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Background: This study aimed to compare the effects of simultaneous eight-week stretching and strengthening trainings and exercises with core stability exercises on the flat foot deformity of female students with the age ranges from 9 to 13 years.
Methods and Materials: In the present Quasi-experimental study on 130 female students, 60 girls with flat feet and the age ranges from 9 to 13, were selected randomly and divided into two experimental groups (n = 20 in each group) and one control group (n = 20). The samples were selected using Navi loss, and then Staheliarch index was evaluated. The experimental groups received the treatment (one group received stretching and strengthening exercises and the other group received core stability exercises for 45 minutes, three times a week) for 8 weeks, but the control group received no treatment and was engaged in daily routine activities. The data were analyzed through analysis of independent samples t-test at the significance level of P ≤.05.
Results: Post-test of arch corrective exercises revealed a significant difference among the three groups so that the subjects of both the experimental groups, compared to the control group, had a significant decrease in the angle of the back nut side while the difference between the two experimental groups was not statistically significant (P < .001). Also, in the second experimental group, exercises influence on the arch more than that of the first experimental group (P < .001).
Conclusions: It seems that the eight-week correction training program with emphasis on compound exercises (core stability) as a non-invasive method had a good effect in the treatment of the female students suffering from flat foot deformity with the age ranges from 9 to 13 years.

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Background: Back pain is one of difficulties in communities that has negative effect on various aspect of life. The purpose of this study is to assess the aspects of life quality and its relationship with disability due to low back pain among students.
Methods and Material: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 200 eligible students were enrolled through purposive available sampling. Data was obtained based on demographic data questionnaire, the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and SF-36 inventory. All data were entered into SPSS version 19 and analyzed.
Results: Results of this study showed that 60.3 percent (114 people) of students were living with low back pain. Based on Roland-Morris disability questionnaire, 80 percent (91 people) of those with low back pain were suffered from disability. The chi-square test showed there was a significant relationship between quality of life (QOL) (mental health and social function) and disability due to low back pain,. It also was shown that indirect relationship between all aspects of QOL and disability due to low back pain was existed.
Conclusion: This study indicated low back pain could affect not only on students' physical aspects of quality of life but also psychological and social aspects of quality of life could be decreased. Considering these effects of low back pain among students, multidimensional interventions regarding bio- psychosocial dimensions recommended to improve the quality of life of this target group.

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Like other people with disabilities are entitled to the comfort of roads, streets, offices and banks in this regard with the problem and hinder traffic and do not. Failure to comply with appropriate legislation and remove architectural barriers at the level of problems for people with disabilities, veterans, people with disabilities, the elderly and .... Buildup. The purpose of this study was to create flexible urban streets and in accordance with the wishes and needs of the disabled. Cochran method is used. And randomly assigned 384 people with disabilities and 164 officials were evaluated. To collect data, a questionnaire was used. And data analysis, was done with SPSS software. The findings showed that in Region 2 and 10 of Tehran has been partially consistent with the standards. And if the implementation rules and regulations tailored to the needs of the disabled community, the movement of other people will improve.  In the current situation for lower share of the disabled population of the total population in the census; Lack of sufficient financial resources of municipalities, And a lack of understanding of the necessity of implementing rules and regulations tailored to the needs of the disabled community by the relevant authorities is the most important reasons the lack of compliance passages tailored to the needs of persons with disabilities.

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Nowadays the urban growth pattern of cities is growing dramatically; and current suburbs of cities will form the inseparable components of the main city in the near future. In all cities of world vertical and horizontal urban growth have been one of the most important factors noticed by urban managers and planners. Urban growth is a spatial - structural process that refers to the increased importance of towns and cities as a concentration of population within a particular economy and society. Increase in urban points as quantitative issue shows itself in the forms of increase in population of cities and development in built up area scale. The unorganized physical growth of cities is due to their physical discrete and separate development which is mostly in form of forming individual and separate parts. Hence, analysis of the current physical status, and prediction of the future development of cities due to its influence on the politics and management of city and human resources, is of great importance. Regarding the numerous factors affecting the inharmonic physical urban growth, the present article has investigated the rate of urban horizontal growth from two aspects of area and direction.The research method in this article is analytical- comparative and with respect to the evolution of the physical- spatial pattern of Tabriz metropolitan in the 1956-2006 period. Shannon’s Entropy model is utilized for evaluation of the rate of the urban horizontal growth diversity. In order to use this model first we draw the complete and detailed plan of Tabriz city in concentric buffers with width of one kilometer between years 1956-2006 using Auto Cad software and the physical gravity center of Tabriz city which is the same center of cultural- historical part has been considered as basis for buffering modulation, and Sectoral- Geographical model is used for specification of urban growth directions. . In the next phase center of city gravity has drawn in the form of circle with determined diameter and the center of this circle was considered as basis for modulation of geographical sectors and sectoral buffering in 12 geographic directions. The attained results of analyzing the research findings has shown that the sprawl growth and diversity of inharmonic development has occurred in Tabriz metropolitan. The maximum of this rate has happened on the year 1996 and directions of horizontal urban growth are completely coincided on the margins of main connection corridors of city.

