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Introduction:
According to the models of growth, renewable and non-renewable energy  affect economic growth, but the consumption of renewable energy due to less pollution, contributes to sustainable growth. So, countries strive to create the conditions for the use of renewable energy, such as electricity. By balancing competition in market such as the electricity market, on the micro level surplus of consumer and producer welfare is maximized without government intervention, and the incentive for the private sector to enter the market increases. On the macro level, due to lower prices and increased production, electricity consumption as renewable energy increases and reduces environmental degradation and increases sustainable growth. Over the past decades, in the electricity industry, natural monopoly conditions have been established in the sectors of production, transmission and distribution, and the surplus of consumer and producer welfare has not been maximized, so government intervention was justified. In recent years, due to technological advances and the elimination of natural monopolies, the incentive for the private sector to enter the electricity sector has been strengthened. The purpose of this article is to measure the degree of competition in 9 electricity companies in Iran during the period 2011-2019.

Methodology: 

In order to measure the degree of competition in Iran's electricity industry, two structural approaches, i.e., Entropy coefficient and non-structural Panzar-Rosse were used. 

The entropy measure is used as an alternative to variance, in fact entropy is the inverse measure of concentration, when entropy increases, concentration decreases:
E=i=1nSi.log1Si    ,    0≤E≤log⁡(n)                                                         (1)
Si  is the market share and the value of this index is equal to zero for the monopoly market and increases nonlinearly as the market becomes more competitive.
Measurement of degree of competition by Panzar-Ross method, using the GMM method is as fallows:
LnTRit=α0+α1LnQit+βLLnWLit+βKLnWKit+βELnWEit    (2)  

WLit
  is the labor input price, WKit
  is the capital input price, WEit
  is the energy input price of the power generation company i in the time period t. TRit
  is total revenue, Qit
  is production of the i-th power generation company at time t. In the dynamic specification, the Panzar-Rosse criterion for evaluating the market structure is defined as follows:

PRH=i=13βi1-α1                                                                                                       (3)
If i=13βi=1 , the market is competitive and a decrease (increase) in the price of inputs causes the same decrease (increase) in marginal cost and marginal revenue. If 0<i=13βi<1 , the market has monopolistic competition and is between competition and monopoly.

Results and Discussion:

The calculation of entropy coefficient, which is one of the structural methods in measuring competitiveness, obtained a number equal to 0.215 for the Iranian electricity industry during 2011-2019. Considering that the mentioned number is between zero and one, it shows that the concentration in Iran's electricity industry has decreased during the period under review and this industry has been placed in a state between competitive and monopoly. In other words, the conditions of the electricity industry have moved out of the traditional state and full monopoly, although it still needs to establish arrangements to become more competitive and close to full competition. On the other hand, Panzar-Rosse non-structural method was also estimated and its index was calculated, which obtained a value of 0.253. This amount of Panzar-Rosse non-structural index also confirms the results of the non-structural approach in Iran's electricity industry. Due to the fact that the results of both structural and non-structural approaches in calculating the level of competitiveness in Iran's electricity industry confirm each other, more confidence is created regarding the obtained result.

Conclusion: 

Considering the important and effective role of electricity in other industries of the country, the existence of more competition that leads to a decrease in the price and increase in the production of electricity, from a micro point of view, it has led to an increase in consumer and producer surplus, and from a macro point of view, it has also led to a reduction in environmental pollution. Reducing the exploitation of non-renewable energies and as a result of intergenerational justice and ultimately the realization of sustainable growth and development. Although the results of the calculation of competitiveness indicators indicate that the electricity industry is moving away from the monopoly state and moving towards the competitive state, more efforts should be made in order to increase the degree of competition and achieve complete competition in the country.

