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The book of Samnameh is one of the texts that its attribution to Khaju-Kermani and has been discussed since its composition. Recently, some researchers have come to the conclusion that Samnameh was written by Khaju ShahnamehKhan, and the reason for the difference in the number of verses and even the existence of short and long narrations is the shortening and lengthening of the story by the narrator. However, the current research, seeks to find another answer to the question of why the Samnameh manuscripts are fundamentally different from each other in terms of the number of verses and the type of narration. This research aims to compare the short and long narratives of Samnameh with the help of the elements of the Naqqali tradition and the opinion of prominent researchers in this field, and the result shows that the differences between different manuscripts of Samnameh are due to different texts that were written by different scroll writers over time, and not different versions of the same narration. According to this research, only one short narration, which is one of the shortest narrations of Samnameh, was written by Khaju Shahnamehkhan Karati.
 

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Contemporary literature in English language teaching shows some impacts of oral narrations on learners’ speaking competence and phonological processing. However, little research has explored the relationship between this methodological practice and young learners’ L2 reading comprehension. This paper investigates the effect which story retelling has on young English learners’comprehension of reading. The researchers employed quantitative and qualitative approaches. Forty children were chosen from two different classes of a comparable level of proficiency and assigned into two groups for a two-month treatment. The results show that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group on the reading comprehension posttest. The questionnaire and observation data also indicated that the children responded positively to story retelling and that story retelling brought about excitement in the reading class, motivated young learners to read as well as shaped young learners’ behaviours and attitudes. This study suggests using story retelling more often in L2 language programs for young learners.

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Majid Hushangi. PH.D
Fatemeh Jafari
Abstract
In this study, efforts have been made to analyze and study the narrative and structural integrity of Aql-e Sorkh treatise of the acclaimed Iranian philosopher and mystic, Shahab Ed-Din Sohrawardi, based on narrative norms and the theory of literary critic, Tzvetan Todorov. Upon the consideration of role models and the grammar of the text, it was concluded that Sohrawardi has made use of the unity of narrators and has expressed four series in a narration which matches the approach of Illuminism school of thought, and has taken advantage of the element of time to exit the linear repetition, while getting close to modern narrations.

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Finding similarities and differences in historical and literary writing may be defined in the interdisciplinary studies. In this research, the narrative aspects of killing places in Ashura were analyzed from viewpoint of Gerard Genette's narrative time. The object of study is Holy Ghasem. The research has descriptive- analytical method, and the following items are the considerable results of research: (1) in the field of phenomena order, non-accredited historical phenomena include the most part of Anachronies mentioned in semi-narrative killing places (historical- fictional).The most different type of anachrony is mentioned in Moharegh Algholoub which is non-diegetic traditionally remained in today eulogies; (2) in the field of phenomena duration, the most part of narrative decelerations is non-accredited historical phenomena which is the product of literary processing in word; another method of narration prorogation is the mixture of poetry and prose; then the description of details of some phenomena including accredited and non-accredited has reduced the acceleration of narration. The most dramatic scenes are mainly related to the fight scenes; (3) in the field of phenomena frequency, the most repetitive frequency is the integrated product of poetry and prose which is the repetition of prose in poetry.

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This article focuses on application of continuous and free themes, comparatively studying the themes of Gonbad-e Siah and Gonbad-e Meshkin myths. These themes maintain a temporal-caustic relationship and lack the temporal element, while describing a thing and/or a mood. In both narrations, the continuous themes are considered as fixed and unchangeable elements of the story. However, the terms of usage of the capacities of free themes in these two narrations differs. Nezami, in contrast to Amir Khosrow, appropriately uses these capacities. The secondary element of description helps advance the story by depiction objects and locations and registers believable times and locations for these events. The narrator, via apparent incidents, and psychological means, especially ethical topics, delays the readout of the text, leading to creation of a highly attractive narration.

