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Sustainable ecotourism is a nature oriented tourism that maintains a sound relationship with the natu-ral environment, and contributes to its conservation. Ecological understanding is a prerequisite of sus-tainable ecotourism. Nature conservation and ecotourism are interdependent. There should be a sym-biotic relationship between the two, in which, both derive sustainable benefits in a lengthy period of time. In order to decrease natural deterioration, the present ecotourism economic and financial assess-ment should be challenged. Sustainable ecotourism demands new managerial methods that can esti-mate both environmental inputs and outputs in every single ecotourism venture and meets the required criteria of both. Triple-bottom-line accounting approach provides a foundation for assessment of envi-ronmental, social, and financial costs and benefits of ecotourism ventures. Ecotourism companies can allocate some of their resources to the nature conservation and people education. This is how they can obtain a positive triple bottom line. Developing environmental management strategies, programs and procedures with measurable objectives, and allocating adequate funds for their effective implementa-tion is recommended in this article. Effective financial management system with capable accounting mechanisms would provide the ecotourism organizations with the necessary foundations for transition towards sustainability.

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Currently, the major discussions in the field of Linguistics belong to Typology and Linguistic Universals. Typology is a linguistic study that analyzes the structural similarities among languages regardless of their history. This term was first applied to the categorical and comparative study of linguistic notions by a linguist named Gublentez. Typology is not merely a tool for categorizing and defining general patterns in languages. It is an approach for understanding the nature of language as well. In typological studies, attempts are made to group languages from different families in order to reach more precise studies and results. This article also consists of the same attempt. Persian is an Indo-European language, and Arabic is a Semitic one. Language Universals refer to the characteristics and features which are present in most languages worldwide. This notion is known due to the efforts of Greenberg. After analyzing 30 different languages, he proposed the notion of Language Universals. Typology and Language Universals show a strong relationship and complement each other due to the fact that typological categorization leads to the discovery of universal principles in the structure of languages. The relation between language universals and typology dates back to 1960s. From that point in history, the notion of typology is accompanied by Greenberg’s Language Universals.
Studying the order of structural elements has been one of the most important discussions in the world of Typology. That is firstly due the fact that languages have more differences in this matter and these differences are the foundation of typological studies. Secondly, according to Greenberg, between the order of fundamental parts and other structural features of language exist a typological correlation.The most important and common approach for posing a question in languages is through interrogative words. By using interrogative words various notions such as place, time, people, and causes are subject to inquiry. The existence of such words is universal, that is, it seems highly unlikely to find a language that does not carry interrogative words. In typology numerous factors are analyzed, among which is understanding the movements of interrogative words in languages. Dabirmoghadam (1393) has proposed 24 factors, and factor 22 relates to interrogative words. Topologists have identified two main types: first is that interrogative words replace the element of the notion which is put under question, and second, interrogative words are placed at the beginning of a question sentence. In this study, an attempt is made to study the movement of interrogative words in both Persian and Arabic in order to illustrate their position in the lingual typological system. In addition, the influencing factors on this movement are discussed. The method of this study is analytical-descriptive and selected pieces are from published and online materials (books, newspapers and magazines) in both languages and these pieces are from various areas ranging from social to religious, scientific, literal and so on. In the theoretical framework of the study, there are some details related to interrogative words in both languages and a table is drawn consisting of these words in Arabic and Persian respectively. Meanwhile the movement of interrogative words were defined that in this research it refers to the place of such words in sentences in comparison to the same declarative sentence. In the analysis, firstly some of the important views related to these words are represented; in Persian, views by Bateni (1392), Khanlari (1391), Vafai (1392), Gholamhossein Zade (1391) and Meshkataldini (1374), and in Arabic views by Sibooye (2004), Ebn al Saraj (1999), Hassan (1975), Jorjani (1982) and etc., afterwards, selected pieces which consist the basis of this research are analyzed.
According to the findings of this research, Persian and Arabic fall into different types of interrogative words movements. The tendency in Persian is to replace the element of question, while in Arabic interrogative words come at the beginning of a question sentence. Furthermore, these two languages are compatible to the language universals they represent. With well more than chance frequency, when question particles or affixes are specified in position by reference to the sentence as a whole, if initial, such elements are found in prepositional languages, and, if final, in postpositional. Plus, if a language has dominant order “VSO” in declarative sentences, it always puts interrogative words or phrases first in interrogative word questions; if it has dominant order “SOV” in declarative sentences, there is never such an invariant rule. This conclusion is based on the analysis of cases indictive of the fact that the movement of interrogative words to the beginning of the sentence is a strong tendency in Arabic language. As a result, Arabic language corresponds to Language Universal number 12 since this universe acknowledges the movement of interrogative words to the beginning of a sentence in “VSO” structures. Additionally, since interrogative words in Arabic are among those which question the nature of a sentence, they come at the beginning of a sentence. Language universal number 9 also acknowledges Arabic language since it carries more prepositions.
Furthermore, it is recognized that interrogative words replace the element of question in a sentence. This fact shows the tendency of this language. Therefore, Persian language with the core structure of “SOV” is in harmony with the language universal of number 12. According to this universe, the movement of interrogative words does not tend to come at the beginning of a sentence in “SOV” structures.
 The above-mentioned findings are presented in a table. Another finding of this research is that structural, semantic and processing factors have an impact on the movement of interrogative words. For instance, in Persian the interrogative word of “why” usually comes at the beginning of a sentence since it put the nature of a sentence under question. However sometimes, a conflict occurs between the word “why” and other elements such as “interjection” on the first position of the sentence and the interrogative word gives the space to interjectory words and comes in second. To propose another example, interrogative words tend to occupy the first position in a sentence in Arabic, however sometimes it is observed that the element of question has occupied the first position, while the interrogative word is in the second position. In fact, this replacement is due to the significance of the element.
 
