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Mahdi Zarifian, Mohammad Jafar Yahaghi, Homa Katouzian,
Volume 15, Issue 58 (8-2022)
Volume 15, Issue 58 (8-2022)
Abstract
One of the important features of the Constitutional revolution's literature is the linguistic and literally violence. This feature is seen in two fields: Intergroup and Extergroup. The first relates to internal disputes between literatures and the second is related to literary disputes with those in power of in society, both clerics and politicians. The essence of this violence is rooted in political turmoil in this period of contemporary Iranian history. This violence often originates from social issues not individual ones. As well as its field of publications is public newspapers. Improvisation and informality are other characteristic of this literature. An analytical study of these literary works reveals that there are several motives for their emergence: Political differences, Competitions for social status, Weaknesses in literary language, highlighting the moral weaknesses of the competitor. The socio-political reasons for this phenomenon are as follows: Political instability and the prevalence of the chaos, and insist on prejudice and disregard for the principle of tolerance.
Extended Abstract
Arrogance and harsh language are one of the main characteristics of the literature of the constitutional era. This amount of political sarcasm and sharp language is unique in the history of Iran. In other words, in no period of Iran's literary history has there been so much foul language that originated and was motivated by the world of politics. In fact, the literature of this era has a violent and warm nature and follows fast and emotional movements and is more in favor of revolution and rebellion than it is willing to restore and reform gradually. This extreme emotionalism unintentionally makes the language of the writer of this era sharp and fearless and makes him realize the destructive power of language. Thus, in the constitutional era, the element of satire is highlighted in its most reckless form. This is the manifestation of what should be called linguistic violence. The violence that is a symbol of the inner turmoil and the endless impatience that burns the writers of this period in its fire, blocks the way to any gradual reform or toleration of the opposing voice, and it is not satisfied except to destroy the previous constructions and try to build a new building.
Questions:
In analyzing the phenomenon of obscenity and understanding the motivations for its prevalence in this period, we will seek answers to the following questions: 1- What are the areas of occurrence of obscenity in constitutional literature? 2- What are the characteristics and motivations of obscenity in constitutional literature? 3- What are the social and political causes of profanity in constitutional literature?
Theoretical Framework:
The theoretical framework of this research is the theory of short-term society, which tries to explain the relationship between the state and the nation and other social aspects from the perspective of historical sociology. Based on the comparative study of Iranian and European tradition, this theory points out the important differences between these two cultures. Although this theory has not been formulated specifically in the field of literature, but considering the capacities that exist in this theory and also due to the deep connection between literature and politics in Iranian society, it can be used in this interdisciplinary research.
Fields: Obscenity in the literature of the constitutional era can be analyzed in two areas. The inner field means the conflicts of the writers towards each other and the outer field means the taunts and obscenities of the writers to the people of politics and religion and what is related to social issues.
Attributes: The main characteristics of this phenomenon in the constitutional era are: 1- Using it as a tool of political struggle. 2- Changing the media. 3- Informal literature.
Motives: The obscene motivations of writers in this era can be listed as follows: 1- Difference in political views. 2- Competition for popular popularity. 3- Weak and weak literature. 4- The moral vices of the speaker and the audience.
The social and political causes of the prevalence of this phenomenon from the perspective of short-term society theory:
In expressing the social and political causes of this type of literature, different causes should be mentioned; Including political instability and successive social crises, society's misunderstanding of concepts such as freedom and law, which ultimately leads to chaos in society. Abandoning tolerance and insisting on prejudice that narrows the field for rational interaction and acceptance of the opposite.
Mahdi Zarifian, Mohammad Jfar Yahaghi, Homa Katouzian,
Volume 16, Issue 61 (7-2023)
Volume 16, Issue 61 (7-2023)
Abstract
With the occurrence of the Constitutional Revolution, the discussion on the necessity of cultural transformation and the revitalization of literary renovation flourished. One of the important aspects of this discussion was determining the relationship between ancient Iranian literature and the new situation. The modernists of this era viewed literary tradition as sterile and stagnant, seeking to destroy it instead of attempting to reinterpret it. On the other hand, traditionalists took a worshipful approach to tradition, condemning any critique of classical tradition. In this article, after providing a historical overview, the critical aspects of the modernist approach to classical tradition are listed. These aspects include the outdated language, elitism, narrow and regional perspectives, inability to address the requirements and needs of the new world, justifying authoritarian power, neglecting the social function of literature, and non-revolutionary and accommodative nature. Subsequently, this destructive perspective is analyzed from the perspective of short-term society theory. This analysis reveals that the merciless critique of the modernists is an expression of their disregard for the necessity of capital accumulation, while also highlighting the absence of the concept of critique and its vital role in cultural development and progress. Furthermore, these critics paid no attention to the nature of the authoritarian government, for which no alternative was conceivable, and they were oblivious to the key role of power institutions in the cultural life of society.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
One of the questions that emerged alongside the Constitutional Revolution in the cultural scene of Iran was the discussion on the necessity of renewal. One important aspect of this debate was determining the relationship between ancient Iranian literature and the new context. A significant group of modernists believed that the ancient literary tradition was stagnant and that preserving it was futile. On the other hand, traditionalists adopted a reverential perspective that rejected any criticism of classical tradition.
Questions: In the sociological analysis of the conflict between reformists and traditionalists in the Constitutional Era, we will seek answers to the following questions. 1- What are the main criticisms of the modernist movement towards classical tradition? 2- What are the main characteristics of this conflict from the perspective of the short-term society theory?
Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework of this research is the theory of short-term society, which tries to explain the relationship between the state and the nation and other social aspects from the perspective of historical sociology. Based on the comparative study of Iranian and European tradition, this theory points out the important differences between these two cultures. Although this theory has not been formulated specifically in the field of literature, but considering the capacities that exist in this theory and also due to the deep connection between literature and politics in Iranian society, it can be used in this interdisciplinary research.
The main criticisms towards classical tradition
The main chapters of the critique of modernists on classical tradition can be summarized as follows: 1- outdated language. 2- elitist and anti-populist literature. 3- having limited and local concerns. 4- vulnerability to new paradigms. 5- disregard for the social role of literature. 6- enhancement of authoritarianism.
Analysis from the perspective of theory
The analysis of this subject from the perspective of the short-term society theory demonstrates the following aspects: 1- The destruction of tradition and the problem of capital accumulation deficiency: The radical modernists failed to acknowledge that renewal could only be logical if it first embraced a peaceful coexistence with tradition and gradually constructed a new aesthetic system. 2- Lack of the concept of critique. 3- Disregard for the nature of authoritarian governance. 4- Neglect of the economic dependence of literature on power institutions.
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