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Introduction
Titles have historically been prevalent within the general public since ancient times, and the tradition of conferring titles has been customary across a variety of social classes. In the context of sociolinguistics, the examination of titles introduces novel and innovative perspectives to researchers.

Background of the research:
Based on the investigation, the following research studies have been conducted in Persian on the subject of titles and title attribution:
Pourabdollah (1995) on some slangs and their translation. Molaei et al (2019) have focused on the folk literature in the Qajar era. In terms of political titles in the same period, the study conducted by Mirkiaei (2019) could be noted. Zandi and Tusi (2018) analyzed the nicknames among students through a sociolinguistic approach, and finally, Zolfaghari (2015) discussed the typology of molded structures in colloquial language.
The limitations observed in the preceding research can be delineated as follows: Pourabdollah's study lacks a data-driven approach and merely presents one or a few examples for each instance. In the case of Ahmadpanahi Semnani's article, it predominantly relies on historical and semantic data related to titles. The article exclusively focuses on titles attributed to rulers, resulting in a lack of comprehensiveness. Zolfagari 's investigation briefly addresses titles within the context of language structures but fails to provide concentrated analysis. The study conducted by Zandi and colleagues is confined to a constrained dataset derived from a small number of boys' and girls' schools. Mirkiaei's work adopts a historical and political perspective, whereas the research undertaken by Molaei and fellow researchers is confined to the scrutiny of specific regional endowment letters.
The uniqueness of the present study resides in its investigation into the practice of conferring titles and the process of title creation as constituent components of colloquial word formation during the Qajar and Pahlavi eras in Tehran. This exploration is approached through the lens of sociolinguistics. Previous research has not undertaken an examination of this subject from this specific vantage point.

Research questions
1. What are the semantic functions of the titles employed in Tehran during the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, and how can their semantic categorization be delineated?
2. To what extent does gender contribute to the formulation of titles within the context of the examined era?
3. In what ways does the pronunciation of titles, characterized by their colloquial essence, diverge from that of formal language?
4. From which linguistic sources do the titles from this specific period (13th century AH in Tehran) derive?

Conclusions
In this study, titles from two books, The Old Tehran and Tehran's Social History in the 13th Century' by Jafar Shahri (Baf), 148 titles in total, were extracted and analyzed based on four sociolinguistic components: semantic functions of titles, gender, pronunciation, and language. Regarding semantic functions, the extracted titles were classified into eight distinct categories:
Descriptive: in this context, the act of conferring titles serves to portray various aspects, including the individual's occupation and related tools, physical and bodily attributes, moral, spiritual, and personality traits, employment status, geographical location, religious affiliation, and familial lineage. Furthermore, titles may convey verbal endorsements, encompass ceremonial dimensions, involve ritualistic elements, incorporate dramatic and allegorical representations, touch on taboos, introduce humor, and even encompass derogatory connotations.
In terms of frequency, descriptive titles hold the primary position during this period, followed by taboos, verbal endorsements, dramatic representations, and subsequently allegorical, derogatory, and humorous titles. Notably, a substantial number of descriptive titles predominantly reflect the prevailing discourse on occupation and economy in this era. Following that, physical and bodily attributes are given precedence, possibly due to their observable nature. Other descriptive functions exhibit lower frequency and significance.
The use of taboos in titles originates from their applicability to a wide cross-section of the general population. Additionally, the inclusion of titles that rely on colloquial language, prominent in informal and spoken communication, serves as an indicator of their colloquial nature.
The presence of titles emerging from ceremonial events, such as 'ta'ziyeh' (passion play), as well as non-ceremonial practices like 'siyah-bazi' (street performance) and dance, highlights the role and importance of these cultural activities within the broader public sphere. Their influence extends to domains such as title attribution.
In allegorical titles, one can discern critiques directed at specific social irregularities, such as theft and ostentation, which reflect a negative perspective. In titles with comedic and derogatory tones, there exists criticism of unprofessional practitioners, playfully satirizing their methodologies.
Gender: Among the total of 148 titles examined in this study, only 17 are attributed to women, accounting for approximately ten percent of the entire set of titles. This finding might imply the limited role and presence of women in societal spheres. Fifty percent of the female titles are based on physical appearance and characteristics, while others are related to their profession and religion.
Overall, in terms of gender representation, it becomes evident that the investigated female titles primarily revolve around the realm of 'physical appearance.' Beneath this surface layer, there appears to be an underlying theme of illicit relationships with men, which suggests suggestive connotations.
Pronunciation: Since titles are categorized within the domain of informal language, their pronunciation undergoes variations in contrast to formal language. Based on the findings of this study, these variations encompass the conversion of the vowel /ɒː/ to /uː/ and involve processes of shortening and omission.
Language: In the context of the current study, 37 titles (comprising more than one-fifth of the total titles) have been loaned from four languages: Arabic, Turkish, French, and Greek. Titles formulated in Arabic or in an Arabic-style structure constitute the highest frequency, attributed to the substantial cultural and religious connections between Iran and Islam. Following that, Turkish, French, and Greek languages are prevalent. Notably, for specific titles loaned from Turkish, the loaning process has been adopted as a result of avoiding the use of particular unfavorable forms that could be detrimental to the loaner.
 

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Many studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of gender on language. Some have considered elements of feminine and masculine styles in this regard, while others have considered language to be non-gendered. The discussion of feminine writing style that emerged from the views of those like Lakoff is based on feminist and postmodern ideas. In this article, while reviewing the basics of gender linguistics and a brief outline of the components of Lakoff on feminine writing style, we do a comparative study on the researches done in Iran in this field on translated and compiled literary works. Finally we study 12 articles, analyzing the general state of these studies and their results. In general, the shortcomings of researches, (translation and compilation), in Iran include the sheer field of research results, the lack or weakness of analyzes based on social, psychological, and cultural theories, and their non- generalizability. Regarding researches on the impact of gender on translation, it should be noted that in addition, the number of studies is not high and some points are ignored or the methodology is inadequate.
 
1. Introduction
Chromosomal and consequently cellular differences between men and women, as well as differences between male and female hormones, cause differences in men and women’s brains biologically. This affects their intellectual, emotional, linguistic processes and their general viewpoints. Since language is related to social attitudes, it can be concluded that people with different attitudes have different linguistic or discourse functions. Differences in social attitudes are caused by cultural differences, education, age, and gender, and as women enter the field of fiction, we see a novel discourse called "women's writing style."   
After the expansion of feminist beliefs in the 1960s in addition to the rise of feminist linguistics and gender linguistics, more and more women entered the field of writing, talking about their experiences, issues, and concerns. Apparently, owing to the lower status of women in society, and the rejection of the existing patriarchal culture, many female writers adopted a different style and discourse. In this article, we intend to review the studies on the role of gender in women's writing and translation; besides, we will review eleven published articles to find the answers to the following questions:
1. What components have been studied in women's style researches, including authorship and translation in Iran?
 2. What are the shortcomings of the researches conducted in Iran?
3. Do the researches carried out regarding translation in Iran show the effect of translator gender on his/her translation?
Studies indicate that existing researches have presented field statistics of a number of well-known components in this area, and despite the efforts of recent researchers, the role of in-depth analysis based on valid socio-cultural-psychological theories in these researches is limited. Consequently, they are not generalizable. Regarding the effect of gender on translation, there have been few studies, which were either methodologically inappropriate, or avoided considering some points and the absence of extensive researches in this field is felt.
 