 

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The Holy Defense, as one of the historical periods that ended with the victory of the Iranian nation, has lessons and teachings that should be studied by researchers and become a model and theory. Commanding style of commanders is one of the important aspects of that period that has been considered in the present study. Twenty commanders of the Holy Defense were studied in a library method, considering the diversity of command positions, reputation, and the availability of resources. The obtained documents were coded and analyzed with a qualitative approach and content analysis method, and after validation in two stages, four styles of jihadi command were identified in the commanders of that time: "Creative consequentialism (focusing on the goal based on intelligence)", "Authoritarian consequentialism (attention to the goal based on authority)", "Wise staffing (attention to forces based on intelligence)" And "strong support (focusing on force based on authority)."

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Aims: This study investigates the amount of heating load, cooling load, daylight and ventilation in different types of construction in Tehran and based on the objective function, calculates the optimal building type by considering the general form and RC(relative compactness) and Introduces the basis of WWR(window to wall ratio), states of window to wall distribution and orientation.
Methods: At first, different types of building types in Tehran were extracted. The types were arranged in a modular method and were classified after calculating the RC. Then the types were modeled and simulated using software to calculate heating load, cooling load, daylight and ventilation in different modes. For each type, 60 analysis were performed and by writing the objective function, the types were compared and the optimal types was introduced.
Findings: The types with a RC=0.95, WWR=10% and West 270, had the lowest heating and cooling load. Although it has a minimum energy load, it doeschr('39')nt have maximum daylight and ventilation. For this purpose, after equalizing the unit and writing the target function, a building types with a RC=0.54, WWR=40% and Uniform 180 with the lowest energy consumption and the highest amount of daylight and ventilation was selected as the optimal form.
Conclusion: Although the building types with high RC has the least load of heating and cooling, but considering other variables, these types is not optimal in climatic performance. Therefore, the weight coefficient of variables in the objective function is very important for deciding on the energy consumption of building types.

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This article aims to study the modal elements equal to bɑjæd in Persian, meaning ‘must, should, and have to’ in some West Iranian languages, including Balochi, Gerashi, Gilaki, Hawrami, Kahangi, Kurdish, Lori, Persian, Semnani, Tati and Vafsi. It also presents the semantic map of these expressions beside a categorization of these languages based on a modal element. The investigations have indicated that some of these languages (Balochi, Bamposht dialect and Hawrami, Hawraman Takht dialect) use adverbial modals to express these notions, while as least in one case (i.e. Kahangi), there are two distinctive auxiliaries which signify ‘must, have to, and should’. Moreover, classification of these languages, according to a semantic feature, ends in a continuum on which languages are laid next to each other, where some of them are closer to some languages and further from the others; this is against the traditional categorizations which are mostly based on morpho-syntactic features, in which a language is whether a member of a group or not. Moreover, all the targeted elements, (expect one of the modals in Kahangi, i.e. ɢɑde) besides deontic (necessity and possibility) and epistemic modality (possibility type), express participant-inherent need, participant-imposed necessity and situational necessity, as types of dynamic modality.
           
1. Introduction
In the languages of the world, words (mostly auxiliaries) meaning ‘must' are primarily used to convey deontic modality. Modality is usually defined as those semantic modifications that the speaker uses to talk about his thoughts and beliefs about a state of affairs or SoA (Nuyts 2005, Butler 2013). In Iranian languages bajad (and its equivalents) meaning ‘MUST’, is the main language element to indicate necessity and possibility.
This paper studies 11 Iranian languages choosing from Rezaei Baghbidi's classification (2009): Balochi (Bamposht), Gerashi, Gilaki (shaft), Hawrami (Hawraman takht), Lori (Balagariveh), Kahangi, Kurdish (Sorani), Persian, Semnani, Tati (Takistan), and Vafsi. It discovers the modal elements meaning ‘MUST' and specifies their modal domain. The article seeks to provide a semantic map, following Van der Auwera and Plungian (1998), using one modal notion, i.e. ‘MUST'. Ultimately, based on this semantic feature, it presents a language categorization to verify how this categorization varies with current classifications which have syntactic considerations.
 
2. Literature Review
Among many studies on modality, Akhlaghi (2007), Taleghani (2008), and Rezai (2009) study modality in Persian. Following Palmer (2001) they conclude that modal auxiliary bajæd expresses deontic, dynamic and epistemic modality.
In case of other Iranian languages, Moradi (2012) studies modality in Sorani Kurdish from a semantic and syntactic perspective and Naghzguye Kohan and Naghshbandi (2016) investigate modality in Pavehi dialect of Hawrami.
 
3. Methodology
This study applies a questionnaire including 200 situations and 82 sentences to collect the data. The questionnaire was conducted in the interviews and the informants were asked to use modal elements to complete the situations and translate the 82 sentences in their own languages. The data has been transcribed in IPA, checked with the speakers, glossed with Leipzig glossing rules, and analyzed.
 
