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Prangos ferulacea (Apiaceae) is a perennial herb with a distribution from East Europe to Middle East and Central Asia. The plant’s leaves are used as animal fodder. Its fruits and roots possess biological traits that provide it with the potential to be used for medicinal purposes. The essential oils obtained through hydrodistillation from aerial parts of Prangos ferulacea at the vegetative and flowering stages were analyzed through GC and GC-MS. Thirty-one vs. seven compounds were identified in the vegetative and flowering stages’ oils, respectively. While the essential oil of aerial parts at vegetative stage was dominated by α- pinene (57%), the oil at flowering stage was characterized by (E)-anethol (95.5%). The latter exhibited significant phytotoxic and fungitoxic effects in lettuce and against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, respectively.

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In this study, the theoretical design of a vapor ejector used in an air-conditioning system is performed and the designed ejector is then optimized via computational fluid dynamics. Based on the numerical simulations, two geometrical parameters, throat diameter and nozzle position, are optimized. Then, the effects of the operating parameters on the performance of the optimized ejector are investigated numerically. The optimized ejector geometry is used as a variable-geometry ejector by using a spindle in the primary throat and the performance of the system in various spindle positions is studied. The results show the importance of using a analytical design to obtain the overall geometry of the ejector and numerical simulation in order to achieve the optimal ejector performance. The variable-geometry ejector designed based on the proposed method in this study with using solar energy, in conjunction with a cold storage system, might be able to provide the necessary refrigeration for all day long.

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Tornado is a destructive phenomenon which causes severe damage every year. To improve resistance of structures which face tornado, the flow field and factors which affect damage patterns of tornado need to be investigated. In this paper, numerical simulations of stationary and translating tornadoes are carried out using Ward-type simulator results and large eddy turbulence model. Validation for stationary case has been done with experimental work of Baker. The effects of peak winds, duration of intense winds and acceleration of translating tornado on damage patterns have been investigated. Results show that destruction is more intense at the side of the tornado that translational velocity and tangential wind velocity are added up. Moreover, peak wind velocity and duration of intense winds are important factors that have important effects on the destruction pattern of tall structures. However, the value of the translational acceleration of tornado is important for the design of all structures regardless of their heights.

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Conceptual blending is a creative application to explain concepts that go beyond simply combining structures and raw data. The present article tries to examine its effectiveness in news headlines of newspapers in different genres by referring to the theory of conceptual blending. For this purpose, 1000 news headlines from the Donyaye Eghtesad newspaper in the economic genre, 1000 news headlines from the Ebtekar newspaper in the political genre, as well as 1000 headlines from the Hadaf Varzeshi newspaper have been examined. The headlines with conceptual blending were identified in them and also their type and number were explained and drawn by drawing a grid. Out of 1000 news headlines examined in each genre, 240 in the economic genre, 160 in the political headline and 80 in the sports headline are in line with the theory of blending. According to the results, it seems that due to the intertwining of people's daily lives with the economy, the use of blending in the economic genre is more than the other two genres, and among the blending types, the single-scope type has a higher frequency than the other types in all three genres. Double-scope type blending has been observed due to its more complex structure than the lower frequency single-scope blending. It was also found that simple type blending has very low frequencies in all three genres. In the study of news headlines, due to the association-orientation mechanism of the type of mirrors, there are very few of them in each genre.

1. Introduction
Fauconnier and Turner (1998) elaborated Conceptual Blending Theory by using the theories of conceptual metaphor and mental space as tools to show the imaginative nature of conceptualization. They believe that the role of imagination in the meaning-making process, especially the creative aspects of meaning-making, is undeniable. In this way, it can be said that the news headline is one of the categories that creativity in creating meaning is one of its characteristics due to its specific coordinates, and perhaps it can be considered that the theory of conceptual blending can be a suitable platform for imagination and expression of this creativity. In this research, how this concept works as an efficient theory in analyzing linguistic data and explaining the emerging meaning in it is discussed. To achieve this goal, the authors intend to describe and analyze the news headlines of economic, political, and sports newspapers as popular topics based on the Conceptual Blending Theory to determine which genre has the least and most use of conceptual blending in the headlines. What is the reason for this little and increasing use of blending in making titles? Also, the comparison of the types of conceptual blending, the frequency of their occurrence, and the reason for the existence of different frequencies of these types in the studied genres will be discussed by presenting sufficient examples.

