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1. Introduction

3. Discussion and Analysis

• Theme and Structure of the Novel Koli Kenare Atash

• Linguistic Patterns of Femininity

• • Imperative Sentences: This type of sentence, another form of declarative language, is where female characters in the story employ commands and requests to express desires, wishes, and aspirations.
  • Transitive Sentences: In the story, due to their perceived powerlessness and lack of agency relative to men, female characters often occupy the role of the object. As a result, transitive active and passive sentences appear frequently, positioning men as the subject and women as the object.
  • Constrained Sentences: Another way femininity is expressed emotionally is through the use of sentences modified with various adverbs—such as intensifying, descriptive, manner, additive, and conditional adverbs—to heighten emotional impact and emphasize the ideological discourse of femininity.
  • Repetitive Phrases: The last form of emotional language involves repetition. Women in the story sometimes repeat words or phrases to draw attention, evoke feelings, and express emphasis or appeal.
  • Descriptive-Body Language: The use of feminine and bodily terms is another linguistic feature unique to female characters. Known as "body writing," this type of language emphasizes the gendered positioning of women and men as subjects in the narrative.
  • Lexical Poverty: This term, coined by Roger Fowler, refers to "the lack of sufficient vocabulary to convey a specific concept" (Fowler et al., 2011, p. 109). In some instances, the language of the female characters reflects limited vocabulary due to illiteracy, cultural deprivation, low social status, or other factors, leading to ambiguity or inadequacy in conveying meaning.
  • Use of Body Language: In communication schemas, messages—whether verbal or non-verbal—are encoded according to the situation and exchanged between sender and receiver. Female characters in the story, as message senders, frequently employ non-verbal codes. In other words, they communicate with others not only through verbal language but also by drawing on other modes of expression.
•   Linguistic Silence: In many instances, rather than using words, women communicate through silence or absence of speech. This linguistic trait in female language suggests both the submissiveness of women and their perceived weakness in verbal communication. In this story, women rarely engage in verbal expression or speech.
•   Advisory Language: As mothers and nurturers, and due to their caring and self-sacrificing nature, women often impart their experiences to their children and others around them, positioning themselves as advisors or guides.
•   Sensory Language: Women’s attentiveness in descriptions and their focus on making experiences tangible for the audience lead them to use sensory language more frequently than men. In this story, sensory language emerges through descriptions and imagery that engage the five senses, creating a multisensory effect.
• Hesitation Markers: Another feature of feminine language is the use of hesitation markers. These words form a linguistic code that conveys the speaker’s sense of uncertainty and hesitation (Lakoff, as cited by Mahmoudi Bakhtiyari & M. Dehghani, 2012, p. 549). The use of such words in women’s language is attributed to lower self-confidence, lack of assertiveness, and their unstable social position in a patriarchal society.
•   Female Subjects: In the previous section, the linguistic patterns of femininity in this story were introduced. Through the use of these linguistic patterns, the author creates subjects throughout the story that symbolize the fragmented identity of women, embodying distinct expressions of femininity.

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Objective: Regardless of the legal aspects of the gender imbalance problem, community concerns is added to the importance of the issue, gender discrimination, giving the girl the boy vice versa. According to the ethical aspect of research, it is necessary to recognize the ethical dimensions of the jurisprudence and legal attempts to answer the fundamental question that has permitted fetal sex selection Method: We undertook this research by a library study, along with collection of jurists’ opinions, and written law from several countries. Results: Gender selection has pros and cons. Some agrees only in cases of necessity, such as the presence of a medical disorder in one gender. Conclusion: Gender selection is not forbidden by non-Islamic roles or the Quran. People may do it if they avoid corruption.

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Sexing is a difficult task for most birds (especially ornamental birds) involving expensive, state-of-the-art equipment and experiments. An intelligent fowl sexing system was developed based on data mining methods to distinguish hen from cock hatchlings. The vocalization of one-day-old hatchlings was captured by a microphone and a sound card. To obtain more accurate information from the recordings, time-domain sound signals were converted into the frequency domain and the time-frequency domain using Fourier transform and discrete wavelet transform, respectively. During data-mining from signals of these three domains, 25 statistical features were extracted. The Improved Distance Evaluation (IDE) method was used to select the best features and also to reduce the classifier's input dimensions. Fowls’ sound signals were classified by Support Vector Machine (SVM) with a Gaussian Radial Basis Function (GRBF). This classifier identified and classified cocks and hens based on the selected features from time, frequency and time-frequency domains. The highest accuracy of the SVM at time, frequency and time-frequency domains was 68.51, 70.37 and 90.74 percent, respectively. Results showed that the proposed system can successfully distinguish between Hen and Cock hatchlings. The results further suggest that signal processing and feature selection methods can maximize the classification accuracy.