4. Results
Our study shows that the expressions meaning 'MUST' in the languages of our concern, convey those domain of modality which following Nuyts (2005, 2006, and 2016) can be summarized as in Figure 1. This figure is the semantic map suggested by Van der Auwera and Plungian (1998). Their terminology has been converted to Nuyts:
 
Figure 1: Semantic map of ‘MUST’ in Modern West Iranian Languages


The article is also an effort to categorize these languages based on a semantic feature, namely modality. Applying the typological notions of continuum and number, we may not be able to present a clear-cut category, but we can provide a continuum in which some languages are closer to the others comparing with the rests. Figure 2 is the result of such a try:
 

 
5. Discussion
The first issue to discuss here is to discover the modal elements which are used to express those semantic notions meaning 'MUST'. Our investigation shows these elements are mainly auxiliaries; however, in two of languages of our concern, i.e. Hawrami and Balochi, these are the adverbs which indicate necessity and possibility. These elements are as follows: pejke (Balochi), bɑæd (Gerashi), va/vas(t)i (Gilaki), pʃo (Hawrami), ɢɑde and be-ɡu/be-ɡɑ (Kahangi), æʃe/æʃjɑɛ (Kurdish), boæd/mije/mijɑst (Lori), bɑjæd (Persian), mɛ-ɡi/mɛ-ɡijɑ (Semnani), mo-ɡo/mo-ɡosti (Tati), ær-ɡo/ær-ɡoɑ (Vafsi).
To illustrate the type of modality these elements express, we apply Nuyts' (2005, 2006, and 2016) classification in the category of modality. In this sense, these modal expressions are used to talk about a) absolute moral necessity and desirability (as subcategories of deontic), b) epistemic probability, c) participant-inherent, participant-imposed, and situational (as subcategories of dynamic modality). In Kahangi, two modal auxiliaries meaning 'MUST', these roles are divided between these elements, and they don’t get close to each other's realm.
 
 
6. Conclusion
Our study shows categorizing languages based on a semantic feature does not provide us with an absolute boarder. Rather, we can judge the languages in a continuum that shows how closer or further each language is to the other members. Hither, Hawrami and Balochi, applying modal adverbs, are closer to each other comparing to Kahangi with two auxiliaries for the same purpose.
 
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all the informants who kindly and patiently participated in numerous interviews in the process of data collection. We appreciate their concern and love for their mother languages

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 To consider significant variation of dialects of Gilaki Language and different approaches on the classification of clitics and different usage of this element in the Iranian dialects and languages, writer purposes to determine variation of clitics in Gilaki language, various features of clitics and their position in this language. There are two questions here: 1-how is typological verity of clitic and its feature in Gilaki language? 2- where is the position of clitic in the sentences of this language? it seems that there is same varity of clitic in three dialect divisions of Gilaki and clitic occupy second position into the sentences of this language. linguistic data of Gilaki has been investigated on the basis of a questionnaire of Max Plank written on typological investigations of clitics on which It has been analyzed in 5 separable parts including general features of the language, categories, specific features, place of clitics in the phrases and its movement. Collected data from three branches including west, east and Galeshi has been analyzed on basis of descriptive- analytical- comparative method. The results will express that there is sameness of clitics among three mentioned branches of Gilaki. Generally we can observe pronoun pre-clitics connected to objective symbol, Objective symbol post-clitics /ǝ/, emphasis clitics and post- clitics of the symbol of conjunction /O/ in Gilaki language.There aren’t Post-clitics of personal pronouns connected to nouns, verbs, adverb and adjectives in this language. It isn't possible to move clitics to the prior position. Indeed considering the investigations, Wackernagel’s law about second position is verifiable for Gilaki language.

1. Introduction
Gilaki is one of Iranian northwest languages and a member of Caspian seaboard languages. It has many differences with Persian and many similarities to Medes, Parthian and Avestan languages (Stilo, 2001). In this article, we will present a typological analysis on clitics in three geographical divisions of Gilaki language. We intend to utilize some of typological devices from Max Planck linguistics institute to determine the varieties of clitics, its feature and the position of this element in Gilaki language. Generally, distribution and operation of clitics as a significant concept of morpho-phonemic studies are investigated in this project and our main theoretical approach is linguistic typology.
There are two questions here:
1-how about typological variety of clitics and its features in Gilaki language?
 2- where is the position of clitics in the sentences of this language?
 
2. Literature
2.1. This is level 2
Zwicky (1977) has analyzed the clitics and Sportich (1992) has focused on the structure of clitics. Condoravdi and Kiparsky (2004) in their article entitled “ Clitics and Clause structure” have investigated the clitics variety in the middle and contemporary Greek language. They believe that some of clitics in some of dialects of this language find their roots in a projection of inflectional clause and they belong to a verbal head in other dialects. Anderson (2005) expresses that pronouns are so common to be as clitics and pronominal clitics have their specific features which some of them are relevant to being clitics and some of them are not.
Moreover, there are many Iranian researches on clitics. Shaghaghi (2006) has presented a definition of clitics and its features. Rasekh Mahand (2010) believes that all of pronominl clitics in the languages all around the world are located in two positions: 1- Wackernagel’s position. It means after the first words of sentences or constitutions. 2-  before or after the verbs of sentences or constitutions located before the verbs. Sarahi and Alinejad (2014) have investigated clitics in Persian language typologically. Alinejad and Mohammadi (2015) have analyzed clitics in Surani dialects of Kurdish language and its collaboration with prepositions. Mazinani, alizade and Sharifi (2017) have shown that evolution of clitics in Persian language presents a good explanation of inconsistence of this language with Dryer’s vigesimal standards and Greenberg’s No. 20 universal. SabzAlipour and Vaezi (2019) have discovered the function of clitics in agreement system instead of verbal pronoun and lack of doubling clitics in Dorvi dialect of Tati language.
 
