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In this paper the flutter phenomenon in turbomachinary is introduced. The importance and characteristics of the flutter as a dynamic aeroelastic instability is presented. Conventional methods for the blade flutter test and different approaches in flutter analysis of blade are described. Among the existing analysis methods, one approach which only examines the stabilizing effect of fluid is used in order to analyze the flutter in this paper. Firstly, its equations are described and a criterion for the determination of the stability based on the analysis results is presented. According to the criterion the local and global stability can be concluded. Numerical analysis has been performed by ANSYS CFX. Mesh independence and two different turbulence models have been examined and results have been validated by test results. Numerical analysis has been carried out for two steady and unsteady states. In unsteady state the response of fluid to blade vibration in three modes has been calculated. In order to assess the total response two methods have been used and the results have been compared. Eventually local instability has been calculated and the results presented in figures which illustrate the contribution of adjacent blades in instability of specific blade. The evaluation of global instability for three modes has been presented and the obtained results are in excellent agreement with experiment.

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In this article the composite wing aeroelastic instability speed is optimized by genetic algorithm relative to fiber angle for different layers and follower forces. Aircraft wing is modeled as a beam with two degrees of freedom, which is a cantilever, with thrust as a follower force and mass of the engine. For structural modeling of composite wing the layer theory has been used and unsteady flow assuming subsonic and incompressible flow has been used for aerodynamic model in the time domain. Using the assumed mode the wing dynamic equations of the motion have been derived by Lagrange equations. Linear flutter speed according to the eigenvalues of the motion equations has been calculated. The process of flutter speed calculation has been converted to computer code in which the number of layers, angle of fibers in each layer, the mass of the engine, and the thrust are input variables and the flutter speed is its output. Using Genetic Algorithm, optimum flutter speed has been obtained by changing the angle of fibers. Finally, the impact of the number of layers, the mass of the engine, and thrust on optimum flutter speed has been investigated.

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In this paper, the results obtained from experimental measurements of average and turbulence quantities of a turbulent rectangular impinging jet hitting a fixed wall is reported using the laser doppler anemometry (LDA) method. The nozzle to plate distance is 10 times the nozzle width, and the tests are repeated for three different Reynolds numbers, namely Re=3000, 6000 and 9000. The aim of the current research was to investigate and comparise of flow in different Re and also to determine the two effective experimental errors on average velocities, namely data sampling and residence time in measurement volume. The results reveal that the previous stated correlation for prediction of the number of data required for ensuring independence of the average flow variables on the number of the sampled data is not sufficient by itself, and depending on the turbulence intensity of the flow, this correlation could become ineffective. Further, in the present study, the residence time is used for calculation of average velocities, and the results are compared with those obtained by particle image velocimetry (PIV) method. The comparison shows good agreement between the results from LDA and PIV when considering effect of residence time within the avaraging equations in the former method. The results show that the behavior and quantity of the dimensionless average velocities for various Reynolds numbers are identical at most cross sections of the flow domain while the dimensionless turbulent stresses have different quantities at different values of the Reynolds number.

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in recent years, Variety of analytical methods have been used to calculate the output piezoelectric energy, but it is new something the use of finite element method and compared using analysis software with numerical methods. And also check the types of circuit connection of piezoelectric layers So in this article particular form of numerical analysis method is called separation of variables method compared with the finite element method, To take advantage of these methods is to be determined. The model is a Bimorph beam with two piezoelectric layers and a central elastic layer. This Bimorph beam starts vibrating at various frequencies as a result of base excitation. First, frequency behavior of the Bimorph beam is simulated using the separation of variables method. In this method, the equations of motion in parallel and series connection of piezoelectric layers are obtained as separate parameters. The coupled mechanical and electrical equations are derived using the solution of equations obtained from the separation of variables method. Finally, the output voltage, current and power are obtained in terms of frequency.
Then, the Bimorph beam is modeled based on finite element method using ABAQUS software. after the illustrating Output voltage, current and power diagrams is illustrated for a certain range of frequencies and the results of the finite element method and the steady state method are compared to validate the model.