2. Literature Review
Like any other social movements, feminism has had its ups and downs. The first manifestations of feminism can be found in the poems of the Greek poet Sappho of the seventh century BC. The French poet and philosopher Christine de Pizan (1330-1464) also continued this style. Since the 15th century, a number of men and women have written in defense of women and the idea of ​​equality between men and women.
Virginia Woolf pioneered twentieth-century feminist critique with her book of Room of Her Own (1919). After the World War II, Simone de Beauvoir revived the feminist movement with the publication of The Second Sex. After the second wave of feminism, the style of feminine writing was founded upon the ideas of Jacques Lacan, Luce Irigaray, Julia kristeva, Jean Baudrillard, Jean-François Lyotard, Hélène Cixous, and Gilles Deleuze, the founders of postmodern thought.
Hélène Cixous published The Laugh of the Medusa in Arc magazine in 1975, coining the term "feminine writing" (Fauvrelle-Pomeon, p. 183). According to her, women should write about themselves, their feelings, their bodies, their gender, and in this case, their language and language structures will be different. Researches on language and gender initially focused on the effect of gender variable on individual’s verbal behavior at the phonetic level and interactive methods. Robin Lakoff's book Language and Woman's Place (1975) revolutionized the study of language and gender, and expanded researches that had previously focused solely on individual’s verbal behavior at the phonetic level by enumerating lexical, syntactic, and practical features (Moradi and Bahrani, 2016, p. 85). Afterwards, Lakoff mentions 14 characteristics for female speech in the book of Talking Power (1990) (Fotouhi, 2012, pp. 398-399). 
The book A literature of their own (1977) by the American Elaine Showalter is another great work in this field. Influenced by Cixous, Showalter writes on the analysis of women-centered critiques and feminine aesthetics, and uses four biological, linguistic, psychological, and cultural approaches to analyze women's texts and explain their differences. Julia Kristeva and Luce Irigaray are also writers whose work pieces have had a great impact on global feminism and the explanation of women's writing style (Talaei and Talaei, 2018, pp. 434-440; Fauvrelle-Pomeon, p. 184).
However, separating writing into feminine-masculine is not entirely acceptable to all linguists. Taheri (2009, p. 98) does not provide a scientific basis for the theory or method of women's writing, because in Cixous's own words, "it is not possible to provide a definition of women's writing ... and as a result this method is never theorized, defined and codified." . Fotouhi (2012) distinguishes between sex and gender while discussing the use of the term "gender dialect" in linguistics to express the difference between feminine and masculine language. By distinguishing the question of language and gender from the nature of women's literature, or feminism, he mentions five linguistic levels for the characteristics of feminine speech: the phonetic level, the lexical level, the syntactic level, the rhetorical level, and the applied level.
The important point is that there is a difference between a work written in a feminine style and a female-written work: the feminine writing style seeks to reclaim women’s violated rights in the struggle against male domination and has its own components. However, any work written by a woman is considered a female-written work, while a man can also write in a feminine style. This point was the subject of sarailoo's dissertation (2017) entitled  "A comparative Study of female style in Ghadah Al-Samman and Zoya Pirzad's stories". She examines the type of female writing in these two authors' works and concludes that the Al-Samman's works belong to female literary tradition and the Pirzad's works belong to feminism literary tradition.
Aghajari et al. (1398) affirm that the presence of Iranian women in society coincided with the presence of women in written culture during the Constitutional Revolution changes. According to Khayatan (1397), women's storytelling in Iran dates back to before Daneshvar. In the Qajar Era, for the first time, Naser al-Din Shah's daughter wrote stories that were told orally to her father making "Amir Arsalan-e Namdar" the first story written in Persian by a woman. According to Ghasemzadeh and Ali Akbari, Simin Daneshvar is the first Persian-language female novelist in Iran to publish the novel Savushun (1969) after the publication of the first collection of women's short stories entitled A City Like Paradise (1961).
Much research has been done on women's writing style in Iran, both in terms of theoretical, stylistic foundations and applied criticism of literary works. Davari Ardakani and Ayyar in 2008 reviewed the researches carried out in Iran in the field of gender linguistics up to that time and pointed out the problems of those researches. Davari Ardakani and Ayyar also refer to the Book " introduction to the Sociology of Language" written bye Yahya Modarresi in 2007, which analyzes the issues related to society and language, including gender, and men and women’s linguistic patterns and their social differences, and points to gender differences in different languages. The women’s writing style was also studied by Fotouhi in the book Stylistics, Theories, Approaches and Methods, (2012).
 
3. Methodology
In this descriptive-comparative study, while examining the biological and physiological differences between men and women and the theoretical foundations of gender linguistics, we will have a brief and cataloged review of related research in Iran. Then, by reviewing and summarizing 11 applied critiques of women writing (4 researches on the role of translator gender in translation and 7 researches in authorship), we extract and compare the characteristics and components of women's writing style studied in these researches to determine the general status of these researches and existing shortcomings.
The peculiarity and innovation of the present study is that, contrary to the practice of many previous field-researches, which evaluated some presupposed stylistic components of female writing in one or more works, it examines a number of studies conducted in the field of authorship and translation in Iran providing a supra-analysis of the overall status of these studies
 
4. Conclusion
There has been a lot of research in Iran on the effect of the author's gender on writing, but the number of studies on the effect of the translator's gender on translation is very limited. In general, in most studies, some tangible components derived from the theories of Lakoff and other theorists in this field have been studied. Researchers have attempted to describe characteristics and components of feminine writing style through setting the norms and standards of male writing and considering certainty of the difference between male and female writing styles, which is the most fundamental flaw.
Although in more recent research, researchers have tried to look at the issue from a socio-cultural perspective, this approach is very limited and does not provide in-depth analyzes based on social and cultural theories. It seems that researchers in most cases have attempted to prove the theory and its truth in their research; an effort that is in fact anti-scientific. In these studies, the effect of psychological, individual and situational aspects of the author or translator have not been considered and more attention has been paid to their gender.
In the case of translation research, the method adopted is ineffective in some cases. In this regard, it is better to compare different translations of male and female translators of the same work, while bearing the recent translator’s awareness and use of the previous translation in mind.
In examining and criticizing the gender of a translation, one should take the original work in the source language and the style of the original author into account, because the act of translation, compared to the authorship, is restricted and largely depends on the original work. In addition, the researcher should mind the translator’s stylistic features (faithful translation to the text or free translation ...).  
It is also important to respect issues related to editing, publishing norms and requirements in Iran and censorship. When we are going to emphasize the translator's female style in terms of deleting or modifying some words or phrases, we need to know whether the translator did it voluntarily or under the pressure of the publisher or the editor....
    In general, it can be argued that the result of the research presented field statistics and figures of the intended components. That is some tangible components derived from the theories of Lakoff, Mills, Fairclough, and other theorists in this area. Hence, the results obtained from these studies cannot be generalized.
Regarding the issues discussed, it can be said that the study of the effect of gender on writing, both in terms of authorship and translation, requires extensive interdisciplinary researches which are beyond a concise article. To examine this issue in Persian, we must first provide a precise definition of gender and its relationship with other personality factors such as age, occupation, family environment, education, time, and the prevailing cultural discourse. Then, gender differences between languages, men and women’s social differences and their linguistic characteristics need to be recognized. Additionally, while localizing the theoretical foundations of gender linguistics, the components obtained based on related social, cultural, psychological theories and translation should be examined.