3. Methodology
 Throughout the current research , linguistic data of Gilaki has been gathered via field research on native speakers of some villages and towns of Guilan province. Then the data has been investigated on the basis of a questionnaire of Max Plank written on typological investigations of clitics on which it has been analyzed in 5 separable parts including general features of the language, categories, specific features, place of clitics in the phrases and its movement. Collected data from three branches including west, east and Galeshi has been analyzed on basis of descriptive- analytical- comparative method.
 
4.Results
The results will express that there is sameness of clitics among three mentioned branches of Gilaki. Generally we can observe pronominal pre-clitics connected to objective symbol, Objective symbol post-clitics /ǝ/, emphasis clitics and post- clitics of the symbol of conjunction /O/ in Gilaki language. There aren’t Post-clitics of personal pronouns connected to nouns, verbs, adverb and adjectives in this language. It isn't possible to move clitics to the prior position. Indeed considering the investigations, Wackernagel’s law about second position is verifiable for Gilaki language.
 
Table of results          
 

Linguistic Features (+/-)	B pish      B pas	Galeshi
SOV  order	+               +	+
post position and GN	+               +	+
prodrop	+               +	+
objective clitics	+               +	+
pronominal clitics of verb	-	-
pronominal clitics of  adverb	-
pronominal clitics of adjective	-                -	-
pronominal clitics of noun	-	-
pronominal clitics of preposition	+               +	+
interrogative and negative clitics	-	-
emphasis clitics	+              +	+
conjunction clitics	+               +	+
genitive specifier clitics	+               +	+
NPs order	+               +	+
enclitics and postclitics	+               +	+
first position of clitics	-
second position of clitics	+                 +	+
stress of clitics	-	-
double clitics	-	-
junction of clitics	-	-
movement to the end of phrase	+                 +	+

 
 

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Since ancient times, pain and suffering have been one of the prominent manifestations of human life. These two concepts have always had numerous meanings and instances in human life, sometimes destructive and sometimes constructive, and have always had a wide reflection in literature during different periods. By examining the works of writers and poets, one can achieve different and specific types of pain and suffering in these works. In the present study, the typology of pain and suffering in the works of two contemporary Iranian and Arab poets, namely "Nima Youshij" and "Nizar Qabbani", has been comparatively studied using an analytical-descriptive method. Studies show that common types of various areas of pain and suffering, such as the suffering caused by love, being a poet, the suffering of oppression and tyranny, and social pain, can be found in the works of both poets. The first two types of pain and suffering mentioned above are more personal and individual in nature, and the other two types are more concerned with general and human suffering. This important fact indicates that pain and suffering in the intellectual system of these two poets has multiple dimensions and is not one-dimensional. Nima Yushij and Nizar Qabbani’s concern and depiction of social issues have caused the poems of both poets to reflect a lot of pain and suffering. Of course, this pain and suffering does not originate from despair and malice, nor does it lead to nihilism; rather,it is often rooted in the hope of creating change

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At first glance, “number” is considered as a very simple grammatical category. However, in fact, it is a complex matter in languages and it causes varieties in world languages. The present study aims at examining the plurality and number category in language varieties of some cities in Kerman province based on typological approach. The survey’s corpus is extracted from Iran Linguistic Atlas’s database (ILA) a project compiling in Research Center of Cultural Heritage and Tourism. The research results show that, the value of number category in the studied language varieties is just singular and plural. The singular nouns are encoded without marker and the plural nouns are marked. The plural markers attach to singular nouns in suffix form, therefore the strategy for plurality in the studied language varieties is morphology, which is the most common one in the world languages. The data analysis indicates that syntactic strategy is used for encoding the number category along with morphological one.

1. Introduction
At first glance, “number” is considered as a very simple grammatical category and it is simply considered for distinguishing between singularity and plurality. However, in fact, it is not a simple matter in languages and the analysis of number and plurality in languages may be a complex matter. The way number is expressed in languages are different. In this study, number category and the way for encoding it, is examined in the language varieties of some cities in Kerman province based on typological approach. Also, plural markers in the studied language varieties are introduced. For analyzing the data, Corbet (2004), Dryer (1998 & 2005) and Haspelmat (2005) are used as theoretical frameworks. The corpus of this study has been extracted from the Iran Language Atlas (ILA) database. ILA is a linguistic project of the Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Tourism (RICHT). It aims at recording the usage of words, phrases and sentences of every regional spoken dialect of Iran’s rural areas based on a questionnaire consists of 105 words and phrases and 36 sentences. Recorded data of spoken language of 30 varieties of the said province included in ILA’s database.   
Research questions:
1. What is (are) the strategy(s) of encoding the "number" category in the studied language varieties?
2. Which forms of number (singular/plural) are marked and is the presence of marker on noun obligatory?
3. What kinds of number values do exist in the studied language varieties?
 