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Relying on the theory of social constructionism and emphasizing Foucault's theory of power, this study aims to examine the relationship between the social constructions of gender and embodiment in two novels of 2000's titled "Sorkhi-Ye To Az Man (Your Redness be Mine)" by Sepideh Shamlou and "Az Sheytan Amookht Va Soozand (He Learned From the Devil and Burned)" by Farkhondeh Aghaei. The study sees the atmosphere of the novel as a possibility of living. So, it considers the practice of the novel both as a product and as a tool for discovering human existence in various representations of the construction of gender. The findings mention examples of gender construction that are categorized under titles such as feminization and suffocation with emphasis on the concept of women's inferiority and normative conflict as a sign of the evolving gender. According to the results, the female gender is inferior to the male gender in the novel "Sorkhi-Ye To Az Man based on the discourse atmosphere that governs the story. On the other hand, in contrast to the dominant discourse of the gendered society, the narrator has distanced herself from the imposed subjectivity of the inferior female gender, takes the initiative of constructing her gender, and provides a freer perception of the identity and female gender in the novel Az Sheytan Amookht Va Soozand.

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The present article seeks to examine the relationship between the gender of fictional characters and place in Zoya Pirzad's The Acrid taste of Persimmon Short Story, based on the theory of place semiotics. In this story, the life of a traditional woman is narrated who does not leave the shell of gender stereotypes until the end of the story.The house (place), which plays a pivotal role in The Acrid taste of Persimmon, is a realm full of signs that become part of the identity of the female character. In fact, the house and the activities inside it find a feminine identity and outside and everything that belongs to it, they find a masculine identity.The results show that the Acrid taste of Persimmon has been successful in representing gender (female / inside and male / outside) by relying on symptoms.

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In this study, a gender analysis of various dimensions that affect the food security status of households in the villages of Kermanshah County was conducted based on a sustainable livelihood framework. The non-experimental research method involved data collection, which was performed to identify causal relationships. There were 25,671 households in the agricultural sector of the villages of Kermanshah County. Among them, 750 people (375 women and 375 men in 375 households) were selected as a proportional sample based on a stratified sampling method. A questionnaire was used for data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by expert opinions, and its reliability was confirmed by sequential theta coefficients (0.714-0.838). Structural equation modeling was implemented based on the Multiple-Indicator, Multiple-Cause (MIMIC) Bayesian approach. Then, the structural MIMIC model was presented as the basis for comparison between two groups. The results of the research indicate that men had greater food security than women in terms of food availability, accessibility, and stability in the studied households. Men had more financial capital, social capital, and natural capital than women and were more affected by vulnerability and the transformation of structures and processes. Conversely, women had more human and physical capital and better livelihood strategies than men. Therefore, the economic empowerment of women and the professional training of men in the region should be prioritized to improve food security and development programs. These results can play a decisive role in the continuation or halting of programs for achieving food security and sustainable development.
 

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This study is aimed at investigating the general foreign language classroom anxiety levels of Iranian university students through administering Horwitz scale (FLCAS) in addition to examining their reading anxiety through replicating Saito’s reading comprehension anxiety scale (FLRAS). The researchers further checked the former by developing and performing a new five–point Likert type questionnaire (IFLRAS). The psychometric properties of this scale were measured and evaluated, in the first place, to confirm its reliability and validity. To carry out this study, 507 male and female university students of different major types were randomly selected from two national universities (Tehran and Shahed). Also, their reading comprehension anxiety was compared with regard to various variables such as gender, major type (indicating their language proficiency, since more proficient students are apt to be admitted in scientific and technical fields for which higher English entrance mark is required in Iran) and university (which is an indication of length of foreign language instruction, one vs. two semesters of General English course). The data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results obtained through applying Pearson Product Moment correlation, T-test, One way ANOVA, Levene and Scheffe tests revealed that there is a positive relationship between General foreign language classroom anxiety and reading comprehension anxiety(r=0.54). Furthermore, gender can positively affect students’ reading anxiety (t=-2.09).Students of different major types have different reading anxiety levels F(4,491)=6.965 p<0.01. Two universities are also distinct concerning reading comprehension anxiety levels of their students (t=-2.2o).  

