Showing 2906 results for da
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate pragmatic skill of adult right and left hemispheres damaged Persian speaking patients using the Persian version of the Montreal Protocol for the Evaluation of Communication (M.E.C.). The statistical populations of the study were 10 adults, right and left hemispheres damaged Persian speaking patients due to cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Two sets of tests were used in the present study. The first ones were screening tests included Lateral Preference Inventory (Corn test), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Persian Diagnostic Aphasia Battery (EQ1). The Performance of patients in protocol subtests were evaluated and compared with each other individually, intragroup and intergroup. Data were analyzed using inferential statistical methods and no meaningful relations were found between them. These findings indicated that damage to the right and left hemispheres of the brain leads to pragmatic impairments. However, damages to the right hemisphere increases the severity of pragmatic impairments more than damages to the left hemisphere.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Pashto language is one of the Iranian languages about which little linguistic research has been conducted. Causation in Pashtu language needs more explanation because this issue is very important, but in Pashto grammar books and linguistics, no attention has been paid to this issue. Therefore, the investigation and research of causation in this language is of particular importance. The purpose of this research is to describe the causative category of Pashto language. the data required for this research is based on the works and speakers of this language based on the research of Dabir Moghaddam (1399). In addition to the description of causation, the research method of this article is based on Pashto language examples that have been transliterated and interpreted. Examples of this text have been selected from hundreds of sentences and analyzed. The important issue is the representation of causative construction in Pashto language, and how it is done. Pashto language is one of subject-object -verb languages and causation exists in this language in the form of morphology and syntax. This research has analyzed the data based on the taxonomy theory. Language causation in Pashto is more complicated than in Persian; because it does not follow a specific principle. In causative conjugation, in addition to (aw) affix, prefixes (pӘ,pӘr) and (war bânde,pre) are used. The rate of generation of auxiliary causatives is higher in Pashto language because it comes with most verbs and makes the verb transitive.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Due to ethnic, religious and cultural diversity, Zahedan has a heterogeneous and diverse population. The diversity of religions and denominations from the formation of this city until the Islamic Revolution has never been a matter of dispute and peaceful coexistence between different religious groups has been established in this city. After the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the continuation and emergence of Shiism as the official religion of the country, the Baluch people, due to differences in religion, became less integrated with the central government than the Sistani's and became more and more isolated in identity. The objective manifestation of these gaps can be seen in the most symbolic religious element of the city, namely the Makki Mosque. The hidden signs in this mosque as an arena to show the ethnic-religious hegemonic power of the Sunni Baluchi's, with unusual dimensions and heights and unfamiliar forms and decorations, have dominated their surrounding context and produced special semantic rules. In the face of such a situation, the narrator of the Makki Mosque has experienced signs of apathy because the signs used in this mosque have acted in disconnection with the previous meanings of the Baluch mosques and have become an unfamiliar text for the narrator. Finally, the Makki Mosque has provided an opportunity to represent concepts and issues that can take us deeper into the Baluch cultural layers and provide a relatively deep understanding of the people's situation in contemporary society.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Landowski, the social semiotician, focuses on the subject of discourse and discourse,and thus introduces the concepts of presence,perception, and emotion in semiotics.The fact that enunciation is more important than enunciation provides the basis for phenomenological semiotics.The important problem of the authors of this research is that since in "adaptation"system,we see unity between subjects and "other" or that aspect of "otherness"is not only a passive object but also plays the role of a subject with dynamic interaction.It explores how the semantic process takes shape,and whether it can be argued that the relationship between the subjects is consistent with Landowski's theory of "adaptation."According to the research problem,the authors hypothesize that the perception of meaning is different according to the specific interactions between subjects in social contexts,so the perception of meaning cannot be separate from the context and field of rhetoric,but it is a function of the interaction between subjects in different discourse contexts.The present study has examined the signs of meanings in the ode "Layali al-Manfa"by Mohi-al-Din Fares.The findings indicate that the semantic system governing the discourse of the ode's "negative night"is of the adaptation system.In fact,the interactive and adaptive relationship of the sign system in this poem is such that the meanings of exile,civil war,occupiers are not predetermined and one-sided,but these meanings can be obtained only if the issue of simultaneous presence and interaction of the subject and another to be raised.At the same time,enunciator has used the Apollonian and Dionysian systems, respectively,to make the phenomenon of colonialism and nostalgia unfavorable.