 In this way, the country's economic managers and policy makers should increase the number of power plants in Iran's electricity network while removing the existing legal obstacles on the path of restructuring from monopoly to full competition in the country's electricity industry in order to reduce the level of concentration and monopoly in Iran's electricity market. On the other hand, creating a suitable environment for the correct and healthy competition of electricity companies, improving the productivity of production inputs and using the optimal combination of inputs through research and development, as well as short-term and long-term planning to improve the level of production and improve the cost structure, and encouraging and supporting elites and inventors in line with the development of new electricity production plans and technologies such as solar electricity technology can help to make the structure of the electricity industry more competitive.

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Cereal leaf miner, Syringopais temperatella Led. (Lep., Gelechiidae), is an important wheat pest in many regions of the world, including Iran. Fixed precision sequential sampling plan, a cost-efficient method for estimating pest population density, has been used for developing a successful IPM program. In this study, the fixed precision sequential sampling plan of S. temperatella larvae was developed on wheat, cultivar Verinac^®, during 2017-2019 growing seasons in Iran. For this purpose, first, spatial distribution of the larvae on wheat leaves was determined using Taylor's power law and Iwao's patchiness regression. The spatial distribution of the larvae was aggregative on the wheat leaves. Taylor’s power law provided a better fit for the data than Iwao’s patchiness regression. Therefore, Green's model was used for developing the fixed precision sequential sampling plan. The optimum sample sizes of the larvae ranged from 5- 68 plants and 12- 189 plants according to the average of larval density at precision levels D= 0.25 and D= 0.1, respectively. Estimated stop lines showed that the sampling must be continued until the cumulative number of the pest larvae reaches 3.45 (D= 0.25) and 83.76 (D= 0.1) per plant. Accuracy of the sampling plan was validated by RVSP software.

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In this research, the dielectric barrier discharge plasma driven channel flow with the applied magnetic field has been proposed for use as a thruster in propulsion applications and studied experimentally. Measurements of the thrust and consumed power of thruster for different values of the barrier thickness have been performed and the data have been compared with the corresponding ones without magnetic field. It is found that consumed power and thrust of the thruster in the presence of magnetic field are respectively little reduced and increased than that without the magnetic field. The measurements show that the effectiveness increases to a maximum and then drops as the operating voltage monotonically increases over a range from 12 to 26 kV. A power law analysis for revealing the relationships among the effectiveness, thrust, consumed power, and operating voltage has been presented for the thruster with and without the magnetic field. It is seen that the applied magnetic field and thicker dielectric barrier can lead to a higher effectiveness at the point of transition from the glow regime to the filamentary regime. The effects of micro-discharge channels on the effectiveness in the both regimes have been discussed. The observations indicate that in the presence of magnetic field, the additional micro-discharge channels are generated and develop along the magnetic field lines and the diffuse background emission of the discharge is stronger in plasma. The underlying physical mechanisms of mentioned phenomena have been explained and mainly ascribed to the enhanced ionization by applying the magnetic field.

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The energy used to provide cooling and heating is a significant part of the energy consumption of an industrial complex. This paper aims to evaluate the performance of a trigeneration solar-powered system to supply the air conditioning system of an industrial complex energy requirement. The proposed design includes a double-effect lithium bromide water absorption chiller, a heat pump, and concentrating photovoltaic-thermal solar collectors (CPVT). Absorption chillers with nominal capacity and coefficient of performance of 100 TR and 1.3, respectively, and a heat pump with a capacity of 30 TR have been used to meet the cooling demands. The solar system consists of linear Fresnel solar concentrators and triple-junction solar cells. The analysis has been conducted for the complex located southwest of Tehran, Iran. Dynamic system simulation is performed using TRNSYS and EES software. To compare the performance of the proposed collector, photovoltaic-thermal collectors without concentrators (PVT) and Thermal collectors with concentrators (CT) with the same coating surface have been investigated. The energy delivered by the proposed collector is 64% and 28% higher, respectively than the PVT and the CT collectors. Compared to a structure without solar energy utilization unit, the proposed design reduces energy consumption by 62%. Employment of the heat pump in this method reduces energy consumption by 58% compared system without it. The proposed collector electrical energy production in a year is 101.10 MWh. The proposed system needs 264.07 MWh of backup heating a year to meet all the complex air conditioning needs.
 