2. Literature Review
Fauconie and Turner proposed the theory of conceptual blending in 1998, and in 2002, they fully introduced this theory in the book The Way We Think. Other linguists and researchers presented research in linguistic and non-linguistic conceptualization of this theory. Coulson et al. (2000) studied the basics of conceptual blending as a theory for constructing meaning online and examined this theory from the perspective of linguistics, psychology, computer science, and neurobiology. Grady and Coulson (1999) introduced the mechanism of two theories of conceptual metaphor and conceptual blending. They also listed the similarities and differences of these two theories. Hedblom et al. (2016) state that image schemas are considered as fundamental cognitive patterns and the combination of two theories of conceptual blending and image schemas has a significant impact on creative thinking in humans. In the Persian language, researchers have examined the data of this language in the field of conceptual blending, including Sadeghi (2012) in his article entitled "Integration of writing and image in literary texts based on the theory of conceptual blending" and how meaning is formed in literary works. Pardel et al. (2016) in their article, which was published in the Journal of Language Inquiry, discussed how the author and the reader produce and understand emergent meanings in the white poem from the perspective of conceptual blending. In his analytical and descriptive review of a poem by Groos Abdulmalikian, he has shown that this theory is well suited to the cognitive description and explanation of how to create and read poetry.

3. Methodology
In this research, a total of 3000 economic, political, and sports titles from the newspapers of the world of economy, initiative, and sports purpose were analyzed in the summer and autumn of 2016. Of these, 240 economic titles, 160 political titles, and 80 sports titles have blended and can be described and analyzed with the Conceptual Blending Theory. After determining the presence of blending in the titles of each genre, the researchers investigated the type of blending in each title and after that, they examined the frequency of occurrence of each type to determine which is the most type of blending used in the titles and the reason for the high frequency of that type. Also, in order to be clearer and better understand the mechanism of this theory, we chose one title from each type of blending in each genre and then explained how the blending was formed. After explaining each title, we have drawn the networks related to them along with interstitial mappings.

4. Results and Conclusion
Newspaper titles in the economic genre have the highest frequency of conceptual blending compared to the political and sports genres. The reason for this should be considered in the wide range of the audience of this genre, as we know that the economy is one of the main pillars of society and is tied to people's livelihood and covers a huge part of our daily life, so it can be said that readers with interest, follow economic issues and are understandable to the general public. Another reason is that in the last decade, we have witnessed more instability in the field of economy, which provides a suitable platform for journalists to create creative titles, and journalists encourage the reader to read and follow economic issues by using blending.
In the political genre, there is less conceptual blending observed in the construction of titles compared to the economic genre. The reason for this can be found in the fact that political issues involve different individuals, parties, and factions. Journalists, to maintain job security, have limitations in using conceptual blending in title construction, which may include more figurative meaning, and prefer to use clearer titles to prevent multiple interpretations. Another reason is that political subjects require more explicitness in speech, and journalists prefer to prioritize transparency. Perhaps the use of conceptual blending in titles may distract the reader's mind from the main message, so they try to construct titles with fewer conceptual blendings.
In the analysis of data, sports genre titles have the least amount of conceptual blending. This can be attributed to the relative clarity of sports events, which do not provide much room for interpretation and critique. Additionally, a sports news article focuses more on reporting the news or presenting the outcome of a sports event, and the audience, which consists of a narrower spectrum, is mostly interested in the results of the competition rather than the details. They can even get informed about the results through other media outlets. Therefore, the sports genre includes fewer audiences compared to the political and economic genres, where the audience seeks interpretation and analysis of the news by experts.
Conceptual blending of the single-scope type has the highest frequency in all three genres because one of the rules that journalists consider for writing proper headlines is the quadrilateral rule, which includes factors such as relevance, simplicity, clarity, and attractiveness. It seems that single-scope blending has all four factors of this rule, so the writer, through creative headline construction, aims not only to convey information but also to highlight the headline and attract the reader to follow the article. Since single-scope blending only involves one of the inputs in shaping the blending, and that input is represented in the form of a concrete domain and has physical characteristics, it is easier for the reader to understand. Single-scope blending does not have the simplicity of simple blending type that only focuses on conveying information and does not have the complexity of double-scope blending type. Therefore, this type of blending has the highest frequency. Double-scope conceptual blending has a very low frequency in the headlines of all three genres. This type of blending has the highest creativity and complexity. Since both inputs play a role in shaping the blending, i.e., both the concrete or experiential domain and the abstract domain, as well as the emergent meaning that arises in the blending space, it makes the headline more complex and harder to understand, and perhaps analyzing it is beyond the patience of the reader. Therefore, journalists prefer to use this type of blending less.
According to the tables, simple concept blending has very few frequency of occurrence in news headlines. This low frequency is due to the structure of this type of blending, which includes two forms of role and value. Often in news headlines because journalists assume that the reader is aware of the roles and values of the people who are at the top of political, economic, and sports affairs, there is no need to mention both formats in the headline. Pay attention to these news headlines: a. All the president's men (in this news title, only the role format is mentioned); b) Biden's plan for regional partners (in this news headline, only the value format is mentioned). Observing these titles is proof of the claim that in many titles either the role format or the value format is used. The conceptual blending of the mirror type has rarely been observed in the titles.
 