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of translational contact on use of epistemic modality in Persian translations and originals in the genre of education. Our findings show that the frequency and distribution of epistemic markers (especially, hedges) in the English texts is considerably higher than those of the Persian translations and originals. However, this has changed in the period of some sixty years, and Persian texts have become noticeably similar to English texts. Upon investigation of the ways translators rendered the epistemic uses of English modal auxiliaries (e.g., may, must, etc.) we found that translators in the 2006–2015 time farme have omitted fewer epitemic modals and translated fewer of them into Persian modals of higher confidence than translators in 1957–1968 time frame. These findings suggest that as the translational contact between English and Persian prolonged translated and original Persian texts have relatively converged towards the communicative preferences of English and have become more addressee-oriented. In fact, the addresee orientation of has first leaked into Persian translations and then has found its way into Persian originals. Weakening of cultural filtering in Persian translations has facilitated this process.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Every country has different languages. Some are standard, while others are non-standard. This research looks at how often people in Iran use standard and non-standard language. It also looks at other factors like age, gender, education, occupation, and income. It also looks at how people feel about different language groups. The data were collected from 314 people in 10 Iranian ethnic groups living in Tehran. They were analyzed using SPSS software and Foucault's theories of power and discourse silence. The results show that people over 50 use their native language or dialect more because they have more social power. Men have replaced non-standard language with standard language. As education level rises, people use less non-standard language. Non-criteria type is more common among retirees than other occupations. Those with a strong financial status have replaced non-criteria type with the criterion type. Those with a weak financial status have the most non-criteria type speech silence. Speakers of languages with strong attitudes toward language use are less likely to speak up in many social situations. They often use non-standard language instead of standard language.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
This study investigated the construct validity and measurement invariance of the Teacher Emotion Questionnaire to introduce a valid and reliable instrument for assessing English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) teachers’ emotions inside the classroom. Second language (L2) teacher emotions have been largely neglected, despite the fact that Educational Psychology has long recognized and researched the role of teacher emotions in different aspects of teaching and learning. To bridge this gap, the current study had 208 Iranian EFL teachers in private language institutes fill out the Teacher Emotion Questionnaire (TEQ), which assessed six emotions teachers experience in their classroom, i.e., Joy, Pride, Love, Anger, Fatigue/Exhaustion, and Hopelessness. The preliminary analysis of the data showed that six items from the TEQ had a factor loading below the minimum recommended level of 0.3, meaning that they contributed to the total variance in the participants’ score less than expected. The collected data were then submitted to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for the purpose of construct validation and establishment of the factorial structure of the TEQ. The CFA results indicated that the hypothesized six-factor analysis had more favorable goodness-of-fit indices than both a one-factor structure and a two-factor structure (e.g., positive versus negative emotions). Multilevel CFA revealed that the tested six-factor structure of the TEQ was invariant across male and female EFL teachers. The implications for the use of TES in EFL teaching contexts are discussed, and some suggestions are proposed for further validation of the TEQ in language teaching contexts.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
This study explores how Lacanian psychoanalysis governs and understands the mother-child relationships in Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie (1944/2014) and Darren Aronofsky’s Black Swan (2010). In so doing, the primary purpose of this study has been to establish the links between the central characters' behaviors and the psychoanalytic concept of 'deferral of desire’.' The research proposes a novel aspect of 'psychoanalytic meaning' by basing it on the counter-intuitive process of evading the jouissance of actualizing and immersing oneself in one's object of desire. To support the proposition mentioned above, this study has explored the eventual fate of the children in Black Swan (Nina), and The Glass Menagerie (Tom and Laura), analyzing their respective experiences of (dis)satisfaction after their ultimate success or failure in their attempts to attain their objects of desire. This study has employed the Lacanian psychoanalytic concepts of the objet petit a and register theory to posit that satisfaction lies not in obtaining one’s object of desire, but in repeatedly failing to do so, due to the fact that possessing the object of desire shatters the lack which is the necessary condition of maintaining the desirability of the object of desire. The article concludes that while we are intuitively equipped to think of satisfaction as the effect of the realization of the object of one's desire, psychoanalytically speaking, satisfaction is found in precisely the opposite direction, that is, in a repeated failure to obtain the object of one's desire.