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Measurement and measurement is vital for any organization. The management and performance appraisal system as one of the management processes play a key role in realizing the goals and missions of the organization. The purpose of this research is to identify the effective factors of multilevel performance management of the Applied Higher Education Institution of Applied Water and Power industry which are based on a balanced scorecard. The present research is applicable to the purpose. The research method is exploratory blend. The statistical population of the research is the experts of the Applied Higher Education Institute of Water and Power Industry, which has at least 5 years of education management experience and has a master's degree. By using a targeted and judgmental sampling method, an interview was conducted with experts from the statistical community, After 15 interviews with experts on the subject of research, theoretical saturation was obtained.The results of the interview were analyzed by the three-step coding method and were identified and presented at three levels: individual, group, and organizational levels in the form of four dimensions of the balanced scorecard.

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Abstract
The overall aim of this study was to examine the role of participatory management in empowering local communities in coping with drought. The statistical population of the study consisted of all villagers in Jiroft and Anbarabad in south of Kerman province (N = 75819). Using Krejcy & Morgan table, 382 of them were selected by stratified random sampling method. The main instrument of the research was a questionnaire that its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α> 0.7). Data analysis was performed by SPSSwin18 software. The results showed that the rural households surveyed from the components of participatory management in an unfavorable situation, but in terms of empowerment components, are in a relatively favorable situation. In addition, Pearson correlation results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the components of participatory management and empowerment. Regression results also showed that 85.3% of the variables of the research criterion (empowerment) are predictable by predictive variables (participation in targeting, participation in decision making, participation in reducing effects and participation in change). Factor analysis results summarized the constraints of participatory management among local communities in motivational and needs-based barriers, economical and trust barriers, planning barriers, communication barriers, and informational barriers.
 
 
1. Introduction
Farmers frequently cope with risks due to the uncertainty of climatic conditions. Population growth, changes in agricultural policies, environmental regulations and the degradation of natural resources such as soil and water also faced farmers with numerous challenges. Although farmers have experience in coping with a certain degree of uncertainty, increased climate variability and changes may cause severe problems. Drought in particular is a climatic disaster that creates substantial costs for farmers and affects their agricultural systems extensively. Drought is the most complex of all natural hazards, making the arid and semi-arid regions of the world vulnerable. Although drought has not been well documented, the resource-dependent sectors such as agriculture are the most vulnerable to the impact of this phenomenon. A review of the long-term annual precipitation trends indicated that drought had a worldwide return frequency of every 20e30 years. However, in the last 50 years, some countries such as Iran and Bangladesh have experienced approximately 27 and 19 drought events, respectively. Therefore, for arid and semiarid regions, drought is a recurrent feature that could lead to the loss of crop production, food shortages and starvation) if not managed appropriately. Accordingly drought impacts could be managed at macro (national), meso (local) and micro (village and household) levels. However, the micro-level management (i.e., what the farmers do in response to drought) is too important. Considering the inefficiency of drought management in the country, finding an approach that can address the damage caused by social insecurity (migration, poverty, isolation, etc.), environmental insecurity (water scarcity, soil erosion, etc.), economic insecurity (unemployment, lack of capital And so on) and it is important to improve the ability to deal with undesirable drought phenomena. Farmers frequently cope with risks due to the uncertainty of climatic conditions .Population growth, changes in agricultural policies, environmental regulations and the degradation of natural resources such as soil and water also present farmers with numerous challenges. Although farmers have experience in coping with a certain degree of uncertainty, increased climate variability and changes may cause severe problems. Drought in particular is a climatic disaster that creates substantial costs for farmers and affects their agricultural systems extensively. Drought is the most complex of all natural hazards. Making the arid and semi-arid regions of the world vulnerable. Although drought has not been well documented, the resource-dependent sectors such as agriculture are the most vulnerable to the impact of this phenomenon , respectively. Therefore, for arid and semiarid regions, drought is a recurrent feature that could lead to the loss of crop production, food shortages and starvation if not managed appropriately. According to drought impacts could be managed at macro (national), mesa (local) and micro (village and household) levels. So the role of participatory management in empowering local communities in coping with droughts in southern Kerman province.
Materials and Methods
Statistical population of this study consisted of all farmers in the city of Jiroft and Anbarabad was in the south of Kerman province (N=75819). Using Cerjci and Morgan, sample size was estimated as 382. Respondents were selected using Stratified random sampling method. For increasing reliability of the findings, 165 questionnaires distributed among farmers, ultimately 150 questionnaires completed and analyzed in SPSS software. The instrument of the study was a questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was established by calculating Chronbach's Alpha Coefficient (α>0.7).
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the rural households studied of the components of participatory management in an unfavorable situation, but in terms of empowerment components, are in a relatively favorable situation. In addition, Pearson correlation results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the components of participatory management and empowerment. Also, the results of regression showed that 85.3% of the variables of the research criterion (empowerment) were determined by the predictive variables of the research, ie, the components of participatory management (participation in targeting, participation in decision making, participation in the reduction of the effects and participation in the change And transformation) is foreseeable. In addition, the results of factor analysis summarize the constraints participatory management among local communities in motivational and needs-based barriers, economic barriers and trust, planning barriers, communication barriers, and barriers to information.
 