2. Literature Review
According to traditional grammar, there are singular and plural number in Persian. Singular in contrast with plural refers to one person or object in real world. There are two markers for plural nouns in Persian /-hɑ/ and /ɑn/ which are attached as a suffix to the end of the singular nouns (Anvari and Ahmadi Givi 2008:85). Singular nouns are zero-marked in Persian. Lazard (2010) and Mahutian (2008) mentioned that /-hɑ/ is used in both spoken and written styles and /-ɑn/ which is changed to /-un/ in spoken language. Windfuhr and Perry (2009) believes that /-ɑn/ is less frequent, denoting animates, paired parts of body, and a few other words. Paul (2019:585-586) states that   /-ɑn/ goes back to the Middle Persian and it was used for plural nouns in oblique case. In standard modern Persian, this plural suffix denotes the plural of animate nouns. He adds that in Modern Persian /-ɑn/ is almost replaced by /-hɑ/. But sometimes the usage of /-hɑ/ instead of /-ɑn/ causes difference in meaning of words. Shaghaghi (2007:55, 71) states that the plural markers in Persian are inflectional, because they do not produce a new word. However according to Ghomeshi (2003:56-57) they are derivational as they are variants based on different registers. Roshan and Ghadiri (2015) have mentioned that the suffix /-hɑ/ in Persian with time words refers to the meaning of repetition, along with plurality. Darzi and Ghadiri (2011) have studied the quantitative features of /-hɑ/ in Persian. They believe that this suffix with some time words shows quantitative features. Jam (2020) has examined the pronunciation of /-hɑ/ in Persian based on the theory of optimality. Different semantic functions of the suffix /-hɑ/ based on typological approach are studied by Bahrami (2018). According to Givon (2001) singularity is unmarked in the world languages but plurality is morphologically marked. He believes that in some languages plural forms are used just for animated nouns. Croft (2003) has mentioned that different languages show various behaviors in plurality. In some languages singular nouns are without marker but plural ones have markers on them. In some other languages both singular and plural nouns are with different markers. Also, there are a few languages in which none of the singular and plural nouns have markers on them. Some of the Iranian scholars like Rezai Baghbidi & Mahmoodi Bakhtiari (2005), Sharifi & Akhlaghi (2012), Karimi & Fallahi (2012) and Faalhi & Karimi (2015) have studied number category in some Iranian languages. 
3. Methodology
This research is descriptive-analytical and is a field study, based on an original survey on natural linguistic data of the studied languages. Through this research, the singular nouns and their plural forms have been extracted from database and then analyzed according to the research theoretical frameworks. The data are from ILA database of Kerman province. In this study all 30 language varieties which are available in ILA database of Kerman province, are examined based on theoretical frameworks. The research corpus consists of 328 plural nouns and noun phrases.
 
4. Results
The Research aims at studying the “number” category in language varieties of some cities of Kerman Province based on typological approach. The data are from ILA database. Results show that the number system values are singular and plural in the whole analyzed research data. The singular nouns are zero-marked, but the plural ones have markers which are obligatory. The plural markers are in suffix forms attached to the singular nouns. The strategies of number category in all studied language varieties are morphological and syntactic ones.
 
Table 1.
 Plural markers in Kerman province language varieties
 

	Language variety	Plural Marker				Example	Tranlation
		-ɑ	-hɑ	-ɑn/ -un	-lær/ -nær
1	Persian	+	+	+	-	deræXt-ɑ Xorus-hɑ-j-e  sijɑ Ɂɑn  zæn-ɑn deræXt-un	trees black cocks those women trees
2	Abgarmi	+	-	-	-	Xorus-ɑ   sijɑ	black cocks
3	Eshkur	+	-	-	-	doXtær -ɑ  Xub	good girls
4	Barfe	+	+	-	-	Xorus-ɑ   sijɑ Ɂu  zejfe-hɑ	black cocks thoes women
5	Baluchi	-	+	+	-	deræXt-hɑ Ɂɑn  ʤæn-ɑn	trees thoes women
6	Turkic	-	-	-	+	jɑXʧe Gez-lær jɑXʧe oɣlɑn-nær	good girls good boys
7	Heydarabadi	+	-	-	-	Ɂʊ  mærd-k-ɑ	those men
8	Dehaji	+	-	-	-	deræXt-ɑ	trees
9	Ruzbehabad	+	-	+	-	morq-ɑ-j-e  sijɑ pesær-ɑn-e  Xub	blach hens good boys
10	Zangiabadi	+	-	-	-	doXtær-u-w-ɑ   Xub	good girls
11	Sohrab	+	-	-	-	deræXt-ɑ	trees
12	Sharikabad	+	-	+	-	ɟilim-ɑ  pesær-ɑn-e   Xub	rugs good boys
13	Shambuie	+	+	+	-	ɟilim-ɑ  deræXt-hɑ morɟ-un-e  sijɑ	rugs trees black hens
14	Shamili	+	+	+	-	Xorus -ɑ-j-e sijɑ deræXt-hɑ   ɟilim-un Ɂon mærd-ɑn	black cocks trees carets those men
15	Aliabadi	+	-	+	-	deræXt-ɑ pesær-ɑn-e  Xub	trees good boys
16	Ghaleasgari	+	-	-	-	doXtær-ɑ  Xub	good girls
17	Keykhosravi	+	-	-	-	ɟilim-ɑ	rugs
18	Rudbari	-	+	+	-	deræXt-hɑ Xorus-un-e  sijɑ	trees black cocks
19	Lalezari	+	-	-	-	deræXt-ɑ	trees
20	Rashki	-	-	+	-	ʔɑ  zæn-un	those women
21	Faryab	+	-	+	-	morʁ-ɑ-j-e  sijɑ dot-un-e  Xub	black hens good girls
22	Kahnuji	-	-	+	-	doXtær-un-e  Xub	good girls
23	Maarazi	-	-	+	-	dot-un-e  Xub	good girls
24	Manujani	-	-	+	-	ʧok-un –e  xub	good boys
25	Mazare	+	-	-	-	deræXt-ɑ	trees
26	Mamuli	+	-	-	-	deræXt-ɑ	trees
27	Mehrabadi	+	-	-	-	morq-ɑ  sijɑ	black hens
28	Meymand	+	-	-	-	Ɂɑn  mært –ǝke-ɑ	those men
29	Medvari	+	-	-	-	Ɂɑn  zen-ǝk-ɑ	those women
30	Garmsiri	-	+	+	-	Ɂɑn  zən-un deræXt-ə-hɑ	thoes women trees

+ Used in this language varieties
- Not used in this language varieties
 
The figure 1 shows that among the plural markers used in Kerman province language varieties, the usage frequency of /-ɑ/ is the highest and /-lær/ or /-nær/ are the lowest ones. Sometimes the informants do not use the plural forms by mistakes under negative interview circumstances. The last column in figure 1 indicates its frequency.
 