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Narratives have many layers of meaning. These semantic layers encompass intra-discourse systems and represent their changes and developments. Eric Landowski sought to achieve the missing links of meaning in narrative contexts by designing semantic systems. Contexts that show discourse and narrative actions. According to Landowski's four semantic systems, which are emphasized in this study, namely, the system of "abyss and spinning ", it is possible to decipher the signs in the text and the relationship between these signs and each other and the author's worldview. The present study, based on a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to achieve subtle and coherent layers of meaning in the novel Symphony of the Dead by Abbas Maroufi. Given the mastery of the author in creating works with the fluid flow of the mind in this study, we aim to show how the subjects are intertwined with the world around them and as they are opening up, their emotions and to some extent their destiny to another spreads. Also, by analyzing the abyss system, we come to the point that the subject cannot shape his own destiny alone, and after he finds himself incapable, he is forced to accept what luck has for him.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Although critical pedagogy (CP) is a worthwhile approach to education, not much attention has been paid to its application in online courses. Acknowledging its pivotal role, this study intended to investigate Iranian EFL teachers’ awareness of CP and explore the possible effects of teaching experience on their awareness of CP via a CP questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. Furthermore, to evaluate teachers’ actual classroom application of CP, online EFL classes were observed. The results indicated that teachers’ awareness of the significance of CP principles did not help them fully implement the principles in their online teaching practices. A significant relationship between teaching experience and some subscales of CP principles was also found. The findings of this study can offer some implications for English teachers in the post-method era to rethink their previous critical views towards English language teaching and their roles as facilitators.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Over the past decades, empirical studies regarding the application of data-driven learning (DDL) and its’ role in second and foreign language learning have increased. At the same time, several studies have investigated the association between working memory (WM) and different aspects of L2 and found that WM plays a significant role in the language performance of L2 learners, as SLA processes rely on cognitive resources. Nevertheless, the findings of such research are inconclusive. The role of WM in the relationship between DDL and second/foreign language learning is also a neglected area. Drawing on data from 84 Iranian female EFL learners, aged between 20 to 24, on three different measures of WM capacity (digit span, number-letter, and flanker), the findings of the present study showed that first, DDL was a significant predictor of English academic lecture comprehension. Second, regardless of which WM measure to use, WM was not a significant predictor of English academic lecture comprehension; and the interaction effect between DDL and WM was not a significant predictor of the students’ English academic lecture comprehension. That is, WM did not moderate the effect of DDL on the students’ comprehension of English academic lectures. Altogether, the results suggested that learning L2 at high levels of English academic lecture comprehension was mostly contingent upon automatic processing. The findings of this study may have implications for research and practice in second/foreign language teaching and learning, and more specifically in the application of DDL for L2 learners.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive functions on verbal fluency. For this purpose, some cognitive functions and verbal fluency in adult patients with right hemisphere damage were evaluated. The methodological nature of this study is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study consists of 18 adult patients with right hemisphere damage and 18 healthy adults. Selective attention test, memory test, clock drawing test (visual neglect) and verbal fluency test were used to evaluate cognitive functions and linguistic skill of the subjects. Research data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings showed that there is a significant difference between performance of adult patients with right hemisphere damage and healthy adults in the cognitive tests (P< 0.05). Likewise, in the verbal fluency test, there is a significant difference between performance of adult patients with right hemisphere damage and healthy adults (P< 0.05). In addition, the research findings showed that there is a correlation between cognitive functions and verbal fluency. Also, the results showed that damage to the right hemisphere of brain can lead to disorders in cognitive functions of patients with right hemisphere damage. Furthermore, it seems that impairment in cognitive functions can cause problems in language skills.