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Changing gender is one of the important subjects, which is of great significance in medicine and law. Although, these subjects were existed in the past, owing to the development of technology and medical science, it has recently improved a lot. Nowadays, according to the view of Islamic Jurisprudents and in the most legal systems, this action will be quite lawful provided that the doctors recognize its effects of this action should be considered. One of these effects would be the relationship of couples with each other. For instance, does the contract of marriage will be remind or cancelled? What will happen to the dower (the money that hausband is obliged to give to his wife)? What about the waiting period (Iddah), inheritance, guardianship, custody and…. Generally, in a contract that the kind of gender has not role, changing gender has no effect. But, in a contract that the kind of gender play a fundamental role, it will be cancelled from the moment that it has been changed, and does not have any effect on the previous acquired rights.

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Learners’ attitudes towards learning have been found to influence second language (L2) development. It has been suggested that affective factors such as first language (L1) reading attitude can be transferred to the L2 along with L1 skills. In English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts, research has shown that the role that reading attitude plays in reading comprehension is as important as the nature of the reading strategies used. Therefore, it becomes necessary to understand the relationship between L1 and L2 reading attitudes in EFL contexts and evaluate how demographic and cognitive variables can mediate that relationship. To this end, the present quantitative study sought to contribute to this area by investigating the relationship between L1 and L2 reading attitudes in 65 EFL elementary school learners and by assessing the impact of gender, age, and L2 proficiency on these attitudes. Main results revealed that age and L2 proficiency did not correlate with either L1 or L2 reading attitude components, L1 and L2 reading attitudes correlated weakly, and older female learners displayed stronger attitudes toward L1 reading recreational aspects. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of affective components in understanding L1 and L2 reading attitudes.

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There has been a growing interest in class-related motivational research since 1975, and many studies have been conducted on a variety of motivational models. The present study, on the base of Dornyei Motivational self-systems (2005) and the history of research related to the motivation for learning a second language such as Gardner (1985), Clement (1980), and Clement and Kruidenier (1985), Taguchi (2010) , Papi (2010) Magid (2011), examines 16 motivational along with the effect of gender, age, and student’s degrees variables on Persian language learning motivation among non-Persian students For this purpose, 300 non-native Persian learners (women and men of different nationalities and educational levels) aged between 18 and 50 from the Persian language teaching centers of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Imam Khomeini International University in Qazvin , and Tehran University of Medical Sciences, responded to a questionnaire with 16 factors(92 items). Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were evaluated and verified using PPL software. The results of the study showed that all 16 proposed components had a significant effect on the learner's motivation. Also, the motivational factors, in terms of rank, do not have the same effect on the motivation of non-native Persian learners. In addition, the results showed that women and men differ in their motivational factors. It was also found that older age groups are more likely to be motivated than younger ones. There was a significant relationship between educational level and some motivational variables.

 

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Sociology has delved into different approaches, including sociology of literature, critical discourse analysis which aims to study cultural and literary works, and investigate and analyze the impact of social constructions on the aspects of human life which is reflected in cultural, artistic and literary works. Sociology of gender is one of the new branches of sociology that studies the structure of gender relations and inequalities. The present article aimed to show the mentality and culture of Kurdish regions towards women with a descriptive-analytical approach from the view of gender sociology and based on Kurdish legends. The results of the research show that despite the existence of few Kurdish legends that have a positive point of view to women's gender, the prevailing mentality in this geographical region shows gender misconceptions about women. This part of Kurdish folklore is gendered and most of the Kurdish legends that are related to women are expression of humiliation, gender discrimination, and underestimating women.

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Voice onset time (VOT) is the time between release of a stop consonant and pulses in larynx while making a following vowel or sonorant. In this research VOT is one of the most important acoustic distinctive features in recognition of voicing of Persian plosives, produced by repaired cleft lip and palate (RCLP) children in the onset of words. So, two groups of six participants with average age of 11, a group of two RCLP boys and four RCLP girls and a group of clients (two boys and four girls), were asked to repeat CVC framed words after the researchers, each word was consisted of one of the plosives in the onset and offset of the pattern and one of the Persian vowels in the center. The words were recorded using a Shure microphone and then they were analyzed using PRAAT software. The VOT of plosives was measured and compared between two groups of participants. The results indicate that DISABILITY, GENDER, VOICE, and PLACE OF ARTICULATION OF PLOSIVES affect mean VOT of them. The mean VOT of plosives in clients was less than RCLPs and boys produced plosives with shorter mean VOT comparing to girls. The mean VOT of voiceless plosives was more than that of voiced ones. Moreover, moving from bilabial to velar plosives the mean VOT increased.
 

1.  Introduction

Speech is the process of making phonemes which transfers the meaning to the listener. It is also a useful tool for human beings to communicate with each other. The act of speaking needs adaptation between articulators. Speech disorder is a word used to mention a condition which affects the production of sounds. The size of vocal tract can also affect the quality of sounds. Cleft lip and palate, a kind of innate disorder in vocal tract, causes changes in the process of speech production. There are two types of cleft palate, cleft of the primary palate, alveolus and upper lip, and cleft of secondary palate, hard palate and uvula. Cleft lip is also divided into two types, unilateral cleft lip and bilateral cleft lip. A person may suffer from one of the mentioned disorders, in other conditions people may suffer from some or all of them (kummer, 2014, p. 26, 40, 43; Saudler, 2004, pp. 390-394). Type and the amount of severity of the mentioned disorders may cause difference in the speech of people who suffer from them (Rezaei et al. 2014).
Research questions:
The present study aims to measure voice onset time (VOT) in speech of children with repaired cleft lip and palate and compare them with normal peers in order to check if there is a difference between these groups with DISABILITY, GENDER, VOICE, and PLACE OF ARTICULATION OF PLOSIVES as factors.

2.  Literature Review

Recent studies showed that any disorder in speech causes disability in communication (Amiri shouki et al. 2015). Studying the speech of children with cleft lip and palate proves the mentioned point and showed that speech of these children is different from speech of normal clients(Moren et al., 2017) and children who have repaired cleft lip and palate has more phonetic problems comparing to normals (Deepthi & Pushpavathi, 2017). In another study by Casal et al (2002) it was proved that there was a significant difference between people with cleft lip and palate comparing to normal peers. Hypernasality is another disorder faced by children with cleft lip and palate (Derakhshandeh & Poorjavad, 2012).
Voice onset time, length of time that passes between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of voicing which is the most important acoustic distinctive feature in recognition of voicing of Persian plosives, will be affected by different factors, one of these factors is disability (Yanagida et al., 2014; Lane et al., 1994; khouw & Ciocca, 2007). In a researche done by Roohparvar et al. (2010) on hearing aideds and another research done by Bechet et al. (2008) on people with cleft lip and palate it was proved that plosives produced by participants with mentioned disabilities have longer mean VOT comparing to normals. Another factor which affects VOT is place of articulation of plosives, moving from lips to the back of vocal tract the mean VOT of plosives increases Fischer and M. Goberman, 2010; Klatt, 1975; Morris, Mc Crea, and Herring, 2007; Theodore et al., 2009; Oh, 2011; Thornburgh and Ryalls, 1998; Ferenc Bunta et al., 2016; Rezaei et al. 2013; Salehi et al. 2013).
The other factor affecting VOT is vowel context, plosives that are produced before high vowels have longer mean VOT (Fischer & M. Goberman, 2010; Klatt, 1975; Morris et al., 2007; Oh, 2011; Sudarshan et al., 2014; Bijankhan & Nourbakhsh, 2009; Rezaei et al. 2013). Gender is another factor affecting VOT Which was proved by Thornburgh & Ryalls (1998); Whiteside et al., )2004(; Roohparvar et al. (2010); Bigankhan & Nourbakhsh (2009); Whiteside & Marshal (2001); Morris et al. (2007). Next factor affecting VOT is Voicing of plosives (Whiteside & Marshal, 2001). 