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In this paper heat transfer through argon gas between two stationary walls of a nano sized channel, is investigated by the use of molecular dynamic method. Comparison between two and three-dimensional solutions shows that for accurate modeling of wall force filed on heat transfer, the accuracy of two-dimensional molecular dynamic solution is inadequate. Two-dimensional solution predicts the value for density and temperature less than the value of three-dimensional solution near each wall. Considering the effect of domain size on accuracy of thermal solution shows that domain size should be extended at least for one mean free path in periodic direction to have domain independent results. Distribution of fluid properties in the width of the channel shows that independent of implemented temperature difference, presence of the wall force field changes the temperature and density profile in one nanometer from each wall drastically. In addition to variation in density due to the wall force filed, temperature difference between the walls cause additional variation in density profile near walls. Increasing the temperature difference between the walls to value more than 20 degree, make a notable density variation to more than 5 percent in comparison with gas density distribution in isothermal walls case. Variation in density near walls due to temperature differences leads to mismatch between the non-dimensional temperature profiles and calculated thermal conductivity coefficient of the gas for various temperature differences.

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In order to simulate the heat transfer process from wall to fluid in nanochannel numerically, extensive range of spring constants with regard to wall material is used. In this paper, the effect of variation in wall spring constant on the heat transfer and distribution of the macroscopic properties of fluid has investigated. In this regard, heat transfer in argon gas between two stationary walls of a 5.4 nm nanochannel with Knudsen number 10 has simulated using the molecular dynamic method. Comparison between the results shows that by reducing the wall spring constant, the amplitude of wall atoms vibration increased so it makes the gas atoms to become closer to the wall surface that results in an increase in the heat flux and thermal conductivity coefficient of the gas. Evaluating the result reveals that while the spring constant reduces from k_s=1100εσ^(-2) to k_s=100εσ^(-2), the thermal conductivity coefficient of the gas changes from 0.11 mW⁄(m-K) to 0.27 mW⁄(m-K). Furthermore, the reduced distance between the gas atoms and wall surface results in a decrease in the temperature jump on the wall so it increases the gas density near the cold wall while it decreases near warm wall. Comparison between temperature, density and pressure profiles in the nanochannel height shows that regardless to the amount of spring constant variation, the maximum of these properties has occurred at σ⁄2 from the walls.

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The radios of particles in Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) method is investigated numerically taking into account size and type of conservative force. In the most of previous studies, the DPD particles have been considered as a point center of repulsion with zero radios and hence sphere size is prescribed by the creation of a structure of frozen DPD particles. Although only in ideal gas state or zero conservative force the DPD point particle is meaningful and with conservative force the DPD particles have an intrinsic size which is assigned by the spherical impenetrable domain occupied by each particle when immersed in a sea of other particles. At first the appropriate method should be define to calculate the size of DPD particle. Different methods including Stokes-Einstein relation, Stokes law and radial distribution function (RDF) are studied and it is concluded that according to limitation of Stokes-Einstein and Stokes relations the RDF is the best method for evaluation of DPD particle size. In the following, the trend of DPD particle size changing and their distribution in the system with linear and exponential conservative force examined. At the end we demonstrate that the employing of exponential conservative forces for the colloid-colloid and colloid-solvent interactions but keep the conventional linear force for the solvent-solvent interactions achieve a well-dispersed suspension with different particle sizes without extra computation

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The design of a robust controller for the automatic landing system is investigated for an unmanned fixed-wing aircraft based on an external navigation system. Since landing is the most difficult phase of flight, the major accidents are occurring in the phase. So, providing a high-precision automatic landing system in presence of environmental disturbances is very important for UAVs landing. The used landing navigation system is founded on a portable land-based laser-optics system which can track the UAV and calculate the altitude and direction of it toward the center of runway. However, the navigation system is external; sending them to the UAV can be done with a delay. In this regard, UAV’s control systems must be designed such that the stability of aircraft is satisfied based on information of navigation system with considering the model uncertainty, noises, disturbance and navigation delay. So in this paper, a new robust stabilizer controller is suggested for UAVs to overcome these challenges with considering some limitation in the structure of the controller. Finally, simulation results based on laboratory software in the loop been presented. The results are indicating the capability of using proposed method for automatically landing of UAVs.

