 1) different kinds of Zar wind, the features of its five kinds are evident in the story, 2) the do's and don'ts that those suffering from Zar must observe, 3) Mamazar (the mother of Zar), and Babazar (the father of Zar) are local therapists who treat patients by music and get help from the supernatural forces and local medicines, 4) Hijab ceremony during which patients are treated, 5) music, that is one of the elements of treatment, and 6) the beliefs in mythical creatures (the cradle baby).
Volume 10, Issue 1 (1-2022)
Abstract
Aims: Fear of falling in the elderly is a significant health problem. This study was aimed to compare the two CBT and Tai Chi exercise methods to reduce the fear of falling among retirees.
Materials & Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was conducted from December 2018 to October 2019 on elderly retirees who were referred to the Retirees Association at Kerman University of Medical Sciences in Kerman, Iran. A number of 120 elderly people were randomly assigned to Tai Chi, CBT, and control groups (40 retirees/group). The intervention in CBT groups consisted of 16 sessions of 60 to 70 minutes for eight weeks and in Tai Chi groups consisted of 16 sessions of 45 to 60 minutes for eight weeks. The participants in the control group received training on the problems of old age. The self-report scale assessed fear of falling before, one, and two months after the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 18 using ANOVA and Chi-square tests.
Findings: Before and in the first month after intervention, there was no significant difference between the three groups regarding the total score of fear of falling and its components (p<0.05). In the second month, the total score of fear of falling in the Tai Chi group was 8.95±1.63, the CBT group was 8.6±1.63, and the control group was 7.63±1.36, and there was no significant difference (p=0.147). Also, the most significant difference in the total fear of falling score was between the Tai Chi and the control groups.
Conclusion: Tai Chi and CBT interventions are effective in the fear of falling in the elderly.
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Volume 10, Issue 37 (5-2017)
Volume 10, Issue 37 (5-2017)
Abstract
War has caused the most terrible kind of fear, stress, anxiety and frustration for those people who have been or not involved in it, as a result above mentioned parameters emerged in war and holy defense’s related works. The Scorched earth was written to show imposed war and its tension. It can be analyzed from different perspective such as Froid’s psychoanalysis theory.in this novel the effect and features of war and defense against the enemy is stated. The aim of this study is to analyze fear, anxiety and defensive mechanism in The Scorched earth. The present study uses a descriptive and analytical method. some people use defensive mechanism in order to lesson the mental injuries that is caused by fear and anxiety of war, defensive actions such as taking drug, repressing the memories, escaping from situations, insulting the enemies, saying prays, and crying over martyrs .the memories, escaping from situations, insulting the enemies, saying prays, and crying over martyrs .
Volume 11, Issue 2 (4-2023)
Abstract
Aims: The World Health Organization recommends preventive behaviors despite the approval of several vaccines to control COVID-19. Mass media and digital technologies also play an important role in addressing public health issues. This study aimed to investigate the protection motivation theory constructs by COVID-related information channels on protective behaviors against COVID-19 in southwestern Iran.
Instrument & Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study from July to August 2021, 255 patients referred to urban health centers were included by simple random sampling. Data were analyzed by SPSS 24 software using correlation and regression tests.
Findings: 32.2% of the participants received COVID-19 information through radio, TV, and satellite, and 30.6% through WhatsApp and Telegram social networks. Awareness predicted 11% of protective behavior (p<0.001; R=0.118; β=0.343). Protective motivation (behavioral intention) predicted 49.5% of behavior (p<0.001; R=0.495; R2=0.487).
Conclusion: Using protection motivation theory by information channels facilitates preventive behavior against COVID-19.
Volume 11, Issue 5 (12-2023)
Abstract
Aims: Fear is a strategy for dealing with situations in which something is considered a threat. This study aimed to assess the fear of COVID-19 and its effect on Quality of Life in pregnant women.
