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An important subject in the field of linguistics is the impact of one thought system on the community of lingual symbols. The relationship between mind and language conventions has long been of interest to linguists. The importance of this relationship becomes more prominent in comparative approaches where, through comparative study and analysis of the main schemas of the ideas of several thinkers or artists, the researcher traces the consistent and common use of linguistic symbols. In the hermeneutic analysis of the works of Mowlana Jalal ad-Din Mohammad Rumi, the interpretation of symbols, analogy and codes governing his mind and language is a major research interest. One of the most important branches among these researches concerns the kinship of Mowlana’s language codes with other thinkers and artists. On the other hand, Nietzsche, as a transcendental thinker, tries to use a symbolic language in explaining his thinking system. Due to his familiarity with the culture and literature of the East and the essential sameness of some of his principles with Mowlana’s transcendental approaches about the existence, morality, art , etc., Nietzsche achieves a set of symbols common with Rumi, which forms a shared language between the two thinkers.  

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The aphid species, Cinara pini (Linnaeus, 1758) reported in our previous work as a new aphid on pinus trees for Iran, was described using the classic method and through analysis of COI gene sequence. In the next step, we addressed the efficiency of the entomopathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium longisporum (Zimm.) Zare and Gams strain LRC 190, on the aphid. The fungus was administered to the second instar nymphs and adults using topical application procedure. The results indicated that the entomopathogen caused 90% mortality in adults over seven days at a concentration of 10⁸ spores/ml, while the same control level was achieved for nymphs by 8 × 10⁷ spores/ml. The LC₅₀ values were obtained as 1.2 × 10⁶ and 6.9 × 10⁵ spores/ml for adults and nymphs, respectively. The present study suggests that the entomopathogenic fungus, L. longisporum could be considered as a potential candidate in biocontrol programs of C. pini. This is the first report on the pathogenicity of L. longisporum on C. pini.

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With the advent of linguistic researches in the early seventies on the conditions of the women in language, an overwhelming turn came into the sociolinguistics. The most important rationale behind this attitude was the surge in Feminist movements in the modern times. Women authors strongly believe that masculine/male literature reinforces traditional sexual clichés and that in their works, portrays women as dependent and victim. They contend that the image depicted by men in their works of women is more frequently than not unrealistic. In other words, women/females in most of the literary works are considered as “others” to men/males and, henceforth, in male-dominated literature, the women question and the women experience are not dealt with. Quite on the contrary, the role assumed for women is what men ascribe to them and deem more suitable. This led to women arguing that, since they are endowed with special biological features and feminine experiences like sympathizing, cooperation, sensitivity and special power to observe, they are more likely to convey a special aspect of femininity to the reader, which is absent from male/masculine writing/écritude. Female writers in Iran could establish their place in writing fictional works and, hence, be widely received by the audience. This paper, via applying the Theory of Language and Social Semiotics, tries to delve into two novels: ‘Sovashon-by Simin Daneshvar-and ‘Adat mikonim'-by Zoya Pirzad. The methodology is descriptive-analytic. This paper substantiates the claim that women in different strata (syntactic, semantic and cognitive) of these two novels struggle to represent their identity in various ways.  

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According to the usual definitions of ambiguity and amphiboly in rhetorics, the origin of amphiboly and ambiguity lies in polysemic words and position and intention of the speaker are the distinctive factors in the respect. Questioning this distinction, co-text is introduced as the criterion of differentiating amphiboly from ambiguity and as a result of such discussion a definition is formed which is the base of the arguments of this paper. The concept of multiple signification is considered equal to the application of polysemic words and the stability of semantic ambiguity resulting from multiple signification, is considered as the required condition of considering a case as amphiboly. In search of the possibility of amphiboly in theater de-contextualization of situational contexts, possibility of negation of various signifieds in any of semiotic systems in theater and impossibility of formation of various signifieds in the mind are considered to be the limiting factors.