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Prepositions are linguistic elements that indicate the physical properties of referent and relatum and the geometry of the manner in which they interact with one another. Numerous studies have shown that prepositions in their abstract usages retain at least one of their spatial geometric features which is testimony to embodiment theory and it also suggests that understanding of abstract usages of prepositions can be better done by first studying the spatial usages of them. In this research we consider and analayse spatial geometry of different usages of Persain preposition /dᴂr/ applying Talmy's approach towards spatial structuring in language. Fourteen distinct usages were extracted from Hamshahri Corpus. The spatial geometry of each usage was analaysed and at least one image schema has been proposed for each usage. As a result of close study of various usages we observed that in all usages either the factor "enclosure" or "locus of control" or both are present in the geometry of the preposition. In one instance we observed a tertiary reference object for locating the Figure in the scene. An investigation of one spatial geometry ascribed to the preposition /dᴂr/ led to suggesting a volumar schema for "way". Also in some usages the use of metonomy can be seen where part of the real Ground or an entity related to it appears as Ground in the sentence.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Before teachers can transform the reality and promote a liberating education within mainstream educational contexts, they must first gain a thorough understanding of how learners perceive the world. In an attempt to gauge EFL learners’ perceptions, the present study set out to conceptualize the construct of Critical Digital Pedagogy (CDP) by developing and validating a questionnaire for use in online EFL settings. The researchers distributed a preliminary questionnaire with 65 items to 380 adult Iranian EFL learners and used Exploratory Factor Analysis as well as Confirmatory Factor Analysis (EFA, CFA) to analyze the results. After removing 9 items, the final questionnaire consisted of 56 items on a five-point Likert scale. The analysis revealed that CDP consists of 10 factors, namely “consciousness raising,” “community and collaboration,” “empowerment and agency,” “inclusivity,” “dialogism,” “co-creation of materials,” “praxis,” “problem-posing education,” “teachers as transformative intellectuals,” and “critical thinking and reflection.” Additionally, the convergent validity as well as the reliability of the questionnaire to measure the intended construct was statistically confirmed. These findings have important implications for EFL teachers, curriculum developers, course designers, and language researchers as they increase awareness of CDP and its underlying components.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
The relationship between words and their concepts is investigated in the "Semantics". "Statistical Semantics" is a sub-branch of "Computational Semantics" and in fact, a sub-branch of NLP. Determining the keywords and main concepts of a text requires time and specialized knowledge about the text, in the traditional ways. “Lexical Chains” is one of the newest branches of statistical semantics that presents the main concepts of the text based on the semantic relationships between words. In this research, we aim to determine the lexical chains of the sermons No. 111 and 221 of Nahj al-Balaghah, based on the theory of "Barzilay" and "Elhadad", using the descriptive-analytical and statistical method. The results indicate that there is 78 lexical chains in the sermon No. 111, and the semantic relationship of antonymy (50%) is more used in it, and the sermon No. 221 has 87 lexical chains, which the semantic relationship of antonymy (38%), and synonymy (34%) are more used in it. In the sermon No. 111, the chain No. 53, which its words indicate leaving this world and choosing the Hereafter, and in the sermon No. 221, chains No. 31, 62, and 8, whose words, respectively, indicate silence after the ability to speak, the importance of using wisdom, fear of the Judgment Day, are the strongest chains. Also, the results show that the topic of the sermon No. 221 is "ethical, religious, scientific, intellectual", but the main concepts of the sermon No. 111 are matched by the "ethical" topic mentioned by "Dashti".
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Mehdi Sahabi s’est essayé, pendant des années, à l’atelier de Proust et ce faisant, il a atteint à un certain degré de mûrissement. En traduisant A la Recherche du Temps, il a voulu faire œuvre, comme dit Antoine Berman. Les Plaisirs et Les Jours, livre d’un jeune auteur qui demande reconnaissance, préfigure déjà La Recherche, malgré la différence compositionnelle et thématique entre les deux ouvrages. Dans cet article, en nous basant sur les procédés techniques de la traduction énumérés et exemplifiés par Vinay-Darbelnet dans leur théorie de La Stylistique comparée, nous cherchons à analyser le processus de la traduction de ce recueil proustien. L’objectif est de connaître d’abord la méthode de traduction dee Sahabi et la manière dont il a procédé, et de savoir ensuite si la théorie appliquée est efficace dans la lecture d’un texte littéraire traduit. Les premier et second objectifs, pour être atteints, ont besoin de la mise en présence des deux textes et de l’explication de l’opération traduisante. A priori, les projets traductifs de Sahabi semblent ciblistes et orientés vers le lecteur, mais il est le traducteur des choix inattendus et peut nous surprendre. Par ailleurs, l’applicabilité de cette théorie linguistique au texte proustien déterminera son efficacité dans la critique de la traduction littéraire.