Figure 1.
 The frequency of plural markers usage in the studied language varieties

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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Aims: The yard has played a much more prominent role than ever. After the changes in the structure of the community, the house and yard changed. The present study investigates these changes and the reasons for their occurrence during the contemporary period.

Methods: The data collection is a documentary.

Findings: The results of the study indicate that in the past, the yard has been an organized element to the home, an element of light and ventilation of the spaces, a connector with nature, and providing a convenient space for family comfort and celebration. But the yard’s role today is merely the space between the house and the passage, the car movement, and sometimes the small gardens to make optimal use of the remaining areas of the motorway.

Conclusion: Due to society's changing social and cultural structures, resurrecting the same way traditional courtyard for today's society is in vain. The same traditional courtyards in the new urban design where the houses are overlapped have been changed to roof gardens that need to be in sight. These changes can be attributed to the developments in the Qajar era. Given these developments, the relationships and assumptions of the world of tradition were not capable of living in the contemporary world. All in all, modern man’s environmental perceptions changed. As the most relevant space to man, the house has undergone significant changes, and the yard, one of its most important spaces, has not been immune to these changes.

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This paper aims to investigate postposing in Modern spoken Persian. Persian is a verb-final language; however, some constituents frequently follow the verb and appear in the post - verbal domain. Among the factors motivating this phenomenon, one of them is grammatical weight. The universal tendency proposed by typologists is the “short-before-long principle”; locating the heavy constituents after the light ones in order to ease the process of production and comprehension. Some studies advocate the position of long constituents before short ones in verb-final languages like Japanese and Korean. Based on the Persian spoken corpus, this research analyzes the postposed constituents according to their grammatical weight. It is observed that the heavier constituents are postposed more easily compared with the light ones; supporting the universal trend of placing heavy constituents after the light ones.

1. Introduction
In most grammatical and linguistic studies, the order of the unmarked word order in Persian has been considered "subject-object-verb". But in Persian sentences, there are other sequences in which the above-mentioned order is not necessarily observed. One of these marked sequences is the presence of some constituents in the postposed position. This movement also called postposing, is a phenomenon that occurs mostly in the spoken form of Persian. The main hypothesis of this study is that the weight of structures affects postposing and heavier structures are more liked than lighter structures, and therefore the Persian language puts heavy structures in the postposed position; after light structures. To test this hypothesis, it is necessary to examine natural data and the corpus of this research is spoken corpus of Persian.
Research Question(s)

1. Does grammatical weight affect postposing in Persian?
2. Which constituent comes first? Heavy before light or light before heavy?

2. Literature Review
Reviewing previous studies, we can say that there are three types of conclusions about the effect of weight on the arrangement of constituents in Persian: the group that considers weight ineffective in word order (Frommer 1981; Ma’aref and Mehdizadeh, 1397). The second group has studied weight in preposed constituents and considers it effective. In their view, heavy structures take precedence over light constituents (Faghiri & Samvelian 2014, 2020). The third group has studied the postposed constituents and concluded that weight is effective in the postposing and heavier constituents are moved more easily and frequently and after the constituents (Alaei et al. 1396, 1397; Rasekh Mohanand et al., 1392, 2016).
None of the above studies that have utilized the natural spoken corpus have not specifically focused on postposing. The present study, considering the spoken corpus of Persian, investigates the effect of weight on the rearrangement of constituents.

3. Methodology
In the present study, in order to study natural data from Persian, the spoken corpus has been used. ELAN software version 5.7.0 was used to prepare spoken corpus. This software is a tool for producing natural language data and is a tool used in the project of a spoken corpus with the name HAMBAM.

4. Results
Here Finally, it can be said that the results of this study are a confirmation of the researches of Alaei et al. (1396, 1397) and Rasekh Mohannad (1396) who have emphasized the effect of weight and more probability of moving heavy constituents to the end of the sentence. Also, according to Hawkins (1994), the main reason for the postposing and tendency of Persian to choose a heavy constituent after a light constituent can be considered as facilitating sentence comprehension and processing. The placement of the verb as the semantic core of the sentence before the heavy constituents makes it possible to understand the meaning of the sentence faster and thus convey the message.

5. Discussion
 In summary, this study, considering the principle of "heavy constituents before light constituents " in four areas, confirms that in Persian, among the constituents that have become obsolete, and the constituents that are in the unstable position. The signs are located, four constituents follow this principle; In contrast to other constituents, with a slight difference, they show a tendency contrary to this principle.
6. Conclusion
We can examine the hypothesis of the present paper. In this study, the main hypothesis was that the proposed constituents are heavier than their corresponding pairs in the unmarked state. If this hypothesis is confirmed, at least it can be said that the Persian language puts heavier constituents in place after the verb, in other words, the principle of light structure is observed before the heavy structure.
Among the three types of views on the effect of weight on the arrangement of constituents in Persian mentioned, it can be said that the view that considers the effect of weight on the arrangement of constituents is acceptable. There is sufficient evidence for this tendency in the constituents of the subject, predicate, time, and indirect object, but the evidence related to direct object, place constituents, and manner constituents do not confirm this finding.
 