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There is undoubtedly general agreement that the efficiency of educational investments should he maximized through the managerial process as far as possible. Agricultural extension is one of the crucial tasks in developing agricultural societies calling for considerable consumption of intellectual investment. The management of agricultural extension projects (AEPs) however, needs careful planning in utilizing this investment specially in terms of meeting the right clientele. This paper reports on the use of a statistical device which can be applied for planning the social modeling of agricultural extension programs. This statistical device, the so-called Dichotomous Distribution of the Extension Clientele (DDEC) was designed and used by the author to determine the social modeling of agricultural extension projects in Iran and the degree to which the extension projects have been successful in reaching their target clientele. The procedure consisted of four major criteria: farmers, educational needs, participation in AEP: access to utilities needed for adoption and utilization of the innovation (advice given by the extension agents). As a result of using this method and interviewing 912 farmers throught 57 randomly selected AEPs, it was found that 66 percent of the projects in 1988 and 60 percent in 1989 were thoroughly efficient, and 16 percent in 1988 and 12 percent in 1989 were efficient. Four projects in each year were found to have a very low efficiency rate while one project in 1988 and four projects in 1989 were inefficient in terms of their social modeling. This procedur has been applied to study the social modeling along with the efficiency of the extension projects dealing with the biological control of rice stenborer in eastern part of Mazandaran province where rice is the dominant cash crop. Acording to this result obtained from the recent research projects, it was shown that the less differences among the number of trained farmers and the target groups the more efficient were the extension project In addition, there was statistically significant difference among those of target groups and none target groups in term of applying the extension boicontrol guidlines in rice production practices. The related extension projects were also efficient (r=0.73) in term of their social modelings.

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Background: Adhesion and biofilm formation are two important steps in Candida pathogenesis. The aim of the current study was to investigate the presence of bcr1 gene in Candida albicans (C. albicans) isolates from women with vaginal candidiasis and its impact on biofilm formation. Methods: We used 50 clinical isolates which confirmed C. albicans by PCR-RFLP. Then total RNA was extracted from C. albicans isolates by glass bead and lysis buffer, and cDNA was synthesized using reverse transcriptase enzyme. RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase PCR) was used to evaluate the expression of bcr1 gene. Biofilm formation was evaluated in 96-well microplate and then tetrazolium reduction was assayed. All data were analyzed using t-test by SPSS software. Results: Fifty clinical isolates out of 150 were confirmed as C. albicans by using PCR-RFLP method. All the isolates were resistant to fluconazole, 47/50(94%) isolates had bcr1 gene by using PCR, and 45(95.7%) out of 47 isolates, showed BCR1 expression by the RT-PCR. Isolates which harbored bcr1 gene was succeed to form a dense biofilm on microplate. Comparison of the results of the tetrazolium reduction assay on the two isolates that had BCR1expression and two isolates that had no BCR1 expression showed significant differences (p=0.014). Conclusion: According to our result, all of the isolates that had bcr1 gene expression according to RT-PCR, were also resistant to fluconazole in disk diffusion test and additionally, their adherence was higher compared to the control group. These results indicate that there is a positive relation between expression of bcr1 gene and biofilm formation.

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There are different ways in Russian language to express prohibition and caution. Choosing the suitable aspect of the verb (perfective or imperfective) in each of these structures shall be based on specific lexical and grammatical considerations that may change the semantics of sentences. Since the category of verbal aspect does not exist in Persian language (as in Russian), the Iranian students often find it hard to choose the right aspect of Russian verbs. This article attempts to provide a classification of different prohibitive and cautioning structures in Russian language and examine the role of verbal aspect in each of them in order to find the most appropriate lexical and grammatical structures that can express these semantics in Persian. The subject seems further promising due to this fact that some of these structures in both Russian and Persian languages do not use a negative imperative verb, rather they express the desired semantics through other syntactic methods.