Instrument & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 12,576 pregnant women were studied in six Pontianak-Health-Centers in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Three survey instruments, including a sociodemographic questionnaire, obstetric status, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), and the QoL Gravidarum (QoL-GRAV), were used to assess for an association between fear of COVID-19 and pregnancy-related QoL using the Pearson correlation test. Generalized linear modeling was used to identify dominant variables.
Findings: The fear experienced by pregnant women had an average score of 21.6±9.6. The QoL average score was 25.0±8.7. The general linear model showed a dominant relationship between parity status (β=-0.083; t=-2.141; p=0.005) and job (β=-0.75; t=1.923; p=0.033) with QoL in pregnant women. COVID-19 had no significant relationship with QoL (β=-0.11; t=-2.809; p=0.055).
Conclusion: There is no correlation between fear of COVID-19 and quality of life, while job and parity influence the quality of life in pregnant women.
Volume 11, Issue 5 (12-2023)
Abstract
Aims: The pandemic corona is known as one of the most important challenges in the world. At the same time, the stigma associated with COVID-19 threatens different groups, including patients, recoveries, and healthcare workers. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of stigmatization during the COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare providers in Iran.
Instrument & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study, in which 527 people were selected using simple random sampling, was conducted in 2022. The overall COVID-19-related stigma score was calculated from 18 to 62 with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.906. SPSS 25 software was used for data analysis by independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and Chi-square.
Findings: The highest percentage of the obtained score was assigned to, the practices to avoid infection with COVID-19 (48.1%) and anxiety or fear of being affected (47%). Among the domains of stigma, the most important predictor of anxiety or fear of being affected was the policy of health settings (R2=0.735).
Conclusion: Ongoing education, adherence to infection prevention and control protocols, and personalized strategies have the most significant role in improving healthcare workers' compliance in averting COVID-19 transmission.
Roghaye Bahadori,
Volume 12, Issue 47 (11-2019)
Volume 12, Issue 47 (11-2019)
Abstract
This paper is a comparative study of a modern Persian poet, Forugh Farrokhzād (1935-1967), and a Russian film-maker, Andrei Tarkovsky (1932- 1989). The works of two artists, from two different cultures, across time and space, have been chosen to demonstrate their morbid fear of death and their search for immortality. Following the postulates of comparative cultural studies, as developed by Steven Totosy de Zepetnek, the objective of this search is to find interrelations between two different production of art, namely poetry and film, as communicative acts. To quote Totosy in "the New Humanities," this study "is performed in a contextual and relational construction and with a plurality of methods and approaches…" (60).
Benefiting from the main tenets of comparative literature, cultural studies and psychoanalysis, this research show how the concept thanatophobia and the quest for immortality are treated in the artistic works of Forugh Farrokhzād and Andrei Tarkovsky. In Forugh's poetry, the focus would be on her last two collections of poems, Tavalodi Digar [Another Birth] and Imanan Biāvarim be Āghāz Fasle Sard [Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season], in which she illustrates the temporality of life and the urge to be remembered. In Nostalghia, Tarkovsky creates characters like Andrei Gorchakov, the Russian researcher, and Domenicos, the Italian who wants to save the world by sacrificing. Andrei lives his death and joins eternity. This intercultural and interdisciplinary study shows how one can owercom the fear of death by substituting the moral time for the actual time.