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1. Introduction

3. Discussion and Analysis

• Theme and Structure of the Novel Koli Kenare Atash

• Linguistic Patterns of Femininity

• • Imperative Sentences: This type of sentence, another form of declarative language, is where female characters in the story employ commands and requests to express desires, wishes, and aspirations.
  • Transitive Sentences: In the story, due to their perceived powerlessness and lack of agency relative to men, female characters often occupy the role of the object. As a result, transitive active and passive sentences appear frequently, positioning men as the subject and women as the object.
  • Constrained Sentences: Another way femininity is expressed emotionally is through the use of sentences modified with various adverbs—such as intensifying, descriptive, manner, additive, and conditional adverbs—to heighten emotional impact and emphasize the ideological discourse of femininity.
  • Repetitive Phrases: The last form of emotional language involves repetition. Women in the story sometimes repeat words or phrases to draw attention, evoke feelings, and express emphasis or appeal.
  • Descriptive-Body Language: The use of feminine and bodily terms is another linguistic feature unique to female characters. Known as "body writing," this type of language emphasizes the gendered positioning of women and men as subjects in the narrative.
  • Lexical Poverty: This term, coined by Roger Fowler, refers to "the lack of sufficient vocabulary to convey a specific concept" (Fowler et al., 2011, p. 109). In some instances, the language of the female characters reflects limited vocabulary due to illiteracy, cultural deprivation, low social status, or other factors, leading to ambiguity or inadequacy in conveying meaning.
  • Use of Body Language: In communication schemas, messages—whether verbal or non-verbal—are encoded according to the situation and exchanged between sender and receiver. Female characters in the story, as message senders, frequently employ non-verbal codes. In other words, they communicate with others not only through verbal language but also by drawing on other modes of expression.
•   Linguistic Silence: In many instances, rather than using words, women communicate through silence or absence of speech. This linguistic trait in female language suggests both the submissiveness of women and their perceived weakness in verbal communication. In this story, women rarely engage in verbal expression or speech.
•   Advisory Language: As mothers and nurturers, and due to their caring and self-sacrificing nature, women often impart their experiences to their children and others around them, positioning themselves as advisors or guides.
•   Sensory Language: Women’s attentiveness in descriptions and their focus on making experiences tangible for the audience lead them to use sensory language more frequently than men. In this story, sensory language emerges through descriptions and imagery that engage the five senses, creating a multisensory effect.
• Hesitation Markers: Another feature of feminine language is the use of hesitation markers. These words form a linguistic code that conveys the speaker’s sense of uncertainty and hesitation (Lakoff, as cited by Mahmoudi Bakhtiyari & M. Dehghani, 2012, p. 549). The use of such words in women’s language is attributed to lower self-confidence, lack of assertiveness, and their unstable social position in a patriarchal society.
•   Female Subjects: In the previous section, the linguistic patterns of femininity in this story were introduced. Through the use of these linguistic patterns, the author creates subjects throughout the story that symbolize the fragmented identity of women, embodying distinct expressions of femininity.

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The Symphony of the Dead (1989) is the most famous work of Abbas Maroufi and one of the most prominent novels of the sixties. The existence of some elements of modernity, including the narrative of the stream of consciousness, the multiple and sometimes innovative points of view, the circularity of the narrative, and the benefit of a symphonic structure, has made it a modern novel.   Some of these elements have made a correct and clear understanding of the themes belying the novel very difficult. In addition, the fragmentary structure and plurality of points of view make the text from a reader's perspective incoherent and discontinuous. The present article, drawing upon the Conceptual Structure Theory, aims to explore metaphorical systems dominant in the text and reveal the most prominent themes of the novel which have contributed to the subtlity of the text making it a unified coherent whole. To do so, the instances of the three types of metaphor used within the text, that is, 'directional', 'ontological', and 'structural' metaphors each of which is used to develop a central theme within the text are studied.
Results indicated that based on these three types of metaphor, the writer expresses his own worldview and mentality through the three main mappings, that is, "power is above/weakness is below", "man is animal", and "life is war". Such image schemas reflect the writer's own dominant system of thought which is imperceptibly spread throughout the text bringing about a text with a coherent content.