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ABSTRACT Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was detected in tomato leaf and fruit samples collected from Viiramin reyion in Tehran province using indicator test plants including Petunia hybrida, Nicatiana glutinosa, N. tabacum cv. Snmsun NN, N. clevelandit and N. benthamiana and seroloyical tests. Small browinsh local necrotic lesions appeared on P. hybrida leaves 2-4 days post-inoculation. Systemic symptoms included concentric ring spots on leaves, stem necrosis, wilting and tissue collapse of plants 7-10 days following the inoculation. Among 145 tomato samples collected from Ghazvin, Hashtgerd, Karaj, Malard, Shahriar and Varamin in Tehran province, only Varamin samples were infected with TSWV using EL1SA, DIBA and SSEM. TSWV host range specificity and symptom expression were tested on Capsicum annuum L., Chenopodium amaranticolor I«, Citrullus vulgaris L., Oicumis melo var. inodorus, C. mela var. reticukUus, C. salivas L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Phasenlus vulgaris L., Solatium melongena 1- and S. tuberosum. Typical symptoms on these plants included concentric ring spots, chlorosis, vein clearing, tissue necrosis, stunting and local lesion formation. Antiserum prepared against a partially purified TSWV preparation cross-reacted with TSWV-infected tomato samples.

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  The title of the story is the threshold to the mysterious world of the text. Thus it must be selected artistically to show the quality of the text, despite its quantity and restrictions. Sometimes, the title sheds light on the world of the text and lights the text`s whole material, but sometimes, it hides the text and the reader does not resieve any sign of it. It makes a tension in the mind of the reader to draw him/her to the text, and makes him/her to arrange his/her disturbed mind by reading the text and finding the meaning of it. This research is aims to investing ate the most important textual and extra textual factors, which are efficient in choosing the title of Sadeq Hedayat and Zakaria Tamer`s works, and study the structure and context of the titles and their relation with intra-textual and extra-textual factors that are used to hide the meaning of the text. have several res sons. Attracting the reader and closed political conditions (extra-textual factors) are the main reasons. These titles show the familiarity of the two writers with rhetorical devices. Also they are the reflection of the difficulties and hard conditions of the people`s life and the writer`s current cultures.

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Different types of soil erosion including gully erosion occur in many parts of Iran. The west of Iran is further threatened by gully erosion due to its specific physical and climatic conditions. However, few studies have been carried out to study the sediment production of gully erosion in Iran. This research was therefore conducted to measure storm-wise sediment production of gully erosion in the west of Iran. To achieve the study objectives, 48 gullies located in three small watersheds viz. Darreh-Shahr, Abbas-Abad and Hollowsh in Ilam and Lorestan Provinces were monitored. The volumes of gullies were measured before and after 5 rainstorms for Darreh-Shahr and Abbas Abad watersheds and 6 rainstorms for Hollowsh watershed from 2005 to 2007. Sediment production was calculated on storm basis for each gully. The results revealed that the minimum and maximum volumes of gully erosion were 0.002 and 1.010 m³, respectively, for one millimeter of rainfall. The results indicated that soil moisture, percentage of silt and clay, amount and intensity of rainfall and drainage area were the most important factors on formation and sediment production of gully erosion.

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Background: Members of the Malassezia genus are often lipophilic, observed as budding yeasts and found as commensals in the skin of humans. This genus opportunistically reside in several areas including scalp where under the influence of particular predisposing factors, their proliferation is increased (e.g., high activation of sebaceous glands), and leads to dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis, which together affects >50% of human beings. The proliferation of yeasts in scalp creates health and hair hygiene problems. In this study we determined the type and frequency of Malassezia species in scalp dandruff in order to have epidemiologic and therapeutic understanding. Materials and Methods: Differentiation tests were done for scalp samples, including: morphology, Tween 20, 40 and 80 assimilation tests, hydrolysis of bile-esculin, catalase and growth on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide (SCC) and sediment production on mDixon agar medium. Results: Frequency of various Malassezia species from 140 scalp samples from volunteers of both gender were found as: M. globosa (46.5%), followed by M. furfur (27.0%), M. restricta (12.7%), M. sympodialis (6.5%) and M. slooffiae (0.8%). Conclusion: In view of high prevalence ofM. globosa, its invasive characteristics and the role of predisposing factors in the more proliferation of this species in scalp should be considered.