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Despite the ever-growing demand for English for Academic Purposes (EAP) provision within universities around the globe and the impressive growth EAP has experienced throughout the last decades, very little attention has been paid to EAP teacher education and professional development. The present study is part of a research project that examined the existing requirement for a teacher education program for English for Medical Purposes (EMP) within the Iranian higher education system and developed a program, titled Teaching English for Medical Purposes (TEMP), and its accompanying curriculum drawing on a systematic process through a four-round Delphi study using the collective opinion of a panel of 22 EAP and EMP experts. In so doing, it employed a written interview, three questionnaires, and a comprehensive data analysis approach, incorporating a combination of inductive thematic analysis based on Braun and Clarke’s (2022) model, descriptive statistics, paired samples T-test, and Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance. The current paper focuses on the modalities and structure of the program developed. At the final round of the study, the panelists came to the consensus that a flexible pre-service graduate program can be the best alternative for EMP teacher education. This program is modular and hybrid in nature and offers benefits such as flexibility, cost-effectiveness, access to resources, targeted education, in-depth knowledge, and practical experience. Short-natured in-service instruction in the form of seminars or workshops was also recommended for ongoing professional development of the EMP teachers to stay updated with the latest research trends.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Early maladaptive schemas are mentally dysfunctional patterns that are formed since birth following the unfulfillment of human needs. The purpose of this research is to discover the relationship between the early maladaptive schemas of the fourth domain and their coping styles with direct and indirect requests. In general, 18 schemas are formed as a result of five needs not being thoroughly fulfilled in humans. In this research, only the schemas of the fourth domain, are discussed and investigated. Each person copes with their schemas in three different ways. In this research, two coping styles, surrendering and compensation, are examined. To collect data, the request style questionnaire, designed by the researcher, the Young Parenting Inventory (YSQ), and the compensation questionnaires of Young (2003) were handed out online. The participants, 73 males, and 169 females were born from 1981 to 1996, held bachelor's or master's degrees, and lived with both their parents until the age of 18. First, the request-style questionnaire was examined qualitatively according to the theory of Brown and Levinson (1987), and then the research data were analyzed using inferential statistics. According to the findings, the compensation style of domain four schemas has a direct relationship with the direct request, and the surrender style of domain four schemas has a direct relation with the indirect request. Also, gender does not affect direct or indirect request-making.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Explaining the nature of metaphor and its role in language has always been a controversial topic in the fields of linguistics, philosophy of language, rhetoric, and so forth. In metaphor analysis, these fields often converge in an inseparable manner. Donald Davidson, a 20th-century philosopher, is one of the influential theorists in the Philosophy of Language and the Theory of Meaning. His views on the essence and role of metaphor in language bear significant similarities to the ideas of al-Jurjani, a prominent 5th-century Hijri literary scholar. This research aims, through a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach, to examine the intersection points of Davidson’s and al-Jurjani’s theories, with one addressing metaphor from a philosophical and linguistic perspective and the other from a rhetorical standpoint. For this purpose, Davidson’s essay "What Metaphors Mean?" is used as the basis for reviewing his theories on metaphor. Al-Jurjani’s views are analyzed with a focus on "Dala'il al-I'jaz." This study yields results in three areas. The first, identifies similar aspects in the two theories, indicating that both theorists reject the idea of metaphor being merely a shortened simile. They also critique the notion of "metaphorical meaning," emphasizing that the meaning of a metaphor cannot be reproduced in any form other than the metaphorical one itself. The second area involves finding complementary aspects in the two theories, considering Davidson's philosophical stance and al-Jurjani's rhetorical position. The third area elaborates on the connection between al-Jurjani's direct views on metaphor and the ideas indirectly inferred from theory of Construction.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
In corpus stylistics, computational tools are used to conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses of the electronic corpora of literary works, through which the stylistic components of the texts are identified. This study aimed to determine the stylistic features of the works of Simin Daneshvar and Ebrahim Golestan using a corpus-based approach. For this purpose, the works of these two writers were examined using corpus analysis tools, including keyword and concordance analysis in the AntConc software. After extracting the positive keywords in these works, each keyword was examined in its real context in the concordance menu, and a semantic classification was performed based on their semantic domains. The examination and comparison of the positive keywords showed that the semantic domains of "social behavior, work and profession, state and grammar" are common in the works of both writers. This commonality from a stylistic perspective can be related to similar social norms and behaviors, as well as the similar time and place of life and growth of the two writers. Golestan's works are writer-centered, while Daneshvar's works are reader-oriented. Daneshvar's story characters are much more numerous (14 names with a frequency of 504) compared to Golestan, who used only 3 names with a frequency of 107. In Golestan's stories, there is no reference to religion semantic domain, while in Daneshvar's stories, this domain is addressed. Daneshvar establishes a greater connection with the characters in her stories by mentioning specific individuals.