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The use of stop drill holes is one of the most convenient methods for reducing the stress intensity factors and crack growth rate. The efficiency of stop drill holes on the crack growth retardation depends on the amount of reduction in stress intensity factors. The curved plates are frequently used in engineering structures. Therefore, in this paper, by using the finite element method, the effects of configurations and diameters of crack flank holes on the variations of stress intensity factor are studied for a curved plate. The numerical results indicate that the location and the size of stop drill holes affect the stress intensity factors which is mainly due to their interaction with the crack tip stresses. Closer distances to the crack tip and larger diameters of the flank holes provide more reduction in the stress intensity factors. Also, the finite element results show that the use of stop drill hole method for the curved plates has the same efficiency as that of the flat plates.

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Low swirl burners present an effective approach to increase stability in lean premixed combustion. Effects of swirl number as a key parameter in the performance of these burners have been investigated in several studies with different conditions of pressure, bulk velocity equivalence ratio and geometrical specifications. Swirler distance from the exit, called recess length is another key parameter, which affects the performance of the burner and there are a few studies about its effects on the performance of the burner. In this study by design and fabrication of a low swirl burner and setup a rig test, several combustion parameters include flame temperature; flow rate, pressure and temperature of the air and fuel, and analysis of combustion products have been measured. And the effects of recess length and equivalence ratio variations on the performance of the low swirl burner have been studied. In addition, the exergy analysis has been done in order to investigate the performance of these burners. Results reveal that increasing recess length would result in wider range of lifted flame for different equivalence ratios. In addition, results also show that although low swirl combustion is working on lean condition, it has about 17 percent lower irreversibility ratio in comparison with diffusion flame from second law of thermodynamic point of view. Besides, the heat transfer ratio has been increased about 14 percent in the lifted flame in comparison with the attached flame.

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The present study aimed to investigate vowel hiatus resolution and its relation to vowel shortening in Persian and Central Kurdish within an Optimality-Theoretic framework. The results showed that both Persian and Central Kurdish ​​use glide formation through vowel shortening to resolve hiatus in certain environments. Persian has its own way to resolve vowel hiatus. The two high vowels /i/ and /u/, as a result of glide formation through vowel shortening, are changed into a short vowel and the glides /j/ and /w/, respectively. In Central Kurdish, glide formation occurs in high vowels /iː, uː/ and mid-high vowels /ēː, ōː/. In Persian, glide formation involves a quantitative reduction in the long vowel /iː/ and a quantitative and qualitative alteration in the long vowel /uː/. On the other hand, glide formation in Central Kurdish involves only a quantitative reduction in long vowels. Based on an OT analysis, the main factor in resolving vowel hiatus in both Persian and Central Kurdish is the obligatory presence of onset in the syllable structure. In contexts in which glide formation occurs through vowel shortening, the ranking of the active constraints in Persian and Central Kurdish is: ONSET, AGREE(place) >> MAX, DEP >> IDENT(µ).