3.  Methodology

Two groups of 12 children (2 boys and 4 girls with repaired unilateral cleft lip and cleft of primary palate (RCLP) who took part in language therapy classes for 144 hours and 2 boys and 4 girls as normal peers with no mental or physical problems) with average age of 11 took part in this study as volunteers and could leave it when they wanted to. They were asked to repeat CVC framed words with one of the Persian plosives [p, b, t, d, k, g] in the onset and coda and a vowel [a, e, o, ɒ, i, u] in the center of each word, [pap]، [pep]، [pop]، [pɒp]، [pup], [pip] are examples of the mentioned words. The total number of words was 432 and they were all recorded in an acoustic room using a shure microphone. Then PRAAT software was used to analyze the sounds and the boundaries between vowels and consonants and text greed were made for each word. After that PRAAT script was used to measure VOT of plosives. Repeated measure ANOVA test in SPSS software was used to compare mean VOT of plosives in both groups of participants according to mentioned factors, DISABILITY, GENDER, VOICE, and PLACE OF ARTICULATION OF PLOSIVEs.

4.  Results

The results revealed that DISABILITY, GENDER, VOICE, and PLACE OF ARTICULATION OF PLOSIVES affect mean VOT of them. Results of Post Hoc Bonferroni test showed that mean VOT of plosives in normal children was 19.319 ms less that mean VOT of them while they were produced by RCLPs. Moreover, girls produce plosives with longer mean VOT comparing to boys, the mean difference between them is 16,500 ms. This test also showed that the mean VOT of voiceless plosives is 47.361 ms less than mean VOT of voiced ones. By moving from lips to the back of vocal tract the mean VOT of plosives increase. The difference between mean VOT of bilabial plosives with alveolar and velar ones are 15.448 ms and 25.063 ms respectively and the difference between mean VOT of alveolar and palatals is 9.615ms. It is also important to mention that there is interaction between GENDER and VOICE. The results of Post Hoc Bonferroni test show that Boys produce voice less plosives with longer mean VOT comparing to girls, the mean difference between these genders is 29.582 ms. But, the results are not the same about voice plosives. The mean VOT of plosives produced by boys is 3.472 ms more than the mean VOT of them while they are produced by girls.

5. Conclusion

Regarding the aim of the present study, the effect of cleft lip and palate on VOT of plosives, the results showed that VOT of plosives in RCLP children is different from that of normal. As it was proved, the mean VOT of normals is less than the mean VOT of RCLPs. The results also showed that boy produce plosives with shorter mean VOT comparing to girls and voiceless plosives were produced with longer mean VOT comparing to voiced ones. Moving from lips to back of the tongue, mean VOT of plosives with different places of articulation increases. The mentioned results can be useful for language therapists who work with RCLP children as this research is the first study on Persian plosives with DISABILITY, GENDER, VOICE, and PLACE OF ARTICULATION OF PLOSIVES as factors. So, language therapists can use them in different stages of their teaching methods in order to help people with cleft lip and palate while comparing patients’ type of disability, their gender and their age.
 

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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the addressee’s power and gender on the choice of the type and number of encouragement strategies employed by Persian male and female university students based on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory.  A number of 60 M.A. students (30 males and 30 females) from the University of Sistan and Baluchestan participated in this study. Discourse completion test and role play technique were utilized as two data gathering instruments. The data were analyzed using the Chi-square and Independent-T test (p<.05). The results indicated there was a significant relationship between the addressee’s power and the type as well as the number of encouragement strategies employed by male and female university students. The most frequent strategy type was the “negative politeness” giving deference for the addressee with higher power (the professor). As to the number of strategies, the most and less frequent ones were the combination of two and nine strategies, respectively. The addressee’s gender had an effect on the type of the strategies used by male students in three situations; while it didn’t have any effect on the number of strategies used by male students and also on the type and number of strategies employed by female students. The most frequent strategy type used by female students was the “positive politeness” and the combination of three strategies for male and female addressees; by male students: “positive politeness” for male addressees and “negative politeness” and the combination of two strategies for female addressees.


1. Introduction
Interpersonal interactions and how they are formed play a significant role in human social life. One way to interact is through using different speech acts. Many factors can involve in making use of politeness principle in interacting and communicating. In life and social interactions, human beings use various speech acts such as request, agreement, disagreement, swearing, giving advice and encouragement in order to express their meaning. One of the most important and effective theories in pragmatics field is Austin’s speech act theory. He believes that every sentence may have a performative feature and also it has an action within it; therefore, every sentence should be considered within its context (Austin, 1962). Employing the speech acts depends on various factors such as language characteristics and socio-cultural frameworks. Among these factors, politeness is one of the crucial factors in interpersonal communications in different societies and cultures. Politeness can be represented in various aspects of behavior based on the factors such as the addressee’s social status, power, and gender in using speech acts. One of the most widely used speech acts among their various range in interpersonal interactions is the encouragement speech act. If this speech act is appropriately used in the right context, it will have important effects on relations between individuals as well as on saving face based on power and gender of the addressee. Thus based on what is mentioned and according to the importance and impact of the encouragement speech act in every person’s social life, the type and number of encouragement strategies and the effect of the addressee’s power and gender on the use of this speech act by Persian language male and female university students can be investigated and analyzed based on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory. The research data were gathered via two data collection tools including discourse completion test (DCT) and role-play technique. The hypotheses of the present study are as follows:
1. Due to the addressee’s power, there is a significant difference in the useage of the type of encouragement speech act strategies among Persian-speaking male and female university students.
2. Due to the addressee’s power, there is a significant difference in the usage of the number of encouragement speech act strategies among Persian-speaking male and female university students
3. Due to the addressee’s gender, there is a significant difference in the usage of the type of encouragement speech act strategies among Persian-speaking male and female university students.
4. Due to the addressee’s gender, there is a significant difference in the usage of the number of encouragement speech act strategies among Persian-speaking male and female university students.

2. Literature Review
By considering linguistic, cultural, and social characteristics of language, different speech acts have been examined by many researchers. Rahimpour and Yaghubi Noutash (1999) investigated the impact of gender and subject on speech act in English language learners. Amou Ali Akbari Najafabadi (2007) has conducted a research to examine the Social-interpersonal power and politeness strategies in Persian. Pishgadam and Rasouli (2011) examined the persuasion speech act strategies among Iranian language learners by considering speaker’s gender. Zeynali Dastuyee (2012) studied the effect of addressee’s power and gender on the type and number of apology and refusal strategies employed by Sarawani university students. Shafaghi (2013) investigated the promise speech act and the use of promise in political discourse. Pishghadam and Attaran (2015) studied the speech act of argumentation in English and Persian advertisements. Azarparand (2019) has investigated changes in addressing strategies based on Brown and Levinson's Politeness theory. This case study research has been conducted in Tehran University among Iranian lecturers and students.