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Vibrio cholerae O1 are classified into two biotypes, classical and El Tor based on susceptibility to bacteriophages and some biochemical properties, each encoding a biotype-specific genetic determinants. Before 1961, most epidemics had been caused by the classical biotype. However, with the passage of time, the classical biotype missed from the scenario and the El Tor emerged as the major biotype causing the cholera in humans. The present cholera global pandemic is attributed to a change among seventh pandemic strains and emergence of V. cholerae O139, V. cholerae O1 El Tor hybrid, and V. cholera O1 El Tor with altered cholera toxin subunit B. The V. cholerae  biotypes are not only different in phenotype but also human infections caused by them are different clinically. Infection with classical V. cholerae O1 more frequently produces severe infection than does El Tor, suggesting that the genetic and phenotypic differences between the two biotypes may also be reflected in their pathogenic potential. Considering the recent emergence of “hybrid biotype” and “El Tor variant” in different areas and in our country, we reviewed differences in genetic structure of V. cholerae biotypes.

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This study was conducted to collect and identify ichneumonid parasitoids of tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) feeding on the plants of the family Asteraceae in the northwest of Iran during 2013-2015. Five species of ichneumon wasps on five species of fruit flies were reared. They were as follows: Cremastus lineatus on Urophora terebrans; Diadegma maculatum on Hypenidium robrowskii; Scambus brevicornis on Sphenella marginata, Scambus rufator on Terellia gynacochroma and Urophora sp. and Tranosema sp. on Tephritis sp. dioscurea group. Of them, Cremastus lineatus, S. rufator and Tranosema sp. are new records for ichneumonid fauna of Iran. All host-parasitoid-plant associations were newly established to the science. General distribution of these parasitoids and their biological associations were discussed.

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Sense of place is one of the new concepts in urban design field that plays an important role in creating the sustainability of urban communities and the quality of urban spaces. Many factors are effective in creating this feeling, one of the most important of which is the physical characteristics of urban spaces. These characteristics can affect the sense of place by affecting human perception, but the role of individual and social characteristics should not be ignored. This study seeks to investigate the relationship between physical-perceptual characteristics as well as individual-social characteristics as intervention variables. For this purpose, an urban space (sidewalk of Ayatollah Kashani Street) was studied as an example. The methods used were Spearman correlation coefficient and ordinal regression according to the type of data. The results obtained from the research indicate the high role of factors such as originality of meaning and visual comfort, etc. In general, all studied variables (physical-perceptual) have played a positive and significant role with a sense of place. Among the individual-social characteristics, the most important role in creating a sense of place have been factors such as age, gender and literacy. Therefore, it can be said that with increasing age and literacy level, the sense of place has increased and also the sense of place among women is more than men. Of course, as mentioned in the conceptual model of the research, this effect is indirect and is through the effectiveness of perception of these factors. The proposed regression model well showed

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The fauna of the subfamily Diplazontinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in the north central parts of Iran was studied during 2010-2011. A total of 933 specimens were collected in 30 localities at different altitudes using Malaise traps. Sixteen species belonging to 7 genera were identified of which twelve species indicated by asterisk, are new records for Iran: Diplazon annulatus (Gravenhorst)*, Diplazon laetatorius (Fabricius),D. pectoratorius (Gravenhorst)*, D. tibiatorius (Thunberg)*, Enizemum ornatum (Gravenhorst), Homotropus nigritarsus (Gravenhorst)*, Homotropus pictus (Gravenhorst)*, Promethes sulcator (Gravenhorst), Sussaba flavipes (Lucas)*, Sussaba pulchella (Holmgren)*, Syrphoctonus tarsatorius (Panzer)*, Syrphophilus bizonarius (Gravenhorst)*, Tymmophorus obscuripes (Holmgren)*, Woldstedtius biguttatus (Gravenhorst), Woldstedtius citropectoralis (Schmiedeknecht)* and Xestopelta gracilima (Schmiedeknekht)*. Detailed morphological characters and a key to the genera and species are provided. Flight periods and distribution in relation to altitude on two slopes of the Alborz mountains are discussed.