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In the present research word order has been used to determine the type of Eastern Armenian Language in comparison to the groups of “Eurasian” and “world” languages based on Dryer's (1992) “Branching Direction Theory”. Dryer (1992), has introduced 23 correlation pairs as verb-patterned and object-patterned, to determine the word order in languages. He has argued against Greenberg's (1963) “Head-Dependent Theory” and by presenting “Branching Direction Theory” has concluded that the word order correlations reflect a tendency for languages to be consistently right-branching or consistently left-branching. The main question here is to investigate the belonging of Eastern Armenian language to the OV or VO language types, in comparison to “Eurasian” as well as “world languages”. In achieving the research goals, 19 valid correlation pairs have been analyzed within the collected data. The results show that Eastern Armenian language in comparison to group of “Eurasian” languages has 14 characteristics of strong OV languages and 15 characteristics of strong VO languages, hence, it has a tendency to VO languages; In case of its comparison to the group of “world languages” it has 14 characteristics of strong OV languages and 14 characteristics of strong VO languages, hence, it has a tendency to both OV and VO languages. Furthermore, it illustrates that despite Dryer's (1992) claim, the Eastern Armenian language does not have tendency to be classified consistently in a left-branching or right-branching type. Based on these, the median type could be considered as an independent type for Eastern Armenian language.
1. Introduction
One of the most important topics in language typology is the study of word order in languages. Dreyer is among the most well known linguists in this field. He (1992) has introduced 23 correlation pairs as verb-patterned and object-patterned, to determine the word order in languages and by presenting “Branching Direction Theory” he has concluded that the word order correlations reflect a tendency for languages to be consistently right-branching or consistently left-branching. The main question here is to investigate the belonging of Eastern Armenian Language to the OV or VO language types, in comparison to “Eurasian” as well as “world languages”.

2. Literature Review
The question of whether the basic word order in Eastern Armenian is OV or VO is a matter of controversy. Many descriptive and typological studies consider it to be a SOV language (Der-Houssikian, 1978; Dryer, 1998; Dum-Tragut, 2002; Howkins, 1979; Hawkins, 1983; Kozentseva, 1995; Minassian, 1980). The studies based on the generative grammar have placed it in group of SOV languages, considering that it is head final, therefore SVO order is considered as the result of movement (Hodgson, 2013; Giorgi & Haroutyunian, 2016; Kahnemuyipour & Megerdoomian, 2011; Tamrazian, 1991; Tamrazian, 1994). Some studies have placed it the median type between OV and VO (Dum-Tragut, 2009; Dryer, 2013 in WALS). Other grammarian believe that SVO is its basic order (Abrahamyan, 1975; Arakelyan, 1958; Badikyan, 1976; Papoyan & Badikyan, 2003). Faghiri and Samvelian (2019) show that the distribution of SVO order is too high to qualify as a marked option.


3. Methodology
As a descriptive-analytical study, the main data collection of the present research has been provided by the first author as a native Eastern Armenian speaker in the form of sentences, clauses and phrases in Eastern Armenian. In addition the gathered data has been asked from 15 other Iranian-Armenian speakers and have been compared to the examples of Avetisyan and Zakaryan (2012).

4. Results
The results show that 4 out of 23 correlation pairs do not apply in Eastern Armenian which are as follows: 1. adpositional phrases and manner adverbs, 2. order of verb and negative particle, 3. order of content verb and negative auxiliary verb and 4. order of plural word and noun.
The 19 correlation pairs which are used in this study are 1. adposition and NP, 2. N and Relative clause, 3. noun and genitive, 4. adjective and standard of comparison, 5. verb and adpositional phrase, 6. verb and manner adverb, 7. copula and predicate, 8. "want" and subordinate verb, 9. noun and adjective, 10. noun and demonstrative, 11. adjective and intensifier, 12. tense/aspect auxiliary and verb, 13. question particle and sentence, 14. adverbial subordinator and S, 15. noun and article, 16. verb and subject, 17. numeral and noun, 18. tense/aspect affix and verb stem, 19. possessive affix and noun.     
There are two differences between results of present research in compared to Wals data. The first difference is about adposition. Examples 1 to 4 respectively show that Eastern Armenian has pretposition, postposition and adpositions which used as both preposition and postposition.
Example 1. preposition

ARA-n	gn-AtsH	depi	tun
Ara-DEF	go-3SG.PAST	to	home

"Ara went home."
Example 2. postposition

ARA-n	siRAn-i	pHoxARen	kARtH-AtsH
Ara-DEF	Siran-ezafe	instead of	read-3SG.PAST

"Ara read instead of Siran."
Example 3. preposition

bAtsHi	ARAj-itsH	mARtH	tSH-kA-R
but	Ara-ABL	person	NEG-be-3SG.PAST

"There was no one but Ara."
Example 4. postposition

ARAj-itsH	batsHi	mARtH	tSH-kA-R
Ara-ABL	But	Person	NEG-be-3SG.PAST

"There was no one but Ara."
The second difference is about question particle which could be placed at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence. Alternatively, the sentence can be used without question particle. Examples 5 to 8 show the position of question particle while example 9 represents a sentence without question particle.
Example 5.