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Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) implementations are also classified as the Lagrangian and Eulerian methods. Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a mesh free particle method based on Lagrangian formulation with a number of advantages. This method is obtained approximate numerical solutions of the equations of the fluid dynamics by replacing the fluid with a set of particles. All particles carry their properties and then the advection is taken care automatically. In contrast, Eulerian mesh based numerical methods have difficulties such as the problem of numerical diffusion due to advection terms. Because of the simplicity and robustness of SPH, this numerical method has been extended to complex fluid and solid mechanics problems. The important advantage of SPH is that the muli-phase flows can be modeled by SPH and each particle can be assigned to a different phase. In this paper, the SPH method is used for simulating water and sediment flow in dam break problem. The government equations are momentum and continuity equations which are described in a Lagrangian framework. Also, the compressible flows are modeled as a weakly compressible flow via the equation of state. The XSPH equation is applied for each particle movement at each time step. The Wendland kernel is applied as smoothing function. Sediments are treated as non-Newtonian fluid and for simulating them the non-Newtonian models are used. In this paper, the combination of two rheological models named Bingham and Cross is used. The predictor- corrector algorithm is applied. The time step is controlled by Courant condition (CFL), the forcing terms and the viscous diffusion terms. On the other hand, the laboratory experiment of dam break is performed and the new experimental set up was built. At first, the column of water with a height of 0.5 m and the wide of 0.25 m is blocked by a partition gate. The bottom of the water column is covered with non cohesive sediments. The sediments are sands with d50=1.4 mm. The partition gate separates the water column from the downstream channel and the speed of partition gate is more important. Then the partition gate is removed with a specific velocity. The partition gate opens completely from above with a constant speed of 0.6 m/s. The flow motion is recorded by digital camera system. Finally, a comparison between experimental results and computational results is carried out and the errors are calculated. The error of sediment height variations in specific horizontal distances (x=5 cm and 14 cm) in reservoir are 6.55% and 5.94%, respectively. Also, the sediment surface profiles are shown in different times. The comparisons are shown good agreements between numerical and experimental results. The good agreement proves the ability of the present SPH model to simulating two phase flows.

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To obtain an optimum formulation for stabilizers–emulsifier in ice cream, different combinations of three stabilizers, i.e. basil seed gum, guar gum, and carboxymethyl cellulose, at two concentrations of 0.15 or 0.35% with or without E471 emulsifier were studied using a simplex-centroid mixture design. The regression models for physical properties and texture smoothness of samples were also established. Generally, increasing ratios of basil seed gum in gums mixture increased the apparent viscosity of ice cream mixes and smoothness of texture, but decreased the melting rate. Increasing proportions of guar gum enhanced overrun of samples. Results suggested that the combination of 96.94% basil seed gum and 3.06% guar gum at the concentration of 0.35% with 0.15% emulsifier produced the optimum ice cream. Subsequently, the interaction of the obtained optimum formulation with κ-carrageenan as a secondary stabilizer was studied at two levels of 0.01 and 0.02%. The pH, draw temperature, overrun, hardness, and melting rate were measured through physical methods. Rheological and sensory analyses were also performed. Inclusion of κ-carrageenan in formulations decreased the values of instrumental hardness and improved the smoothness of the samples; while it had no significant effects on other properties such as draw temperature, overrun, sandiness, and foaminess.

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Leaf blotch disease of barley, caused by Rhynchosporium secalis is a major disease of barley in Iran. Its worldwide occurrence and economic importance in barley production has motivated studies on the population genetic structure of this pathogen. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was utilized to investigate the genetic diversity of populations of R. secalis isolated from barley leaves. A total of 94 isolates, representing five geographically distinct populations, were collected from diverse climatic regions in Iran. Genetic diversity was studied using eleven RAPD primers. Out of a total of 119 fragments generated by random decamer primers, 89 (75.1%) were polymorphic with an average of 8.1 polymorphic fragments per primer. Cluster analysis of RAPD data using UPGMA and simple matching coefficient method distinguished 33 main groups at 75% similarity level. The similarity between isolates ranged from 0.62 to 0.89. In total, 42 molecular phenotypes (haplotype) were distinguished among the 94 isolates by 11 RAPD primers. Haplotype one was found in all the five regions of Iran surveyed. Some haplotypes were specific to a single region while others found in several regions. There was little correlation observed between genetic vs. geographical distance suggesting that they were independent of each other.