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The chloroplast gene matK, formerly known as ORF509, has been identified as one of the most rapidly evolving genes at the nucleotide and corresponding amino acid levels. This gene is located in the large single-copy region of the chloroplast genome, and placed between the 5’ and the 3’ exons of trnK (tRNA-lysine) within a group II intron. The matK RNA and protein levels are affected by light and developmental stages, suggesting functional roles for this putative maturase that affect in photosynthesis indirectly. The matK has been considered as one of the most useful genes for resolving phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships at a range of taxonomic levels, from closely related species to the generic, familial, and even supra-familial levels among land plants, especially Angiosperms. The matK as a DNA barcode for land plants showed high levels of discrimination among angiosperm species that can be used single or in combination with other genes.

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The present paper was an attempt to inquire into the morpho-syntactic features of light verb construction in Azeri-Turkish/Persian intra-sentential code-switching, employing the matrix language frame model. The analysis of data obtained from the interactions between bilingual teachers (n = 4) and students (n = 100) and from the conversation of 8 other bilingual teachers in a primary school revealed that Persian finite verbs do not participate in Azeri-Turkish morpho-syntactic frame simply because such verbs are [+ thematic role assigner] and carry more syntactic baggage. Persian preverbal elements, however, appeared to combine with Turkish light verbs showing more resistance to the syntactic frame of Azeri-Turkish in causative structures. Activation of embedded language preverbal element at predicate-argument level not only indicates the matrix language being far from the sole source for the grammatical shaping but also falsifies the independence of syntax from lexicon.

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True flies (Insecta: Diptera) are widely distributed and the key components in most ecosystems. The objective of this study was to identify the true flies’ diversity through DNA barcoding technique (658 bp sequence from the 5′-end of cytochromeoxidase I) in Bangladesh. Specimens were collected by a Malaise trap at Chittagong University Campus between April 2014 and March 2015. In this study, we examined 36476 sequences of 38267 true flies, and resulted 105 species, 109 genera, 54 subfamilies and 59 families. Among them 79 species, 69 genera, 12 subfamilies and 23 families are new country records. All the specimen records with the Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) (the species proxies), are available on the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD).

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In the framework of stylistic discourse analysis, literature is a container to express ideas and concepts which are not only relevant to their creator, but also they are in connection with the context in which the text is produced. Yet, literature is the product of discourse where it is developed and all factors like environment, context, cultural issues and dominant ideology of the period in which the specific text is generated affect the growth and visibility of it. In Persian literature, Khorasani style is the product of discourse that its dominant face is full of philosophical thoughts and particularly rationality. This period is influenced by rational thoughts and intellectuality and NaserKhosro's poems, as one of well- known and effective poets and one of the most noticeable representatives of 5^th century literature, is regarded as a dominant sample of this conceptual indicators. Notable point in his poems is the influence of philosophical and religious thoughts, so that a large part of his odes court was devoted to this subject matter. In stylistic layered analysis of this poet's odes, dominant and cultural discourse of Khorasani period in which frequency of philosophical and logical subjects are notable shows specific style of the poet. In this study, based on stylistic layer analysis, in order to specify appearance of dominant- intellectual and cultural discourse of the period in the light of lexical and syntactic style, two layers of vocabulary and syntax of a number of his odes' court are analyzed.
 

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According to a perspective, male and female copulatory organs have not more extreme morphologies. However, a skewed bias in males, -as well as the scanty taxonomic data on female genitalia, may explain why most evolutionary biologists failed to find acceptable evidence for the reproductive co-evolution in insects. A recent finding shows that the mechanical footing has a cooperative essence in the weevil genus Sitona. In this viewpoint, successful mating is achieved by the dynamic correspondence between the male endophallus and female genital lumen. The present work addresses some missing evidence in the genital traits of this taxon that may keep the hampered comprehensions under lock and key. The female bursal lumen in the studied species is provisioned with a pair of forklift-shaped structures (named the “codelocks”) that may provide for stabilizing the characteristic position of the male bio-syringe during copulation. This structure varies between the species based on the shape and direction of its paired levers, so that an elaborate algorithm possibly serves as the fuel of this device. However, in one of these, Sitona fairmairei (Allard, 1869), the levers perform a dual function in accordance to the lockback mechanism of the male copulatory organ. This species is also featured for having several campaniform mechano-receptors on the flanges of the male bio-syringe which are involved in the in-vivo navigation of this armature towards female spermathecal duct.