3. Methodology
In the present study, the effect of the gender and power of addressee variables on the choice of politeness strategies in encouragement speech act in Persian language is investigated. This study is a descriptive-analytical research. A number of 60 M.A. students (30 males and 30 females) from the University of Sistan and Baluchestan participated in this study. Their age was ranged from 23 to 34 years old. They had an average age of 25 years. All subjects were randomly selected, were monolingual, and Persian-speaking postgraduate students who were studying in different fields of study. Discourse completion test (DCT) and role play technique were utilized as two data gathering devices. The questionnaire which was used in the study was a researcher-made one. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test, Analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Independent T-test.

4. Results
The present study examined the encouragement speech act based on two determining variables including the power and the gender of the addressee in different contexts. The findings of the study show that the addressee’s power can be an important and effective factor in the selection of the type and number of the encouragement strategies. The most frequent strategy type is the “negative politeness” strategy. In addition, the addressee’s power has an effect on the number of the encouragement strategies employed by male and female university students. As the power of the addressee increases, the use of more complex strategies becomes more and simple strategies are utilized in dealing with the addressee with low power. As to the number of the strategies, the most frequent and less frequent ones are the combination of two and nine strategies respectively. The results also indicate that the gender of the addressee affects the type of the encouragement strategies used by male university students while, it doesn’t affect the number of strategies used by male students. It also doesn’t have any effect on the type and number of the strategies used by female university students. Also, data analysis reveals that there is no significant relationship between the addressee’s gender and the number of the encouragement strategies. In other words, the addressee’s gender has no effect on the number of the encouragement strategies used by male and female university students

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Frequency of compression process in Bybee Approach plays a pivotal role between different characters in dialogues of Persian films. In various historical periods, considering her social status, “woman” less likely has used non-standard Persian language compared to “man”. The main issue of this study is about the frequency of compression process in Bybee approach between two male and female sexes in Persian Movies. Which one of Persian language’s elements has been shown more in studied movies in opinion of Bybee? How the language can challenge the system of feminine and masculine relationships in performances? What is the cultural function of identity in this field? This study was conducted to analyze the phonology of phonetic changes caused by compression in Persian language within two different cultural and social fields. Such differentiation is well revealed in dialogues of movies associated with abovementioned historical periods. In fact, this study indicates that compression has a cultural origin as a social issue and such cultural origin that indicates itself in linguistic or discursive styles of individuals with different social classes. Moreover, analyzing the compressed forms is not just limited to making decision about summarization so that the differences between compressed forms are not just structurally a morphological phenomenon; sometimes, it depends on some functional and social considerations such as gender type.

The best way to deal with questions related to the interaction between phonetic processes and grammatical and lexical categories is diachronic (historical) approach. Phonological changes have a one-way path, and different mechanisms of phonological changes are applied in different stages. These changes start for reasons such as phonetic conditions and gradually are customized as part of sound pattern-meaning correspondence through processes that are more and more related to the words and phrases. There is ample evidence that phonetics change or the change processes can affect words gradually and at different speeds, and one of the important determinants of this speed is the frequency of word usage.
Given that the cognitive approach of phonology is rarely taken into account, this question is raised that, in connecting phonology and cognitive sciences, to what extent can the obtained data be discussed with cognitive phonology and what results are obtained from this perspective?
In this study, the main questions are, “how is the frequency of the compression process between male and female in Persian language films through Bybee’s approach?”, “From Bybee’s point of view, compression of which elements of Persian language have become more prominent in the discourse of the studied films?”, “How can language challenge the system of male-female relationships through performance?” and “What is the cultural function of identity in this regard?”
Along with Bybee’s phonological approach, the aim of the present study is phonological analysis of phonetic changes resulting from the compression process in Persian films in two culturally and socially distinct historical contexts. Therefore, the main hypothesis of the present study is defined as "the compression process in Persian-language films has been increasing from old to new ones, and the frequency of the compression process is higher in men than women."
The corpus and data of this research are adapted from the text of conversations between the main characters in pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary Iranian films: Ganj-e Qarun (Siamak Yasemi, 1965), Qaisar (Masoud Kimiaei, 1969), Lottery (Mohammad Hossein Mahdavian, 2018) and Life and a Day (Saeed Roustaei, 2016). The reason for choosing these films as sources of the present study is that the dialogues were most consistent with the actual data. In fact, regarding the nature of these data, it can be claimed that part of the difference in compression observed in two samples belonging to the pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary historical periods, can be the result of the character and the context in which the man or woman is placed.
The corpus of this research is taken from the dialogues of the main male and female characters in old and new movies (old: Qaisar and Ganj-e Qarun; new: Lottery and Life and a Day). To this end, the researcher, while watching these films, wrote down the main and important dialogues and then transcribed them based on the International Transliteration Alphabet (IPA), and identified and analyzed the omission and integration processes that, in this study, are called compression. The research process is such that the compression process in selected old films and then in selected new films has been studied and analyzed and finally a comparison has been made between them. In addition, in order to prove the research hypothesis and collect the required data, the compression process in the selected pre-revolutionary films has been studied and analyzed from a cognitive point of view. Then this process has been repeated for the selected post-revolutionary films and finally a comparison has been made between them.
The results of this study can be interpreted in light of the findings of research in gender linguistics that began in early 1970s. In this regard, concerning formation of social gender-oriented identity, especially in the cultural context that limits the relationship between genders, the formation of different compression norms is completely natural. In addition, given the freedom of men in observing cultural norms in comparison with women, higher frequency of compression, which is a deviation from the standard language, is also justifiable.
The results of this study are consistent with Modarresi (1989) regarding the linguistic differences between men and women and believing more in the social differences between these two groups. He argues that as either gender is more active than the other in some areas of activity, the terms related to that area are considered masculine or feminine. Modarressi also refers to the gender-specific language patterns and believes that if men and women in any society do not follow these patterns, they will lose their special social status or at least be ridiculed. Therefore, it can be said that the degree of compression is in fact a function or indicator of the social status to which the speaker, whether male or female, belongs and indicates its semiotics (Paknahad Jabarouti, 2002). In addition, the use of higher compression in men could be justified according to Lakoff (1973 who believes that social base of women is more unstable and shakier than men. He seeks the reflection of these social bases in language, which is manifested in women relying more on standard and uncompressed forms.
Finally, concerning the main purpose of the present study, the compression in the obtained data confirms the function of Bybee’s cognitive perspective in this regard. In addition, it was found that compression application has been increasing overtime. Therefore, it can be claimed that Persian speakers more frequently use the compression process in their speech over time which is done to accelerate the speech. Finally, it was found that in terms of social cognitive application and due to the greater commitment of women to meet their language standards in conversation, they were more inclined than men to use instances of compression
 

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Emotional words are assumed to have a processing advantage over neutral words due to their emotional content. Meanwhile, this advantage depends on other  word features such as frequency and the characteristics of the processor and context of learning. Accordingly, the current study investigated the simultaneous impacts of L2 words’ emotional valence and frequency, and L2 user’s gender on word recognition time in a natural reading context. 43 intermediate EFL learners  read 36 sentences in a coherent text for comprehension while their eye movements were recorded by eye-tracker. The findings revealed that participants processed the positive, negative, and neutral words identically based on eye fixation time. However, the frequency effect was attained for both valenced and neutral words. Also, no significant gender differences were approved in terms of recognition time though male participants tended to process all word types slightly faster than female ones. The lack of processing difference between valenced and neutral words is attributed to the disembodiment of L2 emotional words and learning experience of the participants as late EFL learners. These learners have been deprived of affective socialization and the affective sensory experience in their development of L2 emotional words. The absence of valence/frequency interaction is attributed to the L1/L2 relationship in terms of the target words. Although witnessed gender effect did not reach a significance level, it is suggested that the processing of emotional words be viewed in a multidimensional framework where the characteristics of the word, the processor, and the learning context are taken into account