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Understanding the development of gully volumes requires the empirical relations between gully volume (V) and length (L) to be established in the field. So far, such V–L relations have been proposed for a limited number of gullies/environments and were especially developed for ephemeral gullies.In this study, V–L relations were established for ephemeral gullies in southern Ilam. In order to take the regional variability in environmental characteristics into account, controlling factors of gully cross-sectional morphology were studied for 90 cross-sections. The results indicated that the soil properties were the most important controls of gully cross-sectional shape and size. Cross-sectional size could be fairly well predicted by their drainage area. The V–L relationship for the complete dataset was V=15.45 L ^0.12 (n = 90, R²=0.06). In addition, gully volume was also related to its catchments area (A) and catchment slope gradient (S_c). This study demonstrated that the V–L and V–A×Sc relations were not suitable to assess ephemeral gully volume.

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Background: This study was performed to determine antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) compared to voriconazole on clinical and standard strains of Aspergillus fumigatus.
Materials and Methods: Inhibitory potency of nano-Ag was determined using microtiter broth dilution method. Susceptibility tests were performed against A. fumigatus isolated from BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) of patients who suffered from respiratory problems and compared with the strain (ATCC: 204305) by broth dilution antifungal susceptibility test of filamentous fungi approved by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M38-A. In addition, cytotoxicity effect of silver nanoparticles was studied on epithelial cell line by MTT assay.
Results: From 60 BAL samples the following strains were isolated; A. flavus (n=21), A. niger (n=3), and A. fumigatus (n=1). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC₉₀) values of nano-Ag were 0.25 and 0.5 μg.mL^-1 for standard strain and clinical isolates respectively. The  Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) values of nano-Ag were 0.5 and 1 μg.mL^-1for standard strain and clinical isolates respectively. MIC90 values of voriconazole were 0.125 and 0.25 μg.mL^-1 for standard strain and clinical isolate respectively. The MFC values of voriconazole were 0.25 and 0 μg.mL^-1 for standard strain and clinical isolates respectively. Silver nanoparticles exhibited low cytotoxicity in 0.25 μg.mL^-1 concentration.
Conclusion: Our results showed high antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles against Aspergillus isolates. Furthermore, the availability of a wide form of nano-Ag structures can be considered as novel agents to decrease fungal burden in medical application.

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Background: Low Back Pain (LBP) is one of the most common Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). Teachers are among those who are at risk for the MSDs due to their occupation. Education. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two education methods in reducing pain and functional disability in two groups of teachers.
Methods and Materials: In this experimental study two questionnaires of VAS, to measure the pain severity, and the Oswestry Disability (ODI) questionnaire for measuring functional disability were distributed among the 175 teachers with LBP as pre-test. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: one control group with 35 participants and two experimental groups with 70 participants. One of the experimental groups received education by face-to-face lecturing and the other one with a tutorial CD. Eventually, 6 weeks after the intervention, post-test was conducted.
Results: The mean value for of pain and functional disability was not significantly reduced in the control group. But in both intervention groups, there was a significant decrease in pain and functional disability. The pain intensity in face-to-face education group decreased from 5.13 ± 1.54 to 3.79 ± 1.76 and in CD education group from 5.11 ± 1.57 to 2.63 ± 1.56, indicating that the most pain reduction was in the CD e education group. The mean of functional disability was reduced in face-to-face education groups (from 29.60 ± 10.97 to 20.74 ± 10.16 and in CD education group from 33.06 ± 13.04 to 19.43 ± 12.47.
Conclusion: CD education method was more effective than face to face education in reducing back pain. Education. Therefore, considering the low cost but high effectiveness of CD education methods, it is recommended that this method be used more for teachers' education.

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Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders depend on a variety of factors such as inappropriate body posture; heavy lifting; repetitive actions; and mental, physical, and organizational risk factors. The component manufacturing industry is one of the industries in which direct involvement of the worker in the production process is unavoidable. The present study was carried out with the aim of surveying the prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders and assessing the upper limb conditions in employees of a component manufacturing company affiliated to Iran Khodro. Methods and Materials: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 50 employees selected from 5 sections in 2016. In this study, Nordic questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders and then to evaluate the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders. Results: The results of this study showed that the highest prevalence rates of musculoskeletal disorders in employees of component manufacturing industry during the last 12 months were 58.69, 52.17, and 41.28% in waistline, neck, and wrists, respectively. Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders in some of the employees in this industry, it is necessary to consider ergonomic issues, optimize workstations, use the mechanical methods for lifting and moving loads, design the standing-sitting work stations, contract with sports halls, gives overtime work, and design and construct ergonomic chairs.

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