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In this article, the Flutter speed of a composite wing carrying two power engines is analyzed. The wing is modeled as a beam with two degrees of freedom, which is a cantilever, with two thrust as a follower force and mass of the engines. Wagner theory has been used for aerodynamic model and using the assumed mode, the wing dynamic equations of the motion has been achieved by Lagrange equations. Linear flutter speed according to the eigenvalues of the motion equations was calculated. In order to valid the results of present work, at first composite wing assumed without engines and then wing modeled with two engines that results are compared with published results and good agreement has been observed. Composite wing has been analyzed as one layer and also laminate layers, and effect of variables such as follower force, engines mass, position of engines and number of layers has been investigated and the results show that with increase in mass and force of engines and also with increases distance between engine and wing root, flutter speed decreases and with decrease distance between engines and leading edge, flutter speed increases.

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Mass movement occurrence in its various forms in mountainous areas causes a lot of human and financial losses yearly. Thus, it is necessary to identify and prioritize vulnerable places and prepare a specific regional plan to decrease occurrence and losses due to landslide in prone areas. Syahkooh anticline is one of the region which, signs of numerous landslide can be seen through all it. In this research, after identification of effective factors using Entropy model, these factors were investigated, an Entropy matrix produced and zoning map of landslide prepared and finally to reduce its damages some solutions have been suggested. The results show that distance of fault 46.06%, elevation 28.26%, slope 17.54%, lithology 7.14% and aspect 1% had been affected. Zoning map shows low risk areas only include 21.76% of the region and 78.23% of the region lied on the side of high and moderate risk zones, which states the high potential area of landslide occurrence in the area. The proposed solutions are construction away from faults and steep Asmari formation, increase in the level of protection of roads, control of Drilling and excavation in Asmari formation. These are the most important measures to reduce losses mass movement in the Syahkooh anticline.

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With the advent of shape memory alloys (SMAs), several commercial and industrial applications were proposed due to their superior mechanical and biological properties. Among these materials, Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) alloys are widely applied and well-researched since they are characterized not only by good thermal and mechanical properties but also by excellent biocompatibility compared to other SMAs. In most of the applications, the structural components and devices made of NiTi SMAs work under cyclic thermomechanical loading and one of the major limitations facing the industrial use of this alloy is the degradation of the material when subjected to cyclic loadings (i.e., training). In this study, pseudoelastic training procedure in NiTi shape memory alloy and the resultant two-way shape memory effect are studied using in-situ electric resistivity measurement. At first, variations in the residual strain and in the electric resistivity during pseudoelastic training method are revealed. Then, by measuring the electric resistivity after training procedure (upon specified thermal cycling at stress-free condition) as well as the induced two-way shape memory strain, the effects of residual martensite and dislocation (plastic deformation) on the residual strain are investigated. The obtained results show that about 33% of the residual strain accumulated in 100 pseudoelastic cycles can be ascribed to the residual martensite and about 67% of the residual stain is attributed to the dislocations (plasticity).

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Malva sylvestris belongs to Malvaceae familyThe biological active compounds of Malva sylvestris describe probably it’s biological activities and therapeutic activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of Malva sylvestris on some pathogenic bacteria “in vitro”.In this study, the extraction was carried out by the maceration method. The pour plate method and disk diffusion method were adopted to determine the susceptibility of the pathogenic strains against Malva sylvestris extracts. The broth microdilution and fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) were employed to determine antimicrobial effect. The minimum bactericidal concentration was measured by pour plate method. The concentration 100 mg/ml of the ethanolic extract showed the best result on Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus (p<0.05).  Enterobacter aeruginosa was resistant to most of the aqueous and ethanolic Malva sylvestris extracts. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the ethanolic extract of Malva sylvestris for Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aeruginosa were 8, 8, 64 and 64 mg/ml, respectively and the aqueous extract were 16, 32, 128, and 128 mg/ml, respectively.The ethanolic extract of Malva sylvestris had more inhibitory effect than the aqueous extracts on pathogenic strains. Furthermore, aqueous and ethanolic Malva sylvestris extracts showed greater inhibitory effect on gram-positive bacteria in comparison with gram-negative bacteria.