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In this paper, with the approach of discourse analysis from two structural and thematic perspectives, we try to classify the structures of jokes in Persian and Russian language based on the views of Robert Liu by dividing it into two categories: linguistic and non-linguistic, and on Karasik’s theory based on the classification of semantic and semiotics analysis by inductive method. The purpose of this study is to identify the language tools for jokes production based on linguistic and semantic structures in both Russian and Persian, due to the differences in the lexical structure of Russian as a Fusional language and Persian as a Agglutinative language. The present aims to test the hypothesis of the existence of language diversity of Russian joke production tools and the effect of cultural and value components in the production of non-linguistic jokes. At the end of this study, grammatical jokes were identified with a variety of instrumental languages and in the non-linguistic category of gender, ethnic and political examples. The frequency of linguistic examples in two languages is significantly lower than the non-linguistic category, and gender and political examples have a clear maximum against other semantic subsets of jokes.
 The genre of humor in various forms such as fables and short stories has criticized and challenged the categories of life in its various political, economic, cultural, social and religious domains. This research has been done with the content and thematic analysis approach of satires based on the approach of discourse analysis from two structural and thematic perspectives, the body of jokes in Persian and Russian languages based on the views of Robert Liu1 is divided into two categories: linguistic and non-linguistic and Karasik theory. The purpose of this study is to identify the language of jokes production tools due to the differences in the lexical structure of Russian as an Fusional language and Persian as the combination of Fusional, Agglutinative and at syntactic level both are known as Analytical language. The research hypothesis is based on the existence of language diversity of Russian joke production tools with the maximum ratio against Persian language for the reasons mentioned earlier in the linguistic classification and the effect of cultural and value components in the production of non-linguistic jokes.
There are many different functions of humor, among which they can be attributed to entertainment, education, promotion of moral values, criticism and demanding reform in various issues The question arises, according to the structure of each language, which tool is common and which is specific? What is the maximum and minimum of each of them in these two languages? what are the similarities and differences between the function of humor in Iran and Russia? What is the frequency of humor considered by each of the two societies and in which category of humor.
 By analyzing samples of the field, it seems that humor is a tool to control power and endurance in a soft way and at a higher level to show the consciousness, creativity and culture of human societies. Scientific study of this issue can help in cultural, political and accurate translation of various texts, especially social texts. In this research, a confrontational-qualitative research method based on body analysis of more than 260 samples of jokes in Russian and 200 Persian jokes collected from cyberspace has been used. The selection of jokes, especially linguistic jokes in both languages, was very limited, and the Russian language selection reference site: http://new.gramota.ru/biblio/gostinaya/lingvisticheskie-anekdoty, and other sites for other keywords in this query was used. In Persian, from the sites: https://www.barkhat.news, https://namnak.com, https://www.pinterest.com, https://www.beytoote.com, it was possible to use both. Because in both Russian and Persian sections, the mentioned sites are organizationally controlled sites and they avoid including out-of-the-ordinary content.
The novelty of this study lies in the fact that by analyzing the linguistic structures, the semantic range of words in the morphology and syntax sections is determined and it helps translators and language learners in understanding abstract semantics.
Linguistic satires mock the rules of language and do not notice a particular person or social event, so they are far removed from social functions and provide more entertainment, and have had a similar pattern in Russian and Persian from the past to the present in:
***معلم: ناقل یعنی چی؟
 آقا اجازه : ناقل یعنی کسی که،  به سادگی قل نمیخورد و کلا با غلت زدن رابطه خوبی ندارد.
Teacher: What does carrier mean?
 Student: A carrier is someone who does not giggle easily and does not have a good relationship with rolling at all.
*** Если бы русские любили работать, они не назвали бы включатель, выключателем.
(If the Russians liked to work, they would not call a switch, a switch)
Russian humor refers to the prefix [Вы-], which means outside, and such meanings in combination with verbs of movement and the other verbs, in contrast to the prefix [В-], which means beginning, entering.
 
Social stereotypes are generally a standardized image of phenomena with various emotional aspects. These stereotypes are very resistant to change and the transition to new beliefs and a democratic society.
***خانم از شوهرش می
 پرسه: موقع ازدواج چه کسی منو به تو معرفی کرد؟
-      شوهر: چه میدونم دشمن زیاده.
*** The lady asks her husband: Who introduced me to you when for marrage?
Husband: I don’t know a there is lot of enemies.
***Гаишник останавливает машину, за рулём блондинка.
— Почему вы не включили свет в туннеле?
— Я из Ростова, откуда я знаю, где у вас тут в туннеле свет включается?!
*** The traffic cop stops the car, the blonde is driving.
- Why didn't you turn on the light in the tunnel?
- I'm from Rostov, how do I know where the light turns on in your tunnel ?!
This literary genre has undergone changes today. The purpose of recent productions is not to improve the situation compared to the past, but behind it is destruction, humiliation, devaluation, which is very bitter and biting. By examining the collected samples, the most frequently extracted axes can be selected in the following way:
1- Devaluation of the family institution and breaking educational taboos for young people.
2- Referring to gender inferiority;
3- The emergence of ethnic stereotypes;
4- Emergence of political stereotypes.
At the end of the study of humorous figures, the language of grammatical tools (linguistic) and in the non-linguistic category, the categories of sexuality, ethnicity and politics were identified in two languages. The frequency of linguistic examples is significantly lower in both languages than the non-linguistic category, and gendered and political examples have a clear maximum compared to other semantic subsets of jokes. According to the hypothesis of this research, it is appropriate for social decision makers to be aware of some of the negative effects of such satires that are unstoppable.

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Several languages displayed in Language Landscape (LL) in tourism cities are foremost to be explored since they can depict the battle and position of each language. As China has a tight cooperation with Indonesia and other countries, Mandarin has begun to be utilized in the public sphere, such as in the LL. Thus, this present study intends to analyze the use and position of Mandarin, the underlying reasons for using Mandarin, society’s perspective, and its implication. The qualitative method was applied in which all data were explained descriptively by engaging documentation and a questionnaire for data collection. The former was done through the 831 signs displayed in tourism cities in East Java (27 Mandarin LL involved). The latter was conducted through the 127 responses from various backgrounds: old and younger generations. The results indicate that (1) Mandarin LL with top-down signs get a higher percentage than bottom-up signs in which Mandarin is in the fourth position, (2) the utilization of Mandarin in LL is to reveal their identity of the LL owner, (3) it is not vital to display Mandarin in LL due to the lack knowledge of it. Even if societies have negative perceptions of Mandarin, they confess that Mandarin is extensively spread due to its fast growth in any sector. Consequently, this study is crucial to give a wake-up call to the government and speakers of indigenous languages that they should take essential action to preserve the position of local-ethnic languages in LL.