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Universal access to higher education and radical increase in demand for higher education in 2000s necessitated the expansion of higher education institutions. The rise in the number of such institutions was unprecedented. In fact, all districts of Iran had a higher education institution by 2008. Even very small districts received a private or public higher education institution to reduce transportation costs and expand access to higher education. This enhanced access has a more disproportionate effect on women compared to men. In this paper we combine data on higher education institutions between 1999 and 2016 with educational outcomes of individuals aged between 18 to 35 years old in the population census 2016 to estimate the impact of access to higher education on educational attainment and educational gender gap. Using district and age fixed effects, we do not find a significant effect on overall education of individuals. However, women received a significantly larger benefit from the expansion of higher education institutions.

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This study aims to evaluate the effect of gender identity on loyalty emphasizing on personal identity, consumption patterns, and Purchase decision making styles. This study is considered an applied research, and according to the method of gathering data is considered to be descriptive-survey research. The data of this research was gathered from a sample of 492 participants who were users of home appliances in city of Tehran through simple cluster sampling method. Questionnaires were used as data gathering tool. The data were analyzed by structural equation modeling via Lisrel software. The findings indicate that gender identity affects brand loyalty, personal identity, purchase decision making styles, and consumption patterns. Also, loyalty is affected by personal identity, purchase decision making styles, and consumption patterns. Finally, personal identity and consumption patterns affect purchase decision making styles.

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Today, one of the most debatable issues of inequality is the issue of gender discrimination that is being discussed at various levels worldwide. This is an issue which if ignored; the society will not be able to move forward. The purpose of this study is to examine the sociological dimension of gender discrimination and its impact on socio-economic development (Tehran District 3). This is a survey research, which uses the descriptive-analytical method with questionnaire and Cochran's formula of sample size of 384 people in the first cluster sampling (blocking) and then in each block it applies simple random method to collect data. The statistical population is citizens of Tehran over 18 years of age, which is N = 296987. Pearson correlation and regression coefficients were used for data analysis by SPSS software. Results of correlation coefficient showed that economic factors with correlation (0.704) had the strongest relationship with social economic development and social factors (0.614). Political factors (0.331) were positively correlated and cultural factors (-0.618), biological factors (-0.404), and religious factors (-0.224) were negatively correlated with socioeconomic development. The results of regression coefficient also showed that economic factors accounted for 77% of the variations of socio-economic development variables, religious factors 21%, biological factors 46%, social factors 57%, cultural factors 61% and political factors affect 34%.
 
 

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This article is an attempt to study subject formation in relation to gender in Margaret Atwood's (1939-    ) Surfacing (1979) and Bodily Harm (1983) within the frame of the uncanny. The issue of gender has been discussed in Atwood's novels from different perspectives but this article claims that what have been rarely discussed in Atwood's novels are the unrepresentable realities in relation to gender which can be foregrounded by dislodging the uncanny. The uncanny which was once a rather  minor issue in Freudian oeuvre has been reconsidered in the contemporary era by prominent thinkers, such as Jean-François Lyotard and Julia Kristeva whose ideas are used in elaborating the unrepresentability of gender in this article. The idea of the female sublime is the most significant issue in the context of the uncanny in this article which challenges any representational system of gender formation and problematizes our preconceived hence familiar perceptions of gender formation and reevaluates them in an unfamiliar, dynamic and unrepresentable space.  

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The present paper aims to investigate the polysemy of the Persian word /šax/ from the perspective of cognitive sociolinguistics. The study begins with introducing the tenets of cognitive sociolinguistics, and then goes on to investigate the polysemy of the Persian adjective /šax/ within this framework. In cognitive sociolinguistics, it is believed that polysemy cannot be reduced to a static state, one and the same for all speakers of a language. Rather, social variables like age and gender of speakers affect the way they perceive different senses of the polysemous words. This paper, in line with cognitive sociolinguistic, studies on polysemy, specifically those of Robinson (2010, 2012a, 2012b, and 2014), employed advanced statistical methods of Logistic Regression and Cross Tab to study the polysemy of Persian adjective /šax/ among 200 Persian speakers, both male and female, of different ages, selected from the Narmak neighborhood, Tehran, Iran, within the time span of spring and summer 2018. The results show that the cognitive sociolinguistic approach works desirably in lexical polysemy studies. In addition, the use of advanced statistical methods revealed a number of important facts about different senses of /šax/ in terms of age and gender, which provide a better description of polysemy in Persian language.

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Hegemonies imposed from sources of power have been an issue of investigation for many years. In recent years, media and movies have gained particular attention due to their society-affecting power. The present study explores how male and female characters are represented in American movies based on the Van Leeuwen’s (2008) social actor categorization. Hence, the researchers focus on the scripts of the movies available in fiction genre of COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English). A representative sample of words depicting each gender was chosen based on their frequencies, and accordingly, their collocations were extracted. The findings indicate that men and women representations were following stereotypical depiction of gender roles; while men tended to be associated with high-ranked jobs, positions, activities, and identification categories, women were shown to be passively linked with inferior features, low-income jobs, child-bearers, and sexual aspects. More specifically, women were mostly objectified through a patriarchal perspective. The results might shed light on the archetypical imposition of power from above and may pave the way for unbiased media where depths, not just the appearances, of characters are of greater significance.