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In this paper, in order to detect the number of transmitting antenna in MIMO communication systems, it is proposed that the techniques such as AIC & MDL, which have been primarily designed so as to detect the number of Gaussian sources, are applied. Then a hypothesis testing based method for recognizing the type of modulation in MIMO communication systems with block orthogonal codes is suggested; in which in order to reduce the complexity of the traditional methods, simpler likelihood functions for testing hypotheses are applied. Furthermore, because in all modulation scheme detection methods, a proper estimation of channel gain (channel matrix) is required; in this paper, a new and efficient method based on SAGE iterative algorithm for estimation of channel matrix in MIMO communication system with space-time block codes is proposed. At the end of this paper, the performance and effectiveness of all proposed modules are separately and jointly analyzed by numerical simulations.

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The presence of the images in different layers of The Blind Owl of Sadeq Hedayat is one of the characteristics of this novel that makes its nonverbal analysis possible. The images with their specific characteristics are at the service of development of the story and its multi-layered signification. Analysis of these images to achieve the hidden meaning behind them, requires a scientific method to explain the connotation of the images. It seems that the visual semiotics is a practical method to decode the images of The Blind Owl. Using the visual semiotics, we analyze the images of this novel, relying on the relationship between signifier and signified and utilizing the mechanisms which consider the images like a discourse. Considering the image as a discourse is an important innovation in this research.
The Blind Owl narrates the story of an unnamed painter, the narrator, who sees the nightmares originating from a terrible crime. The narrator recounts, on the night of the crime, the story of what happened to him, and tries to recall everything and to write them. What distinguishes The Blind Owl from other literary works, is the coincidence of the narration and the images. Sometimes, the author draws and sometimes, he describes some paintings in the text. In fact, The Blind Owl is a combination of written and visual discourses, but the visual indications are more meaningful than the written indications. In this research, the main issue is to examine how the visual discourse is created in The Blind Owl, and then we consider how the image is promoted to the position of a discourse. Considering the image as a discourse is to find the answer to this fundamental question: how verbal discourse interacts with visual discourse in this work? Assuming that the visual discourse is at the service of the written discourse, the goal of this study is to analyze the metalinguistic aspects and then connoted and secret meaning of the images. In order to achieve this goal, our analysis is based on a semiotic/semantic approach. According to the linguistic theory of Roman Jakobson, the image have three levels of meaning: the apparent meaning, the implicit meaning and the codes, all three levels analyzed in detail in this study.
The results of semiotic/semantic analysis indicate that the images turns into a dominant discourse in The Blind Owl. The visual discourse in this novel work as a mirror that represent the narrator mental chaos. The visual and verbal discourse in collusion with each other, reflects the root of the tragedy in the narrator’s life. In addition to the implicit meaning of the two discourses in question, in deeper layers, the codes are also considerable to find the secret meaning to this novel. These codes that appear in two visual and verbal discourses, reflect the relationship between the personal world of the narrator and the world of myth.
 

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The present study is on the morphology and molecular data of the genus Dineutus MacLeay, were collected from the Eastern Ghats mountains in Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu states located in the eastern Ghats of India. The morphological identification was based on elytral spines, setation on paramere and structure of the median lobe. Molecular characterization was based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16s ribosomal RNA gene. Species identified as being D. indicus, D. spinosus, and D. unidentatus. Phylogenetic trees were constructed for both genes, and the COI fragment shows raw genetic distance between 10–12% among the three species of D. indicus, D. spinosus and D. unidentatus, whereas 16s gene shows a divergence of 4–5%. The present study contributes five novel mitochondrial COI and five ribosomal RNA sequences for D. spinosus and D. unidentatus for the first time from India.