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This research deals with the semantic analysis of architectural elements in the paintings of Kamaluddin Behzad and the story of "Gonbad Firouze" by Nizami, focusing on folk aspects. At first, key concepts such as architectural elements, narrative, and semantics are defined to clarify the theoretical framework of the research. Then, the similarities between these two works are examined. The main question is how the architectural elements, especially the dome and color, are used in the narration of these works and what meaningful role they have in the narrative and visual structure. The research uses a three-stage approach: In the first stage, architecture and literature are introduced as two separate narrative structures. In the second stage, the picture and the story are reread simultaneously to analyze the popular aspects of each work. In the third stage, the findings are evaluated and twelve indices are extracted for narrative architecture and eight indices for folk literature. The results show that architectural elements and colors act as mediators for conveying symbolic concepts, and in these works they have roles such as evoking a special atmosphere and creating tension. This research also emphasizes the relationship between architecture and literature through a semantic approach and examines the role of architectural elements in the creation and development of cultural narratives.

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One of the fields that has been influenced by the linguistic methodology, and the results of the researches in the interdisciplinary fileds of psycholinguistics and clinical linguistics is the study of speech disorders, like stuttering. Stuttering is a speech disorder characterized by repetition of sounds, syllables, or words; prolongation of sounds; and interruptions in speech known as blocks. An individual who stutters exactly knows what he or she would like to say, but has trouble producing a normal flow of speech. In recent years many studies have examined whether there is a relationship between stuttering and linguistic features of the speech of those who stutter. This study is focused on the lexical domain, namely the lexical density, and lexical diversity that can be considered as the lexical richness. Lexical diversity is usually defined as the range and variety of vocabulary in a language sample. Lexical density provides a measure of the proportion of lexical items (i.e. nouns, verbs, adjectives and some adverbs) and function words in a language sample. 
Therefore, this study is aimed at comparing the lexical density and diversity in the narrations of children who stutter (CWS) (aged between 4 to 8 years), and children who do not stutter (CWNS) in the control group. Therefore, it investigates whether children who stutter have limited verbal skills compared to children who do not stutter. Since some theories claim that CWS have poorer language skills, comparing their linguistic performance in different domains to their fluent peers can contribute to the studies in this field through shedding light on the weak and strong points of these children’s language abilities. The sample consists of the narrations of 14 children who stutter (CWS) classified into two age groups: (4-6 and 6-8), and 14 age-matched children who do not stutter (CWNS) as the control group selected through convenience sampling method. They have been asked to narrate a wordless picture book, “Frog where are you?” (Meyer, 1969), and their narrations have been analyzed, and compared according to the lexical density and diversity between children who stutter, and the children in the control group, and also between the two age groups. The percentage of the use of different words in different grammatical classes, i.e. noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and different function words in their narrations was also compared between the groups. 
Lexical diversity was analyzed through computing MSTTR (Mean Segmental Type-Token Ratio) by Word Smith 6. To measure lexical density, Lexical and functional words in the children’s narrations were counted, and classified. The results were compared between the experimental group and control group in different age groups. SPSS 21 was used to test the significance of the differences observed between the groups. The results revealed that CWNS demonstrated more lexical diversity compared to CWS, but the difference was not significant. CWS used more content words and less function words than CWNS in their narrations and the difference is statistically significant. Comparing different grammatical classes showed that CWS narrations contained more nouns than CWNS narrations, whereas CWNS have used more verbs, adjectives and adverbs. However, the difference in the percentage of adverb usage was the only statistically significant item.


1. Introduction
Understanding the relationship between fluency and language skills has been an area of focus in many studies. Many researches has examined whether the language abilities of children who stutter (CWS) are equivalent to those of children who do not (CWNS). Two of these language abilities in lexical domain are lexical diversity and lexical density which are aspects of a greater concept: lexical richness. Lexical diversity is usually defined as the range and variety of vocabulary in a language sample. Lexical density provides a measure of the proportion of lexical items (i.e. nouns, verbs, adjectives and some adverbs) and function words in a language sample. Therefore, the current study is aimed to answer these questions using narrative discourse:

•    How do 4 to 8 year old CWS compare to peers in their lexical diversity?
•    What is the difference between 4 to 8 year old CWS and CWNS in their lexical density?

Based on Demands and capacities theory (Neilson & Neilson, 1987; Starkweather, 1987), that predicts that fluency breaks down when communication demands exceed individual capacities, the hypothesis of this study is vocabulary skills are weaker in CWS compared to peers.