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The present study attempted to look deeply into how Iranian English teachers defined morality and if there was any significant difference with respect to gender and years of teaching experience. The study followed a mixed-methods design including a semi-structured interview and a multiple choice single-item questionnaire. The results revealed that while the main concern for the participants in different decades of teaching was choosing right over wrong, the prevailing theme for male and female teachers differed in that the male teachers moved towards less personalized and more agentic conceptions, whereas female teachers were more concerned with the context and society as their experience increased. The analysis of the quantitative data also illustrated there was a significant difference between female and male teachers in the 2nd and 3rd decades of teaching. Moreover, the differences between participants based on their level of experience were statistically significant

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Higher education attainment and labour force participation, especially among females, have been increasing for the past decades in Iran. If labour market is not flexible enough to adjust with the new trends, it may have negative effect on female education and participation rate. In this paper, we investigate the effects of higher education attainment on labour force participation, with an emphasis on female education in Iran using the data from the household budget surveys for the period 2001-2007. We use a logit model with cross section and pooled data and control for personal and household characteristics such as age, gender, marriage, and family income. Our findings show that participation rate is at maximum for middle-aged groups, and the married people are of more participation rates in labor market than current and former singles. The results also indicate that probability of labour force participation increases with the level of education especially for females and decreases with the family income.   

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New technologies in determining the gender of eggs will greatly help to end the extermination of male chickens, which will save a lot in the poultry industry. These technologies are so valuable and important that many companies and research centers are willing to make large investments to progress in this field. Today, two invasive and non-invasive methods are used to determine the gender of the egg. Invasive diagnostic methods often lead to a decrease in the viability of samples, while non-invasive methods with high accuracy and viability of samples have created a great development capability among researchers. In other words, invasive diagnostic methods determine the gender of the embryos inside the egg with a high percentage, but it can endanger the continuation of the hatching process and jeopardize food safety. However, the use of non-invasive methods in line with industrial use has priority due to the fact that there is no danger to the chick embryo in the process of sex determination. In this review study, while examining the importance of gender determination during hatching for the poultry industry, an attempt has been made to examine and compare all the new technologies used to determine gender in the egg-laying and hatching stages and compare its advantages and disadvantages.

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The Butlerian theory of performativity and subversive performative acts has been always helped to consider the situation of female gender construction in the heteronormative cultures. The situation of male gender identity and roles in the bipolar cultures has not yet been studied and the hegemonic functional context of the heterosexuality was not considered to be effective in the construction of male gender identity and roles. In the light of Judith Butler’s theory, different male individuals are coming into consideration and the complimentary parts to the theory of performativity will be revealed.  The present research is the first study of the male gender identities and roles in the light of the Butlerian theory of performativity to understand whether these individuals follow the same constructive elements and react performatively and subversively or not.  The importance of the present research is that the representative of the matrix of power, as depicted by Williams, can be female individuals as well as male identities.  In these cases, female characters attempt to oblige male gender identities to remain under the control of the heterosexism and understand the binaries that differentiates two intelligible gender identities. On the other hand, the variety of male gender identities that Williams illustrates, provide the opportunity to consider how male gender identity and roles react to the parodic acts and construct their identity through performative acts or subversive performativity. Another significant finding in this research is that to the time that homosexual male gender identities keep their lack of continuity among sex, gender, and sexual desire, they are allowed to live in the cultural context without receiving any harms.
 

1. Introduction

Judith Butler's theory of performativity and subversive performative acts has significantly contributed to the understanding of female gender identity construction within heteronormative cultures. Her groundbreaking work has illuminated how gender is not an inherent identity but rather a series of actions and behaviors continuously performed based on societal expectations. However, there has been a noticeable gap in the application of Butler's theories to the analysis of male gender identity and roles, particularly within the bipolar cultural framework that rigidly distinguishes between masculinity and femininity. This study aims to bridge that gap by exploring how male identities are constructed, performed, and potentially subverted in heteronormative contexts. By analyzing male characters in Tennessee Williams's plays, this research will reveal the complementary aspects of Butler's theory and provide insights into the performative nature of male gender identities.

2. Literature Review

The cornerstone of this study is Judith Butler's Gender Trouble (1990), where she first introduced the concepts of gender performativity and subversion. Butler's theory posits that gender identity is not a fixed trait but rather an ongoing performance dictated by cultural norms and expectations. Her subsequent works, Bodies That Matter (1993) and Excitable Speech (1997), further elaborate on these ideas, examining how language and societal norms contribute to the construction and regulation of gender identities. These texts are essential for understanding the theoretical framework of this study.
Butler's theories are deeply influenced by earlier critical works from philosophers and theorists such as G.W.F. Hegel, Sigmund Freud, Simone de Beauvoir, Louis Althusser, and Michel Foucault. Hegel's dialectics, Freud's psychoanalysis, de Beauvoir's existential feminism, Althusser's concept of interpellation, and Foucault's discourse on power and sexuality collectively inform Butler's understanding of gender as a performative act.
While previous scholarship on Tennessee Williams's plays has predominantly focused on female characters, analyzing them through the lens of second-wave feminism and the patriarchal social hierarchy, this study shifts the focus to male characters. It investigates how Williams's male characters perform their gender identities and whether they conform to or subvert the heteronormative expectations imposed upon them. This research is pioneering in its systematic application of Butlerian performativity to male characters in Williams's dramatic works, offering a novel perspective on gender construction and performance.

3. Methodology and Argument

The methodology of this study involves a detailed textual analysis of male characters in selected plays by Tennessee Williams. The plays chosen for this analysis include A Streetcar Named Desire, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, and The Glass Menagerie. These works feature a variety of male characters—heterosexual, homosexual, and gigolo—whose gender identities and roles are constructed through their interactions and performative acts within heterosexist cultures.
Using Butler's theory of performativity as the analytical framework, this study examines how these male characters engage in repetitive acts that constitute their gender identities. These acts, dictated by the binarized matrix of power, often conform to the expectations of heteronormativity but also contain potential for subversion. The analysis focuses on how these characters navigate their identities through performative acts, either reinforcing or challenging the hegemonic norms.
For instance, the character of Brick in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof exemplifies the struggle with heteronormative expectations of masculinity. Brick's ambivalence towards his own sexuality and his performative acts of repression and denial highlight the tensions between societal expectations and personal identity. Similarly, the character of Tom in The Glass Menagerie grapples with the constraints of his gender role, performing acts of rebellion that ultimately reveal the fluidity and instability of gender norms.
The study also explores how female characters in these plays occasionally assume the role of enforcing heteronormativity, attempting to define and control the gender identities and roles of male characters. For example, Blanche in A Streetcar Named Desire seeks to impose traditional gender roles on her brother-in-law, Stanley, while simultaneously challenging his authority and masculinity. This dynamic illustrates the complex interplay of power, gender, and performativity in Williams's works.