Conclusion
Regarding the failure of most of the past drought management program in the country as well as the basic ability of indigenous knowledge of villagers, it is necessary to see the ability and need in different stages of decision making in drought response programs. As it was found in this study, the extent to which participation they increase their ability to cope with drought.
 
nt
 

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Peoplechr('39')s participation is an important strategy for successful watershed management. This study aimed to identify and prioritize the factors prevent people from participation based on local peoplechr('39')s and expertchr('39')s viewpoints in Vers watershed. These factors were identified and categorized using literature reviews and interviews with experts and local residents. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were checked by experts and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha test respectively. The sample size was also calculated by the Cochran formula. Finally, the indicators and sub-indicators which preventing peoplechr('39')s participation were prioritized using the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Friedman test. The results indicated that the views of experts and local residents about the preventing factors are in some cases consistent and in others inconsistent. In general, managerial and economic indicators have a greater role in preventing people from participating than social and educational ones. Experts believe that the factors X13 (lack of timely and complete project budget allocation) and X2 (local disputes) have respectively the most and the least degree of importance. But local residents ranked X7 (lack of multipurpose projects) and X6 (weakness in teamwork) respectively as the most and the least important factors. These differences imply that in addition to the viewpoints of experts, policy-makers must also consider the views of stakeholders on the factors preventing their participation. These findings can be appropriate and practical for executive officials since, removing these participation barriers especially the high-priority ones will increase the stakeholders’ participation level.

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 Lean production system is a new management approach and a business strategy that results in the elimination of waste (costs and time) and improvement of the performance and overall value of an organization. The main objective of this study was to investigate factors influencing implementation of Lean Production Principle (LPP) and its relation with the performance of Small and Medium-sized Food Industry Enterprises (SMFIEs) in Khuzestan Province. This study was a kind of descriptive-correlation and causal-relation that was conducted through a survey technique. Statistical population of the study consisted of all managers in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Khuzestan food industry (N= 307). By using Krejcie and Morgan’s tables and stratified random sampling method, 170 person were selected as sample, of which 161 person completed the research questionnaires (return rate 94.7%). The results show that among the eight factors that influence the implementation of LPP, three variables of “customer relationship management”, "human resource management”, and “employees’ empowerment” have the most direct effects on LPP and, ultimately, the highest total effect on SMFIEs performance. The implementation of LPP could explain about 31 percent of variances in SMFIEs performance. Conducting justification and education workshops not only enhances the knowledge of SMFIEs managers, but also helps implement the LPP and, subsequently, improves the performance of SMFIEs.