2. Methodology
Participants: participants were14 CWS classified into two age groups: (4-6 and 6-8), and 14 age-matched CWNS as the control group selected through convenience sampling method (gender was not matched). None of the children had suspected any other language disorders and displayed typical social-emotional development, normal hearing ability and no neurological problems, according to speesh therapists reports. Data Collection: Samples were elicited by having children construct a story that correspounded to a wordless picture story, Frog where are you? (Mayer, 1969) with 29 pictures. The reason for chosing narrative task was narration often contains more complex language than conversation because speakers use more adverbial clauses and elaborated noun phrases to tie multiple characters and actions together,so given better samples for lexical density. Data Analysis: Each participant’s narration were audio-recorded and transcribed by researchers. Each word in samples was labled based on whether it is a content or function word. Content words was categorised as noun, verb, adjective and adverb. Function words consisted: prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, articles, object marker, determiners and auxiliary verbs. Number of total words, number and frequency percentage of  total content words, total  function words, nouns, verbs, adjectivse and adverbs were calculated for each particapnt sample. For assessing lexical diversity, number of unique word roots dividing by the number of total words in samples of total narratives of 4-6 and 6-8 year old children in each group (CWS and CWNS) calculated by WordSmith (V6) software. MSTTR (Mean Segmental type-token ratio) algorithm is used in WordSmith which calculates type-token ratio in samples with defference size. SPSS software (V21) and nonparametric tests Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis used to conduct statistical analyses.

3. Results
The results revealed that CWNS demonstrated more lexical diversity compared to CWS, but the difference was not significant. CWS used more content words and less function words than CWNS in their narrations and the difference is statistically significant. Comparing different grammatical classes showed that CWS narratives contained more nouns than CWNS narrations, whereas CWNS have used more verbs, adjectives and adverbs. However, the difference in the percentage of adverb usage was the only statistically significant item.

4. Conclusion
The findings suggest some subtle level of lexical skills like using divers words in length, phonological or phonetic complexity and other linguistic factors in CWS. It seems their linguistic capacities in producing fluent speech isn't less than communicative demands. Also some theories like EXPLAN predicts function words are more likely to be stuttered in children compared to content words, so less using of function words in CWS can be considered as an avoidance behaviour. As well as eliminating adverbs that are adjunct can be a strategy to avoid words that probably produced stuttered.

 

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Authorization is a process in narration that according which the narrator constructs her/ his own legitimation and narration using the discursive articulations. The authors’ aim in this paper is to investigate the linguistic processes of development, maintenance and fixation of authorization which the female and male narrators use in the narrations. Hence, they provided a deconstructive reading of the authorization by Van Leeuwen (2007) based on Laclau and Mouffe (2001) and Derrida (1983). Then, in order to identify the linguistic tools of development, maintenance and fixation processes of the personal authority, they went through the “Se-Ketab” by Pirzad and “Solok” by Dolatabadi and purposefully examined those parts. Finally, it was found that Pirzad and Dolatabadi try to legitimize their own dimensions by using their selves and others’ positions, creating discursive nodes, and crystallizing around them. At the same time, they try to delegitimize by rejecting the meanings of the signs from others’ narratives. Also, on a larger scale, it was revealed that the two narrators’ self-representation was different; Pirzad constituted the discursive “We” and Dolatabadi an omniscient narrator. Neither of these two narrators could escape the paradox.

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This article, upon adoption of an approach based on theories of Hermeneutics and Narratology of Paul Ricoeur, and upon emphasis on the factor of action in fiction and historical texts, intends to study the similarities and differences of the historical section of acclaimed Iranian Poet, Ferdowsi’s collection of poems, referred to as Shah-Nameh, with fiction. This is because although the historical part of Shah-Nameh could have been a unique account of historical events; the actions enlisted by Ferdowsi, which have been accounted within a narrative and fictional framework, has turned the historical section of Shah-Nameh into a blend of history, epics, legends, and myths.