4. Findings and Discussion

The analysis of male characters in Tennessee Williams's plays reveals that the hegemony of a binarized culture exerts significant control over the construction of male gender identity and roles, mirroring the control it exerts over female gender identity. The performative acts of male characters, dictated by societal norms, often aim to uphold the heteronormative order. However, these acts also possess the potential for subversion, as even slight deviations from the norm can disrupt the established binary.
One significant finding is that male characters in Williams's plays frequently engage in performative acts that challenge the coherence of the bipolar gender system. For instance, the character of Stanley in A Streetcar Named Desire performs hypermasculinity to assert his dominance, yet his actions also expose the fragility of such constructed identities. His aggressive behavior, while reinforcing traditional masculine traits, simultaneously reveals the performative nature of gender and its susceptibility to disruption.
Moreover, the study highlights how homosexual male characters in Williams's plays navigate their identities within the heteronormative framework. Characters like Brick and Tom illustrate the discontinuity between sex, gender, and sexual desire, maintaining a space for subversive performativity. This discontinuity allows them to exist within the cultural context without fully conforming to its expectations, thereby challenging the stability of heteronormative identities.
Another important observation is the role of female characters as representatives of the matrix of power, enforcing heteronormative roles onto male characters. This dynamic is particularly evident in the interactions between Blanche and Stanley in A Streetcar Named Desire, where Blanche's attempts to impose traditional gender norms on Stanley ultimately underscore the performative and fluid nature of gender identities.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, the application of Judith Butler's theory of performativity to the analysis of male characters in Tennessee Williams's plays reveals the pervasive influence of heteronormative culture on gender identity construction. The study demonstrates that the binarized cultural framework controls male gender identity and roles similarly to female gender identity, through performative acts that both uphold and potentially subvert the established norms.
The findings of this research contribute to a deeper understanding of gender construction and the interplay of power within theatrical representations. By examining how male characters in Williams's plays perform and subvert their gender identities, this study highlights the fluidity and complexity of gender and the potential for subversive acts to challenge the hegemony of heteronormativity.
Overall, this research underscores the importance of considering male gender identities in the context of Butlerian performativity, providing new insights into the ways in which gender is constructed, performed, and contested within heteronormative cultures. Through the analysis of Williams's diverse male characters, this study offers a valuable contribution to the ongoing discourse on gender, identity, and power.
 

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Abstract
Regardless of the obvious message that is displayed on the cover of any text, sometimes there is another discourse in the context of the content that challenges the intention of the creators of the text in supporting the cover. In the light of reinterpreting and deconstructing the works, the dark labyrinths become clear and new concepts are presented. Ferdowsi and Sa’âlabi's two narratives of the story "Aleksander and the Daughter of the King of India", with a significant difference in the ending, is a familiar story of the marriage bond of the defeated beautiful girl with the conquering king. In examining the secondary discourse, the mechanisms of exercising power over the body are highlighted. Contrary to popular belief, these mechanisms are not only torture, rather, aesthetics is also considered a kind of care network that does not end when a woman enters the "other's" field (father's house) into her own field (wife's house). On the contrary, when a woman wins in the body test prepared by the institution of power, she is considered as a threat to the totalitarianism of the ruling system by deviating from the norms of socialization. In this study, in an analytical-descriptive way and with a sociological point of view, the elements in the mentioned story have been reconstructed and by using the opinions of the thinkers in this field, especially Michel Foucault, the mutual relations between the three elements of "beauty", knowledge", and "power" have been discussed.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
In epics, girls have a limited number of choices. They have to wait for the fate that will be decided for them by the outcome of the war or current events. They are offered as a prize to the winner to encourage soldiers to fight through sexual incentives. In the story of "Iskander and Faghestan" in Shahnameh, we have the same conventional pattern. But Thaalibi's narration also has a second part, in which the girl who was given to Iskandar as an atonement, after passing the fitness test, was rejected by entering the field of "self" to remain in the pole of "other" and gender. The essentialism and the self-sufficient ego of the power institution must continue its pure life regardless of the interference of others.
Theoretical Framework
In his series of sociological discussions, which is influenced by the structuralism and psychoanalytical attitudes of thinkers like Lacan, especially in the book "Care and Punishment", Foucault refers to the prison as "the dense form of all disciplines”. He did not apply his views on literary works, and Lacan also examined only pictures and paintings in the discussion of "gaze", which are also used in cinema, there is a possibility of extending these views to literary texts. In this paper, it is attempted to explain the manifestations of dominance and care in a literary narrative from a sociological point of view, citing the above points of view.
 Methodology
First, by doubting the obvious message of the text (the importance of aesthetics) and its other reading and white reading, the images were extracted and then described in an analytical-descriptive way. Although the main foundation of the research is Foucault's point of view, the fragments that were taken from his theory have been used to enrich the research.
Discussion and Analysis
Based on the findings, the relationship between the three areas of power, knowledge, and beauty in the story of Iskandar and Faghestan can be seen from four directions: knowledge in the service of power, gaze, from hiddenness to the position of the arena, rejection of other wisdom. The role of knowledge in the service of power is highlighted as well. The first time is when Kaid sees a series of dreams that only Mehran is able to interpret them. Again, the nine wise men of Rome use their knowledge to verify Kidd's claim. Faghestan is presented to the Roman envoys in a completely decorated form. According to his father, he was "in hiding" until the arrival of the Roman envoys. unlike the tests of knowledge and ability in epics, the Faghestan test is only a physical and wisdom has no effect on the result of this test.
Conclusion
Although the plot of the story highlights beauty and aesthetics, the secondary discourse affects the mechanisms of exercising power on the body. These mechanisms are applied to Faghestan's body as "other" in several ways. In first place, Kaid keeps her locked in a private space like a valuable commodity. Knowledge and power give the "other" body to the more powerful entity. Faghestan which has fully accepted its gender socialization, has no choice but to observe court customs and rituals. Finally, due to the disturbance it creates in the totalitarianism of the power institution, it is sent back; Because politics is alien to the logic of dialogue.
 

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Objectives: Controversial findings exist regarding the association between neonate gender and umbilical cord blood lipid levels. This study aims to compare the levels of lipids and lipoprotein B-100 in the umbilical cord blood of male and female newborns and assess the impact of these factors on neonatal anthropometric measurements. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 75 healthy, term (34 male and 41 female) newborns. A total of 5 ml of umbilical cord blood was obtained immediately after delivery and analyzed on the same day to estimate lipid concentrations and apolipoprotein B-100. Additionally, we measured and recorded neonatal anthropometric indicators. The independent sample t-test was used for comparison of mean values in the two groups. The relationship of cord blood lipid profile with anthropometric data was assessed by the Pearson correlation test and multiple linear regression. Results: The cord blood from female newborns had higher levels of low density lipoprotein- cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) compared to male newborns, whereas levels of lipoprotein B-100 and triglyceride (TG) were higher in males compared to female newborns. These differences were not statistically significant. In female newborns there was a significant inverse correlation between TG level and head circumference (P=0.038). In males, there was no statistically significant association between lipid levels and anthropometric parameters. Conclusion: Gender did not impact lipid and apolipoprotein B-100 levels in newborns. This study showed a significant inverse correlation between TG level and head circumference in female newborns.

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Since women hold a small share in Iranian agricultural extension administration, it is necessary to seriously facilitate women's participation in development programs and improve the policy of job opportunities and educational equity. The purpose of this study was to identify the challenges of women's career advancement in Iranian Agricultural Extension Organization (AEO). Survey study was applied as the methodology of research. The statistical sample consisted of 135 female agricultural field officers in AEO. Statistical sample was selected through stratified random sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used as the research instrument. The face validity of the instrument was confirmed by a panel of specialists. Questionnaire reliability was estimated by calculating Cronbach's Alpha (α= 0.92). The results showed that: "giving key positions to men", "offering routine and simple tasks to women", " limited willingness of male colleagues toward women career advancement "," administrators’ weak belief in female experts' competencies ", and" limitation to visit villages" were recognized as the first five preventive variables by respondents. Also,based on factor analysis, attitudinal aspects, male-dominated organizational structure, time limitation, and adaptive factors were recognized. Under a collection of preventative challenges such as managerial discrimination, negative attitudes and norms regarding women’s role and abilities, severe conflict between work and family duties and personal willing, the female experts have low share in managerial positions in AEO. Therefore, the empowering plans must be focused on these areas.

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