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 Flow characteristics and rheological parameters of “Malas Yazdi” pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice were investigated using rotational viscometer at different temperatures (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70ºC) and concentrations (12, 22, 32, 42 and 52º Brix). The experimental data had the best fitness with Herschel-Bulkley model and the values of flow behavior index (n) varied between 0.97 and 1.45 at all temperatures and concentrations, revealing the shear thickening nature of pomegranate juice. The activation energy of flow (E_a) calculated with respect to apparent viscosity at 40 rpm increased from 9.07 to 24.05 kJ mol^-1 as the juice concentration increased from 12 to 52º Brix. Power equation indicated that consistency coefficient increased non-linearly with concentration increase. A mathematical model was developed to describe the influence of temperature and soluble solids on the consistency coefficient of pomegranate juice for the studied conditions.

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In this paper, numerical investigation was carried out for the sake of identifying optimum geometry for variable geometry ejector using in solar refrigeration system as the prerequisites to experimental tests. Variable geometry was made by using a movable primary nozzle and movable spindle in it. Vacuum tube collector was postulated as heat source and R600a used as working fluid. Condenser temperature based on Middle East area temperature and evaporator based on operative condition in HVAC system selected. Generator, condenser and evaporator operating temperatures have severe effects on the optimum geometry of ejector. Therefore, for maximum entrain ratio it is necessary to identify optimum geometry to cope with variations in operating condition. The results showed that using a variable geometry ejector is a requirement for cooling during the day. The following fluid structure was compared by entropy generation during mixing and shock phenomena. The results showed there is optimum back pressure to minimize fluid exit entropy. It coincides with critical back pressure. It was found that depending on back pressure maximum entropy generation happen by two reasons, mixing and shock phenomena.

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Adding particles and fibers to the adhesive layer is a method suggested to improve the stress distribution and to increase the strength and toughness of adhesive joints. In this paper, the effects of adding the metal fibers and also the reduction of fiber horizontal distance on distribution of peel stress and shear stress toward longitudinal and transverse directions were studied using finite element analysis. The obtained results showed that the reduction of the horizontal distance between the metal fibers in the longitudinal direction improves the distribution of the peel stress and shear stress and leads to a significant reduction in their maximum values in the joint length with respect to the non-reinforced adhesive. Meanwhile, reduction of the horizontal distance between the metal fibers in the transverse direction first degrades the peel stress and then improves it. Despite the trend observed for the peel stress with the transverse direction, the distribution of the shear stress with reduction of the horizontal distance between the metal fibers becomes more uniform and the maximum values of shear stress regularly decreases in the joint length due to considerable load sharing of the metal fibers in the adhesive layer. In addition to the analyses carried out on the distribution of stress in the joints length, the distribution of peel stress and shear stress were also investigated in joint width, which was indicative of a significant effect of the metal fibers in the transverse configuration.

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For ductile fracture, the toughness can be measured as a single parameter value or in a resistance curve format (J-R curve) and is often characterized by the J-integral for elastic-plastic materials. Because of their effectiveness in measuring toughness, the J-integral and J-R curve have become the most important material parameters in elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, and have been applied widely in practical engineering. Polymeric materials are widely being used for load-bearing structural applications and, therefore, understanding of their fracture properties is becoming more important. In this study, mixed-mode I/II stable crack growth experiments were carried out on a widely used polymeric material, polypropylene, using recently modified fixture. Multi-specimen R-curve method were used for obtaining J-R curves of different states of mixed-mode loading conditions from pure mode-I to pure mode-II by varying the loading angle by 15° steps accordance with the standard ASTM-D6068 and then the resulting R-curves have been evaluated to determine the values of initiation toughness, JIC, following the schemes of the E813 and E1820 standard procedures. Finite-element analyses were done by ABAQUS and mode-I and mode-II non-dimensional stress intensity factors and geometric work factors of elastic-plastic fracture were obtained for different conditions. Results show that for this material the value of JIC is much more than the value obtained for the JIIC. This material also exhibited a greater resistance to ductile crack growth in mode-I.