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Due to the importance of resources of code articles and their role for interpretation of codes, the author has compared articles of contracts and obligations in Iranian civil code (articles 183-300) with Shiite law and French law and then he has declared his view about their main resources in every case. Although the writers of civil code haven't hidden their continued desire for applying articles of civil code to bases of Shiite law, the author believes that the articles of this section of civil code have considerably used both sources; i.e. Shiite and French law.

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This work supports the effectiveness of the employment of communication strategies for bet-ter and more efficient communication. Communication strategies varies as a function of dif-ferent factors such as personality traits, pedagogical setting, L2 context, etc. The present re-search aimed at delving into the relationship between shyness, task nature and the frequency and type of communication strategies used by the subjects. The subjects of the study were 168 male and female students at Ilam university and Islamic Azad University of Tehran (South Branch). The subjects took a Michigan test of language proficiency. Out of 168 sub-jects taking the Michigan test, 106 were found to be homogenous and qualified to take part in three different communicative activities: Free Discussion, Translation, and Story Recon-struction. Out of the 106 subjects 102 took part in the above-mentioned activities. They were also given to fill up the Stanford Shyness questionnaire. The statistical procedure of Chi-Square was used for the purpose of the study. It was shown that shyness affects the adoption and choice of communication strategies negatively. i.e. non-shy students use more communication strategies than their shy counterparts, and also that non-shy students use more achievement strategies vis-à-vis their shy friends, while the latter group preferred to use more avoidance strategies. The study, however, couldn’t establish and confirm any relationship between the type of task and the type of communication strategies used by the subjects.

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This study aims to examine the elements of stylistics in three stories. They include three poetical narratives by ʿAṭṭār in mystical genre pivoting around the character of Ḥallāj.
The main research question of are: a) According to which stylistic mechanisms of narrative are the narrative-stylistic elements explained? And b) How are these elements reflected in the narrative discourse?
This study hypothesis check the components of Simpson's narrative discourse to determine the stylistic features.
 Therefore, analysis of the texture of these narratives showed that in total, material processes with 16 applications had more performance than verbal process with 3 cases, mental process with 13 cases and behavioral process with 1 case.
 The research uses library method for collecting data and is analytical in nature, employing the methodology proposed by Simpson in his Stylistics approach.
The results indicate the extent of characters’ collaboration by analysing the processes. In terms of point of view on the temporal plane, there is no specific time since all three narratives revolve around Ḥallāj. The descriptive pause is another example of this point of view and narrative time in the stories is longer than story-time. In the second story, however, the narrative is denser and more concise.
An example of a point of view on the temporal plane can be seen in the three discourses of narration using "the use of past verbs", "descriptive pause" and "narrative time" in two narratives, and the narrative of “ tashte khakestar va amadane ashegh" is rejected.
 Naturally, from the spatial point of view, referring to space is not pertinent because it the prestige of Ḥallāj which is the focus of the author.
All three narrative discourses confirm Hallaj's high position on psychological plane . The point of view is the third person in all three stories. In the first and third stories, the third person perspective is reflective, and in the second story, the third person perspective is prominent.
 Modality has some features in narratives of Ḥallāj: since the narrator narrates Ḥallāj’s emotions and the Lover’s character by direct speech, it has a positive shading. This may be explained using Fowler-Uspensky model.
 In terms of idiolect, the words uttered as the Lover’s reaction to see the Beloved’s (i.e. Ḥallāj’s) ash and finding a trace of the latter are in line with the mystical context of the story. All three stories of Ḥallāj can be discussed in view of Labov’s ‘textual structure’.
Therefore, in future research, it is possible to examine the textual structure of the elements of this model in the narrative context by examining the structure of the text in other anecdotes of mystical poetry and consider the anecdotes related to elders. The results of this study showed that in almost these three stories, the result , the solution and the terminal phase are the same, and the reason is Attar's advice, which replaces any kind of analysis.
With regard to intertextuality, two stories ‘Ḥallāj in the gallows’ (Ḥallāj bar sar-i dār) and ‘Ḥallāj decapitated in sleep’ (Ḥallāj bā sar-i burida) are referred to in other texts.
The results of this study clearly show that the study of narrative stylistics and the application of its components have mechanisms that are suitable for analyzing different levels of narrative discourse context. In addition, this study provided an understanding of the style of Hallaj's narratives that had not been previously explored.
 