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Heritage is one of the most famous poem of Mehdi Akhavān-Sāles where the poet has tried to establish a coherent relationship between form and content. In this study, using an analytic –descriptive research methodology, the author has investigated the elements of repetition, cohesion and narration in order to explain the functions of existent relations on structural elements which construct overall signification of this poem. This study shows the structural elements of this poem and its aesthetic aspects. According to results, in this poem, poet has paid special attention to structure, what makes the poem formally coherent. The use of structural relationships like repetition, cohesion and narration besides magnificent lexical selection at both levels of syntagmatic and paradigmatic axis makes this poem a successful examples of contemporary poem. 

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By adopting an analytic –descriptive research methodology, the present study analyzes the narrative acceleration in the “Stone of Patience “novel. To assess acceleration of narration, Gérard Genette divides the time of narrative text’s reading in the required time of novel’s events to be happened in real time. In this novel with stream of consciousness narrative technique, the future comes back in advance. From this view point, frequent retrospections along with several long shows guaranty the existence of novel. In this novel, temporal limit of fiction is not clear and the measurement or assessment of narrative acceleration based on speculation is not realistic. Since fictional axis of this novel except the shows are the result of two or more characters’ monologues. To assess narrative acceleration in each fictional axis, it should never ignore this phenomenon in the narrators section of that part. It is expected that narrative acceleration in this novel be fix and neutral due to this fact that the “Stone of Patience” is a text with numerous scenes. But, this novel is full of descriptive and explicative pause, retrospection, the representation of characters’ internal world and outer fictional narratives making the narrative acceleration slow.