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In this article, a form of Boltzmann-Hamel equations (Lagrange’s equations in terms of quasi-coordinates), different from the latter’s standard form and avoiding its structurally inherent complexity, is derived based on which a general algorithm for the dynamics modeling of open-chain terrestrial and space robots with an arbitrary number of rigid elements is presented. This form of Boltzmann-Hamel equations is shown to be particularly advantageous in terms of not requiring the determination of the kinetic energy as a function of generalized coordinates and quasi-velocities, representing generalized forces in terms of body basis vectors and offering a panoramic view of the dynamics of the systems. In the act of developing the algorithm, three highly useful kinematic identities are derived via a comparison between the single rigid body equations derived from both the standard and the proposed form of Boltzmann-Hamel equations. These identities are then used to greatly simplify the final dynamics model of both systems. Finally, the equations of motion for a two-link terrestrial robot is derived using the proposed algorithm and simulation results in MATLAB are compared with the model of the system in ADAMS to validate the model.

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Electrospray is an atomization method which produces monodisperse and fine droplets by applying a high potential difference between a nozzle and a counter electrode. Therefore liquid meniscus shows different behaviors when flow rate or applied voltage varies in the electrospray method. Here we report experimental study of these modes based on observation of the liquid meniscus shape emitted from the nozzle. The formation of different modes is reported and forces acting on the meniscus in each mode is discussed. In this work classification of electrospray modes is reviewed for wide range of flow rates, between 0-80 ml⁄h, and voltage, between 0-8.5 kV. Electrospraying of ethanol is studied as a promising clean fuel for wide range of voltages and flow rates. Formation of dripping, sibling, spindle, micro spindle, intermittent cone jet, oscillating Jet, precession, cone-jet, multi jet, simple jet and ramified jet modes is observed. It should be noted that all of this study such as identification of mode shapes have been done according to taking photo from electrospray phenomenon by method of shadowgraphy, and this method has been done by using a high speed camera and a high resolution camera. In present configuration, for all of flow rates, there is the dripping and sibling mode for all of voltages which are lower than 3kV, for voltages between 3-4kV the spindle mode will be seen and for the voltages which are more than 5.5kV the multi jet mode will be observed. There are the other mode shapes for voltages between 4-5.5kV.

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Abstract
The use of edible coatings to protect food has increased dramatically in recent years. In this study, the pileus of button mushroom Agaricus bisporus was coated with 1% carboxymethyl cellulose and essential oil nanoemulsion of Zataria multiflora at three concentrations of 200, 300 and 400 mg/l and stored at 8 ° C for 2 weeks. Then weight loss, brix, texture strength and solution color were investigated. Button mushroom coated with essential oil nano-emulsion showed a significant difference in weight loss from that of control. The results showed that Increasing the concentration of nanoemulsion reduced the weight loss of the pileus. Also, the amount of moisture loss in the pileus is similar to the trend of weight loss. Therefore, the nano-emulsion coating reduced the drying process in the pileus. Tissue strength was increased with increasing concentrations of nano-emulsion oils compared to control , and the best concentration was 300 and 400 mg/l. The brix was increased until the seventh day and decreased at the end of the durability period , with the lowest concentration at 400 mg/l. Also, two parameters L and ΔE were suitable at 400 mg/l of nanoemulsion oil concentration.

 

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Nowadays hydrocolloids are one of commonly additives used in backing industry. Gums are hydrocolloids increasing water absorption leads to increased viscosity and stability of some food systems. Okra gum due to have thickening properties used as hydrocolloid in food industry. In this study the effect of okra and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) gums in four levels (0, 0.5, 1.5 and 3%) on rheological properties of dough and breads were evaluated by using randomized complete block with factorial design. The results showed that an increase in hydrocolloids caused to increase in water absorption, energy of dough, resistance to deformation and extensibility while dough stability and dough development time reduced. Doughs containing 1.5% mixture gums, 3% CMC and 3% Okra have the best rheological properties and used to preparation breads. Evaluation of bread properties including moisture content, specific volume and firmness of samples and sensory properties including appearance, texture, chewability, Aroma and flavor and overall evaluation on day 1, 3 and 5 of storage showed that by increasing in hydrocolloids the moisture content and specific volume were increased and firmness was decreased. Over time lead to a decrease in moisture content and specific volume and it increased firmness of texture. According to the results of this research to improve the quality properties and shelf life extension of bread used of 3% okra gum in dough formulation can be useful.