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 In the last three decades, along with the development of knowledge-based economy, the development of businesses related to this field has also taken a growing trend and the concept of entrepreneurship has found an important role in the growing economy. Knowledge-based economics as an emerging field and with the focus on information technology and communication technology grew significantly. According to the International Telecommunication Union (2016), ICT-related businesses will account for 95% of all global companies, as well as one-third of all global formal-related businesses in the next decade. The purpose of the present study is to explore the contribution of women in the Persian Gulf region in the field of science, technology and knowledge-based economy using the documentary research method. The research results revealed that in the said field, there is an extensive opportunity to reduce the economic gender gap. Comparing the trend of women's participation in this field shows that the progress of women has been smooth in some countries while in some others, more development is needed. Suggestions have been made for the development of women's technical and professional knowledge, balancing between work and life, and implementing supportive policies.

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: The post-colonial conditions provided a good opportunity for Muslim women to shift their strategic position from a unit of analysis for westerners to the agent of active knowledge production. For many, Islamic feminism is considered as an alternative knowledge to bring about an epistemological emancipation from Orientalist ideas. Nevertheless, the present study shows, this is not free of ambiguity and problems. This study focuses on a book entitled Women and Gender in Islam by Leila Ahmed (1992) as one of the most influential sources of Islamic feminism, which is considered as an international academic source and is part of the most frequent textbooks in syllabi in American universities for decades Regarding the issue of the current article, that is, the challenges of thinking on the boundary of Islam and modernity for Muslim women, the supremacy of presuppositions and modern gender ideas have been explored in Islamic feminism. This superiority of discourse is to the extent that by using the critical discourse analysis method and understanding intertextual connections with other first-hand Islamic historical and jurisprudential sources, Ahmad's reading can be much distorted. As such, the paper tries to unveil the necessity of re-considering internal ambivalences and discursive complications of the book, considering its logic in approaching early marriage, polygamy, and veiling through Ahmed's creation of complex binaries such as Jahiliah (ignorance) vs. Islam and the Prophet vis-a-vis his female counterparts.

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One of the important issues in contemporary society is women’s rights and establishing equality between human beings. Like men, women desire to be benefited from their rights. Parts of human rights are stipulated in Quran. Arabic language and language of Quran are gender sensitive languages and masculine conjugation is dominant in words and lexicon because in Arabic literature, masculine and feminine encompass all over the universe ranging from the Highest of the existence that is God to the lowest of them like the solid bodies, plants and animals etc. In this research, the Islamic scholars thought were reviewed in relation to word and meaning in the Quranic text. They believe that there is a distance between word and meaning, and meaning has priority over structure and form and it is prevalent. The research result showed. and the elements of language are inherently unrelated to gender and cannot be marked with male and female or masculine and feminine characteristic.  Therefore, the gendered nature of Arabic has not overshadowed Quranic teachings, and gender in the surface of the vocabulary and word in the text, by no means were meant by the owner of the revelation and Quran has an equal interaction with both genders. Then, using descriptive-analytical research method, the attempt is made to discuss human rights with gendered approach in four domains of life cycle, belief identity, need for security and adornment, so that the we could examine gender equality in Quran between two genders.

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This study aims to investigate the binary oppositions existing in the novels of Kiran Desai and Aravind Adiga. As Hellen Cixous and Luce Irigaray, two French feminists argue, gender binaries are designed in a way that women are always placed at a lower position than men. Desai and Adiga’s novels are chosen for this study because they are from a new generation of Indian writers and their booker prize winner novels suggest their popularity and prominence in Indian English literature. Choosing a male and female writer provides the opportunity to compare the works of authors of each sex as well. Finding the patriarchal binaries existing in the novels and highlighting the parts where these structures are broken by each writer based on Cixous's theory is the first step in analyzing the novels. Then comparing how the authors posited female characters in relation to the male ones is the second step taken in this analytical study. This study applies thematic analysis on two novels i.e. The White Tiger and Selection Day by Aravind Adiga and The Inheritance of Loss and Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard by Kiran Desai. Based on the findings, Desai and Adiga both suggested the existing binaries; however, Desai did it with detailed depiction of characters and relations while Adiga had a more comprehensive way to show the issues related to women and were considered so peripheral that did not worth depicting.