 

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Difficulties of the legal language is something that everyone has heard something about that and may have ideas about the problem. It is being said that the way to solve the problem with the legal language is that we try to write the articles of the codes in an easy language and method and to use editing instruments. From a linguistic point of view it is not just the matter of easy writing but it is a problem which needs some basic theoretical hypothesis to show us a scientific method to deal with the problem. In this study, subject matter analysis is done through the functional approach as proposed and outlined in Halliday’s approach. The author believes that it is not enough to consider the linguistic character of the articles of the legal codes or the texts of law, but we needs to consider instead the communicative aspects and the way the legislator convey the massage.
This paper aims to study how the Criminal Procedure Code of Iran to convey meaning and to communicate and transfer message to the audience based on Halliday’s functionalism regarding communicative and functional roles of language.  Based on that approach, the Code is expected to communicate with the audience and convey meaning and message through a variety of linguistic functions. Each article in the code contains a variety of actions and topics which the legislator tries to convey to the audience using linguistic and metalinguistic factors. In this paper an attempt is made to represent the three experimental, interpersonal and textual metafunctions in the articles of the Code.
Legal mechanisms, expressed through language propositions, are subordinate to the contextual and structural requirements of language for meaning. Functional theory defines three metafunctions as contextual and structural requirements for expressing any linguistic contents. To consider the empirical-logical, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions is necessary to analyze the difficulties of the legal language in general and the language of the law in special. The key question is: what is this difficulty? The functional hypothesis is that this difficulty lies in the way information is presented by the text and in the way the text to communicate. By focusing on Articles 1 to 7 of the Criminal Procedure Code of 2013, The present paper showed that in these articles, passive structure of the verb, substitution of the subject with the abstract expressions and conversion of concrete verbs to ideational create a huge amount of interpretation imposed on the reader. It has implicated the role of judicial authorities in the exercise of power in the form of constructive and empirical and material constituent elements in cases where they must be held accountable. This form of information gives a dominant position to the judicial authorities against the accused in contrast with the protection of civil rights enshrined in Article 7.
Findings confirmed the desirable performance of the functional theory in the field of the articles of the Code. Halliday’s Functionalism shows that the main problem in respect with the articles of the Criminal Procedure Code is not just restricted to the linguistic features but the main problem arises from the communicative strategies which the legislator uses to convey meaning to the audience. In this way the interpretive implications have the most parasitic role which do not let the audience easily communicate and direct with the message being conveyed. The results of this study showed that a proper packaging of Information, regarding the functional aspects, is a useful way to achieve the goals of an easy writing movements too. Proper packaging of information, will help us resolve the difficulties in both sides of writing and communicating.

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This study was performed to determine the identification (barcoding) using cytochrome oxidase gene of common carp, between three provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan (respectively in Gomishan, Tajan and Kiashahr) in 2011. The results of sequencing showed that all samples from the three regions had a genetic distance less than 2%, so all samples were from the same species. The results of sequencing 30 tail samples of carp species on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea showed that all samples are of the same species and their genetic distance does not reach at least 2%. Therefore, all carp samples of the three provinces are of the same species and have the same type of barcode. In the study of nucleotide and haplotypic distance, Gomishan region was 10.75000, 1 and Kiashahr region were 3.200 and 0.9333, respectively. In the study of nucleotide diversity between the two regions, 0.01978 and the average nucleotide difference was 12.187. Haplotypic diversity in Gomishan region was 38.095 and in Kiashahr region was 23.809%. Out of 13 haplotypes, Gomishan region with 8 haplotypes (61.53%) and Kiashahr region with 5 haplotypes (38.46%) had the lowest haplotypes.The results of this study show that there is a significant difference between carp samples in Gomishan and Kiashahr regions in terms of nucleotide and haplotypic diversity (P <0.05).