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Worldwide, Iran is the first producer of pistachio, which is one of the most economically important agricultural products for this country. Idiocerus stali Fieber (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is one of the most important pests of this plant. Adults and nymphs pest feed on leaf tissues and fruit clusters, and they cause damage by sucking the sap. This pest has one generation per year. In this research, population fluctuations of the pistachio leafhopper associated to the temperature and humidity changes and its spatial distribution, using both statistical and geostatistical methods were studied in 2018-2019. The spatial distribution of all life stages in both years was cumulative according to Iwao model, whereas considering Taylor's power law model it was cumulative in 2018 and random in 2019. Considering coefficients' values, both models of Taylor's power law (R²= 0.93) and Iwao model (R²= 0.92) are appropriate for estimating the type of spatial distribution for this pest, however, Taylor model showed a better data fitting. Concerning geostatistics models, Kriging interpolation method was more accurate than Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and it was used to produce pest distribution maps. The movement process of adults, nymphs, and the sites of laying areas per week was precisely determined. Hence, contamination foci can be identified and used to apply appropriate management methods at the right time at a low cost.

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Immigration to Europe has significantly increased over the past several years and Afghan refugees are the second largest displaced group entering European borders after Syrians. Germany has been a preferred destination for many refugees and in 2015 the country welcomed over one million asylum seekers from around the globe which made it as some called it “Kabul of Europe". Immigration, both voluntary and forced, is driven by social, political and economic factors. Urban life in Europe, especially in a developed country like Germany, is completely different from traditional life in Afghanistan. After spending times in the camp, Afghan women gradually enter the urban life of the destination country which impacts the function of a traditional Afghan family. This article tries to seek the notion of "change" amongst Afghan families while they encounter migratory experiences in urban life in German societies. The main aim of the research is to analyze the process of acculturation of immigrant Afghan women in Germany in terms of educational attainments, language proficiency and entering to the workplace which will empower and enable them to redefine their identity in their new urban setup. This research is based on a qualitative method which consists of 51 in-depth interviews with Afghan (Hazara) migrant girls and women in refugee camps, as well as the city of Hamburg and Bremen in Germany.
 

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Corruption arising from abuse of power and its use in the direction of personal interests is a destructive pest of political systems; hence, they have been dealt with in various ways over time. One of the most effective of these is legal solutions to combat the corruption. In this article, the differences and the resemblances of these solutions in the legal systems of Iran and Canada are examined to identify their strengths and weaknesses by comparing them. On the one hand, effective solutions, such as transparency of campaign finance and political participation, and a conflict of interest principle for political agents, specifically applied in Canada, to combat corruption stemming from the power and power relationship in Iran. To be considered by legislators. On the other hand, the strengths of these solutions in Iran, especially in the constitutional law, that proposed legal solutions in this direction, are to be applied effectively.

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1. The capital flows from liquidity to real estate. Builders and physical changes in the city will be aimed not at reforming or meeting the need, but at creating a safe space for capital. Capital is directed to a place where it creates added value.
2. The government seeks to drive capital out of real estate and direct it toward production.

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The nut scale, Eulecanium tiliae (L.) is a potential pest, infesting deciduous trees in Iran, where it is common in urban horticultural areas and usually present in high population on some stone fruit trees, such as Prunus spp., including Prunus cerasus. It has higher occurrence and population in sustainable orchards. This pest has one generation per year and second nymphs overwinter on one or two-years old branches. High populations of this pest can cause death of branches, twigs and degeneration of leaves chloroplasts. In this research, the spatial distribution pattern and population fluctuation for all stages of E. tiliae were investigated in a cherry orchard of Kermanshah region during two studied seasons from 2016 to 2018. Four different methods were used to calculate distribution pattern including index of dispersion, Morisita’s index and regression methods (Taylor’s and Iwao’s). Sample size was determined for the first time, according to a primary sampling date and corrected for other sampling dates according to the data of the previous sampling date. Data analysis was performed using Minitab16 and Office Excel 2016 statistical softwares. Most used methods revealed aggregated distribution pattern of the pest in both years. The results obtained from the Morisita’s index during activity showed the random distribution of the second nymphs (in 16 April 2016, Z= -1.218, I_б= 0.440) (in 16 April 2017, Z= -0.179, I_б= 0.942) (-1.96< Z< 1.96). These changes showed that the spatial distribution could change during the season. Knowledge of the pest spatial distribution pattern can be used to arrange sampling program in pest management.