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The aim of this study was to identify the effect of oral storytelling and reading on the characteristics of narratives of preschool girl children. For this purpose, 24 pre-school girl students were selected as the sample of the study using a pretest-posttest research design with unequal groups. The subjects were randomly assigned into two groups through TOLD (Hamil & Newcomer, 1997): For the first group, the folk tale "Crow and the Farmer", from the series of Mohtadi Morning Tales (2008), was presented orally and for the second group, the same story was presented in the form of Parde-khani [illustrated storytelling]. In the post-test phase, each child's recounted narratives were recorded and transcribed. Narratives in both groups were analyzed based on the frequency of story elements, the sequence of these elements, the relative frequency of the grammatical elements, the length of the narrative in terms of number of sentences and words, as well as the consistency of the narratives with the main narrative in three dimensions: deletion, addition, and inaccuracy. Based on the results of the content analysis, the lengths of narratives (number of words and sentences) and relative frequency of grammatical elements in the recounted narratives of children were significantly higher in the oral storytelling group than the reading group. But the frequency and sequence of story elements and narrative adaptation were not significantly different.
Introduction
Communicating in human societies, regardless of age, requires an understanding of environmental events and happenings. In this regard, every human perception of events is not similar to other human beings, and every human being has his/her own narratives that, in addition to communication, also know the environment around him/her. According to the theories of narration and storytelling and in-depth research in the field of children's narrative, how stories and storytelling methods work is a question that can guide child-centered research in the field.
But so far in research conducted in Iran, this issue has not been considered. Therefore, it can be concluded that stories have an impact on teaching, learning, comprehension and skills development. However, children's narratives and the structure of these narratives as a dependent variable have not been studied; while the stories of children of different ages can be analyzed.
In this research, the issue is how children understand the stories that are presented orally as well as in the form of Parde-khani [illustrated storytelling]. In other words, how do these two methods of storytelling affect children's narratives? Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify the effect of oral storytelling and Parde-khani on the characteristics of retold narratives of preschool girls.
Background Research
It must be acknowledged that when a narrative is told in the form of a story, it is, in fact, a two-way creation time. The narrator and the listener work together to create a world based on words and imagination. Storytelling is a cross-linguistic event that encompasses all the features of narrative and can therefore be considered as a common means of getting to know the culture of any society. Stories form the basis of many children's educational experiences in all cultures, and all societies have stories that introduce their members to a set of experiences, expectations, and values.
Narrative and storytelling skills underlie many forms of discourse and communication (Heath, 1986). There are many types of storytelling, including oral storytelling, Parde-khani, drama, and puppetry. In this regard, Banafshe (2010) examined the effect of storytelling and story reading on listening comprehension and concluded that both methods have a positive effect on listening comprehension. Ukrainetz and Gillam (2009) also studied the narratives of children with language disorders in a study and showed that the accurate narration of narratives is sensitive to differences in age and language level and children with language disorders even to provide abstracts and orientation and evaluation do not show significant performance. In another study, Ukrainetz et al. (2005) analyzed the development of details of storytelling in school-age children, and examined three age groups: 5 to 6 years, 7 to 9 years, and 10 to 12 years. , Has a significant effect on the expansion and length of narratives.
Methods
In order to identify the effect of oral storytelling and Parde-khani on the characteristics of children's retold narratives, a pre-experimental post-test research design with unequal groups was used. For this purpose, 24 preschool female novices were selected as the research sample. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups by performing the Language Development Test (TOLD) (Hammill and Newcomer, 1997). For the first group, the folk tale "The Crow and the Farmer" from the collection of Sobhi Mohtadi's oral stories was read orally and in the second group, the same story was presented by Parde-khani. In the post-test phase, each child's recounted narratives were recorded and written. Narratives in both groups in terms of the frequency of story elements, the sequence of these elements, the relative frequency of connecting grammatical elements, the length of the narrative in terms of number of sentences and words and also the adaptation of narratives to the main narrative in three dimensions of deletion, addition and inaccuracy was examined.
Results
According to the results of this study, the frequency of narrative elements according to the Labov's model, in the retold narratives of children in the group of oral storytelling was more than reading the screen. But this difference was not statistically significant according to the results of Chi-square test. Also, the degree of observance of narrative verses with a difference in the reading group was more than oral storytelling. But according to the result of chi-square test, this difference is not significant. Comparison of the frequency of connecting grammatical elements in the two groups of storytelling and Parde-khani also showed that the relative frequency of using these elements in children's narratives in the group of oral storytelling is higher than the group of Parde-khani and this difference is statistically meaningful. In addition, the length of the narratives in terms of the number of sentences and words in the group of oral storytelling was longer than Parde-khani. Finally, the general adaptation of children's retold narratives to the main storytelling narrative in the oral storytelling group is greater than Parde-khani, although this difference is not statistically significant. Based on this, it can be concluded that oral storytelling is an important method in developing verbal skills and increasing the child's understanding and concentration in education, and the child in this type of storytelling can have a more complete narrative in terms of length. Both methods can be used to improve the quality of narratives in terms of using narrative elements and making children interested in telling complete and sequential stories. Given the above results, it seems that storytelling in this way gives the child the opportunity to express his / her evaluations of the events of the story, and this increases the use of more words and sentences by the child. While in Parde-khani, the images are expressive, so its use reduces the child's imagination and the child chooses his/her sentences simpler and shorter with the idea that the listener will understand what s/he means by the images.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the content analysis method, the length of narrations (number of words and sentences) and the relative frequency of connecting grammatical elements in children's narratives in the oral storytelling group were significantly higher than Parde-khani group. But the frequency and sequence of story elements and the degree of adaptation of the narrative did not differ significantly between the two groups. Since the difference in sequence observance between the two groups of oral storytelling and Parde-khani is very small and also this difference is not statistically significant, it is inferred that in both methods of storytelling, the child is able to understand and express key events and the overall atmosphere that governs it in a sequence.
References
Banafshe, L. (2010). Barresi Miza̅ne T ̕ asir Qesegu ̕ i va Qesekha̅ni bar Dark-e Matlab-e Shenida̅ri. Daneshkade-e Adabiya̅t va Zaba̅nhae-e Khareji, Daneshgah-e Allame Tabataba ̕ i. [in Persian]
Heath,Sh. (1986). Taking a cross-cultural look at narratives. Topics in Language Disorders 7(1), 84-94. Aspan Publisher, Inc.
Ukrainetz, T., & Gillam, R.B. (2009). The expressive elaboration of imaginative narratives by children with specific language Impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, Vol. 52, 883–898.
Ukrainetz, T.,Justice, L., Kaderavek, J., Eisenberg, S., & Gillam, R. (2005). The development of expressive elaboration in fictional narratives. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 48, 1363–137.
Hammill , D. & Newcomer , PH.(1997) . A̅muzesh-e Roshd-e Zaba̅n , Sa ̕ id Hasanza̅deh & Asghar Mina ̕ i .Tehran : Paguheshga̅h-e Mota̅lea̅t-e A̅muzesh va Parvaresh . [in Persian].