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The use of polymeric and flammable building materials has been considerably increased in construction industry of Iran in recent years. Most of these materials are highly flammable and can seriously contribute in growth of a probable fire in buildings. In this research, the fire behavior of some polymeric building materials used as finishes was evaluated with cone calorimeter method at 50 kW/m2. The thermal fire parameters and smoke toxicity produced from the burning specimens were assessed; including time to ignition, flaming duration, peak of heat release rate, total heat release, smoke production rate, average specific extinction area, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide production. The correlation between the thermal parameters was discussed and it was concluded the total heat release had direct dependence on combustible nature of the material and the surface density and reverse dependence on time to ignition. Meanwhile, the fire toxicity hazard parameters including carbon monoxide production rates and smoke toxicity were evaluated. The smoke toxicity was expressed in terms of the two parameters: fractional effective dose (FED) and toxicity index (LC50). The obtained results showed that the most tested materials had a dangerous behavior in case of fire and can cause flashover in the room. They released considerable amount of heat with high peaks of heat release rate. Especially epoxy, MDF and polycarbonate samples showed a high potential for contribution in fire growth. In addition, the epoxy, PVC and polycarbonate produced the highest amounts of smoke and carbon monoxide. It should be noted that the production amount of carbon monoxide was measured in an open system in which air is circulated with a certain velocity. So in a real fire, these values ​​can be accumulated and increased in the room of fire. Among the tested samples, polycarbonate (PC) and PVC flooring (PVC-F) showed the highest value of FED, however it seems that the assessment of carbon monoxide versus time could provide more important information for assessment of smoke toxicity. The results showed that it is needed to regulate the fire behavior of building finishes and restrict their application in buildings. For this purpose, a fire risk classification was needed, which will be studied in further steps of the research.

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Fire is a potential threat for all buildings. It can produce life and property losses and even ending to fail of the building. Therefore; fire safety is one of the most important requirements in design and construction of buildings. In other side, the use of polymeric building materials has been considerably developed in construction industry in recent years. Most of these materials are highly flammable and can seriously contribute to growth of probable fires in buildings. Hence; it is needed to evaluate the fire behavior of these materials and restrict their application in buildings, if they show a high contribution to fire growth. In this research, the fire behaviors of 10 polymeric building materials were studied with cone calorimeter at 50 kW/m2. The reaction to fire properties of the burned specimens were presented and discussed. The correlations between the acquired fire parameters were evaluated. This could assist in analysis of the fire growth risk of the specimens. The fire risk of the tested materials was evaluated with different methods, including methods proposed by Richardson, Östman and Nussbaum, Petrella and the software program conetools. The results were compared and it was revealed that there were some disagreements. The reasons of these disagreements were discussed. The most tested materials showed a dangerous behavior against the fire. They released considerable amount of heat and high peaks of heat release rate. Especially epoxy, MDF, HDF and polycarbonate samples showed high potentials for contribution in fire growth. The results showed that the time to ignition, heat release rate and total heat release are the least fire parameters that should be considered in any fire risk classification method. The time to ignition has an important influence on flame spread on the linings and on time to flashover in the room of origin of fire. Disregarding the time to ignition in any classification method, as it can be seen in that proposed by Richardson, could result in incorrect predictions of fire risk of materials. A new classification method for reaction to fir of materials is proposed in this paper. In this method, the combustibility of materials is evaluated when they are exposed to a radiant heat flux 50 kW/m2 for 15 minutes. The method is an improved version of the method given by Richardson. The peak of heat release rate, total heat release and propensity to flashover (i.e. the ratio of the peak rate of heat release to the time to ignition) are used for classification of fire risk of materials in this method. It is fairly simple and does not need fire tests in medium or large scales (like SBI or room corner tests). It is proposed for use in chapter three of building code of Iran, which is allocated to fire safety of buildings.