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Doogh is a traditional Iranian drink prepared by adding water and salt to yoghurt and sometimes flavoring. Instability a major problem which is the result of low pH (<4.00) and aggregation of caseins. The aim of this project is to distinguish the effect of psyllium husk hydrocolloid on the stability and sensory properties of Doogh. In addition, two different edible color added to the product to enhance sensory properties by vision attraction. Hydrocolloid added in three concentration (0.25, 0.75 and 1.25%) and edible colors (β-lain and curcumin) were used for 5, 10 and 15% in samples. Serum separation, zeta potential, flow behavior, Colorimetry and sensory properties was measured during this research. Results obtain that as the concentration of hydrocolloid increase, instability in Doogh decrease and the most stable sample contains 1.25% hydrocolloid (the highest) and 5% color (the least), measurements of zeta potential also showed the same results. In sensory analysis, hydrocolloid and color at the level of 1.25% and 10%, respectively, achieve the highest scores.  Viscometry measurements showed that, Newtonian behavior of Doogh samples isnchr('39')t affected by hydrocolloid concentration. Finally, we conclude that the best sample, that shows the best results in all measurements, contains 0.75% hydrocolloid and 10% for both edible colors.

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Promising secondary metabolites of brown algae have been given particular importance, due to their various biological activities. In the present study, two extraction methods including maceration and ultrasound were performed to prepare extracts from brown algae including Padina distromatic, then, aimed to evaluate antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-Alzheimer’s activities of extracts. Padina algae extract prepared by ultrasound method had higher total phenol (43.25 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (24.59 mg QE/gDA). However, the maximum antioxidant activity was observed in algae extract prepared by maceration method. Padina algae extract prepared by ultrasound method had the highest inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase and the strongest inhibition of nitric oxide production was observed in this extract. Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua bacteria were more resistant to Padina algae extract than other microorganisms and the results of microbial test showed that Padina algae extract prepared by ultrasound method was more antimicrobial than maceration method. Collectively, the obtained results provide valuable evidence for antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, and antimicrobial activity driven by Padina distromatic extracts which can highlight their possible approach in the therapeutic utilization.

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In recent decades, the demand for the use of functional compounds in food and pharmaceutical products has increased. The aim of this study was to compare the phytochemical compounds and antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer's and antimicrobial properties of Padina distromatic and Sargassum angustifulium algae extracted by ultrasound. The results showed that butanoic acid was the most important substance in Padina and Sargasum extracts. Total content of polyphenols, flavonoids and IC50 index of Padina extract and sargasum 43.45 and 46.63 mg GAE/g, flavonoid content 24.59 and 55.40 mg QE/g and IC50 index 10.38 and 30.77 g/ml respectively. The inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of Padina and Sargassum algae extracts was 42.5% and 25.16%, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory results showed that nitric oxide inhibitory activity increased with increasing the concentration of both Padina and Sargassum algae extracts (from 50 to 400 mg / ml). However, Padina algae extract had the strongest NO inhibitory activity at all concentrations. Padina extract had more antimicrobial properties compared to the algae extract of sargassum. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Padina extract at 12.5 mg/ml was obtained on Staphylococcus aureus. Padina extract at 50 mg/ml had a bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, Sargassum extract should be used as natural antioxidant and Padina extract as natural anti-Alzheimer's and antimicrobial components. 

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ZnO is extensively used in a wide range of industrial applications. Hence, considerable accumulation of this substance occurs in the environment. The objective of the present study was to compare and characterize the growth of model tobacco plant at different ZnO levels in various rooting media (i.e., water-based, perlite-based, and sand-based). In soilless medium (especially water-based), ZnO levels lower and/or higher than 1µM showed negative impacts on fresh weights, some of leaves indices, and number of flowers and fruits. In soil-based media, 250 and 500 mg ZnO kg^-1 often scored the highest values for the mentioned indices. However, all evaluated indices were much higher in water-based than the other two media. Flavonoids, antocyanins and FRAP capacity increased at highest levels in soil-grown and perlite-grown media, but Zn content was the same for all concentrations in soil-grown plants. Photosynthetic pigments decreased at 1,000 mg kg^-1 in soil-based media. Overall, the sensitivity to small changes in ZnO levels was much higher in water-based compared to the other two media, while ZnO supply resulted in improvement of some parameters in soil-based media. Soil and perlite possess certain experimental limitations (e.g., surface absorption, unfavorable pH, low gas exchange, limited spread of roots and insoluble Zn-complexes), while water-grown plants were comparatively better than the other media in terms of experimental control and handling. These results show different effects of ZnO levels in different media and also suggest the water-based medium as a possible alternate for future accurate investigations of Zn trials.