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The milling process is widely used in the manufacturing industry to shape complex geometric parts. Considering the flexibility of the cutting process and the various variables involved, process optimization has become a key issue in achieving higher productivity and quality. To optimize the process planning, it is important to choose a suitable machining strategy. Implementation and selection of tool path strategies and orientations are very important in the machining process, especially in the aerospace and molding industries. The right choice can lead to significant savings in machining time, improvement of work-piece surface quality, and improvement in tool life, thus leading to overall cost reduction and higher productivity. Therefore, this article aims to identify the best strategy in terms of surface roughness and milling time. In this article, Shallow's strategy has been investigated, and the milling of its finishing stage has been studied and compared with three strategies of the milling process, including raster, 3D offset, and raster flat. In this article, the comparison of the strategies in the Powermill software and with the flat-head finger mill, which can grind the floor and the wall simultaneously, has been done. Tool-cutting parameters were considered constant for all tested strategies. Machining quality was evaluated by comparing surface roughness, surface Topography, and dimension control parameters. The results indicate that the Shallow machining strategy has the lowest surface roughness and the best surface quality, and the raster strategy has the highest surface roughness and the worst surface quality in this test.

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The effect of gum tragacanth (0, and 0.15%) and Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) (0, 2.5, and 5%) on the chemical and rheological properties, phase separation, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) viability, and sensory characteristics of an Iranian dairy drink "Doogh" was investigated during 20 days of storage. Results cleared the stability of Dooghs prepared with Gum Tragacanth Dispersions (GTD) was significantly higher than samples without this hydrocolloid (P< 0.05). Doogh samples’ viscosity in the presence of Fennel Extract Powder (FEP) was increased significantly (P< 0.05). Power-law and Herschel-Bulkley rheological models were appropriate models for describing the flow behavior of control and treated Doogh samples, respectively. The results showed that by increasing the amounts of FEP, LAB viability increased while the fungi population decreased significantly (P< 0.05). Therefore, this herbal powder could stimulate LAB growth and control the fungi population in treated samples. Finally, adding GTD to the Doogh sample was proper for improving stability, and enrichment with Fennel was suitable for increasing LAB viability and microbial spoilage control.

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In this paper, the combined carbon dioxide power and ejector compression refrigeration cogeneration cycle with the ability to change the production capacity of power and cooling ​​by changing the performance parameters of the cogeneration cycle has been analyzed. Thermodynamic simulation of the studied cogeneration cycle has performed in EES software and the energy and exergy balance equations for each component of the cycle are applied. Then, a parametric study has been carried out and the variations of the performance parameters of the cogeneration cycle, including the turbine inlet temperature and pressure, the outlet pressure of the power cycle, the evaporator temperature, etc. are investigated on the overall thermodynamic performance of the cogeneration cycle. The results indicate that the exergy efficiency of the studied cogeneration cycle reaches to the optimum value of 28.8% at the turbine inlet pressure of 21100 kPa, while the maximum value of the total produced power and cooling of the studied cycle occurs at the turbine inlet pressure of 18600 kPa. Also the contribution of different components of the studied cogeneration cycle in the total exergy destruction rate is calculated and it is revealed that the turbine and the heater have the highest exergy destruction rate values, respectively, among the components of the cogeneration system

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This study investigates the effects of water-methanol mixture injection on the performance and emissions of the EF7 TC engine. Using GT Power software, the engine was first simulated and validated with gasoline fuel. Subsequently, a nozzle was used to introduce the water-methanol mixture, simulated in three different ratios: 50% water-50% methanol, 25% water-75% methanol, and 75% water-25% methanol. The novelty of this research lies in the simulation of this injection process to enhance combustion quality. Results indicate significant temperature reductions at various points, alongside notable changes in knock characteristics and emissions, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and nitrogen monoxide (NO).