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In Jeff VanderMeer’s Annihilation, the way the Anthropocenic set of circumstances is narrated could not be easily explained away through giving precedence to either materialist or structuralist narratologists. In this sense, neither the materiality of the environment nor the arbitrary categories and models of structuralists such as Greimas could determine the ultimate narratological scheme with which one could make sense out of such set of circumstances. Only through modifying the extant narratological categories and models and exposing their arbitrariness via indicating their incapability to contain the formidable materiality of the environment, one could reach a workable semiotic framework for devising a narrative out of the anthropocenic set of circumstances. Reaching this framework would be the present study’s research objective. As its findings, the study recognizes that such a framework would not give the agency of devising narration to either non-human/environmental or human entities in the anthropocene, and at the same time will be the result of the uneasy, yet workable, coupling of these entities. This framework would also acknowledge the uncontainable nature of the environment in the anthropocene, and turn both human and non-human entities into mere actants that have no particular motivation. The study uses the modified narratological models of Algirdas Greimas and Amitav Gosh proposed by critics like Hanes Bergthaller, Marco Caracciolo and Jean Paul Petitimbert to reach this semiotic framework.  

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The present study dealt with the narration process of the story “One Thousand and One Nights” and sought demonstrating the movement trends of the narrator’s narration-processing for postponing and neutralizing a morbid action and achievement of the ultimate goal, i.e. complete cessation of that action and reaching the discourse’s teleology based on Greimas’s semio-semantic approach. The main issue of the current research was figuring out how the narration leaked into the discourse and caused a change in the discourse mechanism following which the action system (i.e. murder and the king’s sense of revenge) was suspended; the continuation of such a suspension caused the value system to be changed and it was seen that the change and transformation of the value system resulted in returning from nothingness to existence. The semio-semantic analysis of this story showed that the initial opposing actions between Shahrzad and Shahriyar were transformed into emotional  and adjusting  status in the course of the narration-processing and a semantic transcendence occurred with the change from the disordered status to the organized status.

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Identity is an essential concept in the field of cultural and human science studies; especially the group identity with its branches such as national identity, social identity and cultural identity reflects in all art texts. Cinema is an expression mean and appears the identity conceptions in its codes consciously or unconsciously. As a part of a major research on Bahram Beizaei's movies and screenplays, this research analyzes the movie "Bashu, The Little Stranger" with narratology approach by this presupposition that it represents the identity elements in its narrative discourse. The research method is descriptive, and its theoretical framework is Roland Barthes' findings in the field of structure of narration. He defines three levels of function, action and narration for structure of narration as the first level is critical. Analysis of functions will be possible only by understanding the reason of five heremeneutic, proairetic, semantic, symbolic and cultural codes. In narratology representation of movie "Bashu, The Little Stranger" in order to understand the meaning of Identity, it was concluded that the semantic and symbolic codes have the highest reasoning, and iterative and focal reasoning of movie is the unity of social identities under the shadow of national identity.
 

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The Shahnameh of Khamoushi is one of the translations of the Shahnameh into Uzbek- Turkish language, which was done by Mullah Khamoush or Khamoushi in 1164, and its narration is different from the narration of other Turkish scrolls. In this study, the authors intend to compare the Shahnameh of Khamoushi with the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi and show whether it is a translation of the Shahnameh as it is known or not. then specify what structure and type of translation features this work. The result of the research shows that, contrary to the researchers' beliefs, this work is not a translation of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, and its stories narratives are different from the Shahnameh in terms of short and long narratives, the names of the heroes and the type of events, etc. And even the narration of the satire is not in harmony with the previous narrations and it is considered a new narration. also for having some features like mentioning various stereotyped propositions in Persian, frequent use of Quranic verses and hadiths, References to Semitic prophets and sources, Use of Persian verses other than Shahnameh verses and etc, It seems that this work is a translation of one of the Shahnameh  scrolls, which the translator used the free translation method, and in some parts of the stories, Quranic verses and hadiths or his own or others verses have been added to the text.
 