Volume 13, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Conceptual metaphor is one of the most important topics on cognitive linguistics. This approach, believes that the metaphor is a cognitive phenomenon and what appears in the language is just an aspect of this cognitive phenomenon. In this research, we aim to analysis joyness and fear of eight teenage novels from two Iranian novelists (a man and a woman) and two Spanish novelists (a man and a woman) – two fictions from each writer – and compared conceptual metaphors on areas of destination for joyness and fear, in teenage literature in Persian and Spanish. We choose these feelings among the fundamental concepts of feeling (Sadness, joyness, fear, anger, love and shame). We used library method for this research. For this purpose, conceptual metaphors of joyness and fear were extracted from the eight selected novels and their conceptual name-mapping and also origins were identified. On the next level, we compared these conceptual name-mappings and were identified their points of sharing and differences. In this regard, some of the concepts of the origin area such as color, physiological and behavioral effects, light and darkness were described with details. The other main goal of this research is to investigating the impact of author's gender on the quantity and quality of using metaphors of joyness and fear. The analysis of chosen corpus in Persian is shown that the most frequency of conceptual metaphors is related to “The Joyness is plant”, “The Joyness is light”, “The Joyness is The motion toward higher place or level”. Moreover, in the fear cognitive domain the data is shown that the most frequency is related to “the fear is motionless”, “the fear is fluid”, “the fear is building”. In addition, in Spanish the research is shown that The most frequency is dedicated to “the joyness is light”, “the joyness is direction, “the joyness is color”, the joyness is laughing”, “the joyness is singing”. Moreover, in Spanish “the fear is sweat”, “the fear is heart beat”, “The fear is the color face changing. So the similarities between Persian and Spanish conceptual metaphors is shown that these concepts are universal among languages
1. Introduction
The Conceptual metaphor is one of the most important topics on cognitive linguistics. This approach, believes that the metaphor is a cognitive phenomenon and what appears in the language is just an aspect of this cognitive phenomenon. In this research, we aim to analysis joyness and fear of eight teenage novels from two Iranian novelists (a man and a woman) and two Spanish novelists (a man and a woman) – two fictions from each writer – and compared conceptual metaphors on areas of destination for joyness and fear, in teenage literature in Persian and Spanish. We choose these feelings among the fundamental concepts of feeling (Sadness, joyness, fear, anger, love and shame).
Research Question(s)
1. What is the impact of author's gender on the quantity and quality of using metaphors of joyness and fear in the chosen novels?
2. Literature Review
Kövecses (1995) in his research, Language and Emotion Concepts, studied and compared the metaphors of fear and joyness. He mentioned that the metaphors of joyness are represented in the form of joyness is tempreture, joyness is animal and joyness is natural power.In addition, he pointed out there are similarities between these two mentioned conceptual cognitive domains.
Ning Yu (1995) in his research presents a comparative study of metaphorical expressions of anger and happiness in Chinese and English . It demonstrates that English and Chinese share the same central conceptual metaphore “ANGER IS HEAT”. Similarly,both English and Chinse share the “UP”, “LIGHT”, CONTAINER” metaphors in their conceptualizations of happiness, although they differ in some other cases
.
3. Methodology
This research have been done in library method. For this purpose, conceptual metaphors of joyness and fear were extracted from the eight selected novels and their conceptual name-mapping and also origins were identified. On the next level, The authors compared these conceptual name-mappings and were identified their points of sharing and differences.
4. Results
The analysis of chosen corpus in Persian is shown that the most frequency of conceptual metaphors is related to “The Joyness is plant”, “The Joyness is light”, “The Joyness is The motion toward higher place or level”. Moreover, in the fear cognitive domain the data is shown that the most frequency is related to “the fear is motionless”, “the fear is fluid”, “the fear is building”. In addition, in Spanish the research is shown that The most frequency is dedicated to “the joyness is light”, “the joyness is direction, “the joyness is color”, the joyness is laughing”, “the joyness is singing”. Moreover, in Spanish “the fear is sweat”, “the fear is heart beat”, “The fear is the color face changing. So the similarities between Persian and Spanish conceptual metaphors is shown that these concepts are universal among languages.
The Conceptual metaphor is one of the most important topics on cognitive linguistics. This approach, believes that the metaphor is a cognitive phenomenon and what appears in the language is just an aspect of this cognitive phenomenon. In this research, we aim to analysis joyness and fear of eight teenage novels from two Iranian novelists (a man and a woman) and two Spanish novelists (a man and a woman) – two fictions from each writer – and compared conceptual metaphors on areas of destination for joyness and fear, in teenage literature in Persian and Spanish. We choose these feelings among the fundamental concepts of feeling (Sadness, joyness, fear, anger, love and shame).