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Lying doubt is the most serious doubts about the divine prophets that has long been fueled by resorting to the conspicuity of some verses and traditions. In this paper after specifing concepts of Lying and Dissimulation in terminology and technical expression, analysis four doubt of lying related to Prophet Ibrahim and a doubt of lying Prophet Yusuf (pbuh)  and assessed the solutions proposed. In response to the question of lie mixed with Shrek and the Sabian’s Prophet Ibrahim, we accepted promotion of monotheistic position of Abraham’s solution, and in the case of malingering false; he perceives diagnosis  disease or its tim by looking at the stars and this solution adjusts with the apparent of verses. And lying about breaking the large idols, is justified by white lie by virtue of dissimulation. And named his wife Sarah as his sister, all traditions are fictional. And in case of doubt or approval lies by prophet Yusuf (pbuh), white lie is a solution and also it was justified by the permission of Allah. Other solutions about all every five doubts are unjustified.  

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Due to its certain elements and limits, the exemplum brings about poetic and narrative nature in a coordinated structure in order to realize dynamism in the text with easy access to wide conceptual burden that poems cannot transfer lonely, accordingly, contemporary exemplum, today, welcomes narrative techniques and its symbols. Mohammed al-Maghout, a contemporary Syrian poet, makes use of narrative techniques in his exemplum by applying simple words and expressions which normally combines reality and fancy to advance events and accomplish them. The present descriptive-analytical research aims to address main narrative signs in a sample of three divans of Mohammed al-Maghout. Results indicate that the poet mostly uses quadruple narrative techniques, while he is not bounded to a sequence and uniformity of the texture, which it gives profundity and an upward trend along accumulation of events. Description of places in his works simulates a partial look or a close appearance and, for him, narration time circulates around time differences for recovering and anticipating time alongside the time length technique for determining rate of events. Methods of developing characters in his poems are blazoned over steady function of pronouns, especially the first-person which is turned to footsteps of the main character, that is, narrator

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 This is a comparative study of Jean-Paul Sartre’s Nausea and Iris Murdoch’s Under the Net. The main focus is on the role of trauma in the creation of unreliable narrators. Both Sartre and Murdoch have witnessed the horrors of World War II and it seems that their narratives are affected by such a terrible event. The characters look traumatized and suffer from the burden of the past which has never left them alone. In other words, past events have formed their identity and have rewritten their personality under the situation of World War II. Here, with the help of Wayne C. Booth’s theory of unreliable narrator, the narrators of the selected novels are scrutinized at the social and political contexts of the novels. Accordingly, considering this context and its consequent trauma, the research tries to reveal the presence and function of the unreliable narrators in the selected literary works. 

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In Genette's narrative discourse, both the story and its way of narration, namely discourse are emphasized and narration is regarded as an interaction between the story and discourse. In this approach, discourse has three aspects: form, tone and time that is consisted of discipline, continuity and repetition. Using a descriptive-analytical method and by investigating the structure of time, narrative focuses, the distance between narration and narrator's expression in Umm Sa'd novel, in the present study we try to analyze narrative text and determine the extent of application of this approach by Ghassan Kanafani with the purpose of forming the narrative system and structure of the story. It is supposed that the novel is involved with interference of triple time periods and fits this hypothesis; hence it is demonstrated that due to focusing on descriptive pause at the beginning of the story, the story's acceleration is negative and non-important events are removed at the end parts of the story, as a result the narration gains a positive acceleration; however, the dominant frequency is singular in this story and repetitive frequency has been used for meaningful emphasis in novel's plot. By violating the time's linear routine, the author has used different types of retrospective and prospective anachronism but simultaneous narration that manifests as dialogue and debate between two parties has the most frequency and this caused a realistic space within the story and reduction of the distance between audience and text, as a result Kanafani's narrative dynamism is enhanced.