Research Question(s)
1. What is the impact of author's gender on the quantity and quality of using metaphors of joyness and fear in the chosen novels?
2. Literature Review
Kövecses (1995) in his research, Language and Emotion Concepts, studied and compared the metaphors of fear and joyness. He mentioned that the metaphors of joyness are represented in the form of joyness is tempreture, joyness is animal and joyness is natural power.In addition, he pointed out there are similarities between these two mentioned conceptual cognitive domains.
Ning Yu (1995) in his research presents a comparative study of metaphorical expressions of anger and happiness in Chinese and English . It demonstrates that English and Chinese share the same central conceptual metaphore “ANGER IS HEAT”. Similarly,both English and Chinse share the “UP”, “LIGHT”, CONTAINER” metaphors in their conceptualizations of happiness, although they differ in some other cases
.
3. Methodology
This research have been done in library method. For this purpose, conceptual metaphors of joyness and fear were extracted from the eight selected novels and their conceptual name-mapping and also origins were identified. On the next level, The authors compared these conceptual name-mappings and were identified their points of sharing and differences.
4. Results
The analysis of chosen corpus in Persian is shown that the most frequency of conceptual metaphors is related to “The Joyness is plant”, “The Joyness is light”, “The Joyness is The motion toward higher place or level”. Moreover, in the fear cognitive domain the data is shown that the most frequency is related to “the fear is motionless”, “the fear is fluid”, “the fear is building”. In addition, in Spanish the research is shown that The most frequency is dedicated to “the joyness is light”, “the joyness is direction, “the joyness is color”, the joyness is laughing”, “the joyness is singing”. Moreover, in Spanish “the fear is sweat”, “the fear is heart beat”, “The fear is the color face changing. So the similarities between Persian and Spanish conceptual metaphors is shown that these concepts are universal among languages.
.
.
Volume 19, Issue 2 (3-2017)
Abstract
Bootstrapping the DEA is one of the current methods of measuring robust efficiency by constructing a confidence interval and measuring the noise (bias) in production. In this study, two estimators: the conventional Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and bootstrap simulation with 2,000 bootstrap iterations were applied on a cross sectional data of 296 broiler farms in Peninsular Malaysia. The objective of the study was to measure the robust technical efficiency, production bias and factors motivating technical efficiency in the Northern, Southern, and East-central regions of Peninsular Malaysia. As a regional approach, the study found the existence of both inefficiency and noise in broiler farms across regions of Peninsular Malaysia. Findings show disease infestation and unfavorable temperature as components of noise or exogenous factors or factors beyond farmers’ control in broiler production. The study identified age (+), education (+), experience (+), production system (-), number of poultry farms owned (-), business status (+) and land tenure status (-) as statistically significant in ameliorating efficiency in broiler production. Result also show that strong statistically significant differences exist in the magnitude of technical efficiency scores between the two estimators across the regions. The study advocate for increase in scale of production as majority of the farmers produce at increasing returns to scale.
Volume 30, Issue 2 (1-2023)
Abstract
Attention to entrepreneurship has been vital in recent years. Most researchers in this field are looking for why and how to spread entrepreneurial behavior in society and acknowledge that this is an effective factor in economic advancement. Research in this area is sparse and limited. The present study, based on scientometric method and content analysis of documents, examines studies in this field in order to provide a conceptual model by sorting out researches. The statistical population of the study includes all the documents provided in the Scopus database with 666 documents (like articles, books, etc.) until 2019, which evaluated by bibexcle software and VOSviewer. The results are divided into four areas: the first part of individual and cultural factors such as "gender, age, risk-taking, independence, experience, awareness, belief in self-efficacy, self-control, mental norms, entrepreneurial attitude", The second part includes environmental factors such as "entrepreneurial and dynamic environment, enabling, family supportive, and social supportive environment", the third part deal with economic factors such as "individual and social financial resources" and the fourth part is on institutional and legal factors such as legal, supportive laws and supporting institutions issues.
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