ARtHjokH	du	indz	siR-um	es
Q-marker	You	Me	like-PROG	2SG.PRES.AUX

"Do you like me?"
Example 6.

du	ARtHjokH	indz	siR-um	es
you	Q-marker	me	like-PROG	2SG.PRES.AUX

"Do you like me?"
Example 7.

du	indz	ARtHjokH	siR-um	es
you	me	Q-marker	like-PROG	2SG.PRES.AUX

            "Do you like me?"
Example 8.

du	indz	siR-um	es	ARtHjokH
you	me	like-PROG	2SG.PRES.AUX	Q-marker

"Do you like me?"
     Example 9.

du	indz	siR-um	es
you	me	like-PROG	2SG.PRES.AUX

       "Do you like me?"
The results show that Eastern Armenian language in comparison to group of “Eurasian” languages has 14 characteristics of strong OV languages and 15 characteristics of strong VO languages, hence, it has a tendency to VO languages; In case of its comparison to the group of “world languages” it has 14 characteristics of strong OV languages and 14 characteristics of strong VO languages, hence, it has a tendency to both OV and VO languages. Table 1 shows Eastern Armenian language in comparison to Eurasian languages and table 2 shows Eastern Armenian language in comparison to world languages.

Table 1.
Eastern Armenian language in comparison to Eurasian languages

Element

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Total

Type

Strong verb final

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

14

Weak verb final

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

9

Weak Verb medial

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

8

Strong Verb medial

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

15

Table 2:
 Eastern Armenian language in comparison to world languages

	Element	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	Total
Type
Strong verb final		X	X	X	X	X	X	X			X	X	X			X	X	X	X		14
Weak verb final		X			X	X			X	X			X	X	X					X	9
Weak verb medial		X		X	X	X	X	X		X			X			X					9
Strong Verb medial		X	X		X	X			X		X	X	X	X	X		X	X	X	X	14

5. Conclusion
The research findings show that in comparison to the group of “Eurasian” languages Eastern Armenian has a tendency towards VO languages. In case of its comparison to the group of “world languages”, it has a tendency to both OV and VO languages. Based on these, the median type could be considered as an independent type for Eastern Armenian language.
 

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Aims: With the continuous growth of urban population and the development of cities, the demand for energy in the building sector, especially in residential areas, has significantly increased. The configuration and form of buildings, along with their architectural and structural features, have a noticeable impact on the energy consumption of buildings and environmental sustainability. The main objective of this research is to assess the thermal performance of buildings at the scale of the neighborhood unit.

Methods: This research was conducted using quantitative research methods and sensitivity analysis. The data collection methods included gathering information from credible library and online sources, as well as conducting field visits.

Findings: Research findings indicate that courtyard patterns are considered the most efficient, while linear patterns and discontinuous courtyard patterns are regarded as the least efficient residential block patterns in Zanjan. Furthermore, there is a significant correlation between energy consumption and layout and form indicators of the blocks, as well as moderate relationships with block proportions. The most efficient forms are octagonal and square shapes, and patterns with a length-to-width ratio ranging from 1 to 1.6 generally exhibit better energy performance.

Conclusion: studying and identifying efficient and inefficient patterns is important to reduce energy consumption in future design.

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One of the main issues in human resource management is employees' ‎discipline that concentrates on controling and preventing the employees from ‎misconducting. There are three approaches of discipline including ‎traditional, progressive and positive. In traditional approach, when any ‎unaccepted behavior happens, the managers react immediately and punish ‎the non-obedient worker, but in progressive approach, the managers do a ‎progressive and step-wise action. In positive approach, not every kind of ‎punishment is accepted; the workers should have time to correct their ‎unaccepted behavior. In this paper, we tried to show the social science ‎propositions of these three approaches as ideal types of employees' discipline ‎and suggest new type of discipline according to Quranic instructions. ‎Strategy of this research is qualitative; and we used analytical approach to ‎reconcept the discipline in a typological framework through management, ‎social science thinkers and Quran text. Finally, four approaches were ‎suggestedto employees' discipline through ontological dichotomy. At the end ‎of this paper, we explained the transcendental employee discipline as ‎Quranic approach to discipline. ‎

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Objective: The purpose of the present research is to study the relationship ‎between the alignment of different typologies of strategies for organizational ‎change strategies (structure, technology, culture, human resources and goals) ‎with improving the performance .‎ Methodology: The sampling of the present study was done on foreign airlines, ‎which are operating in Iran and the total population way under examination as the ‎subjects of the research. This study was done through both qualitative and ‎quantitative methods. The qualitative method included the grounded theory and ‎the data collection for this research was made by observation, interview and ‎Literature review. The applied quantitative method was a correlational field study. ‎The instrumentation was made through three researcher-made questionnaires. ‎ Results: Applying of the qualitative and quantitative methods approved that the ‎more the performance of the airlines improves, the more the typologies of strategic ‎reference points and strategic change variables will increase. Meanwhile, the more ‎the alignment among the typologies of organizational change strategies increases, ‎the more will be their performance (efficiency and effectiveness).‎ Conclusion: The results gained in both qualitative and quantitative methods are ‎in harmony with each other and it can be declared that making alignment ‎between the typologies of organizational change strategies (structure, ‎technology, culture, human resources and goals) can improve the performance.‎

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Aims: The purpose of this article is to study the caravanserais in this area and present architectural plan patterns for suburban caravanserais on the historical road network from Isfahan to Rey and Saveh based on the spatial composition of the room with the stable.

Methods: The data collection method of this research is based on field observations and impressions, library studies, examination of architectural documents and maps of caravanserais, and study of aerial images. The analysis method is based on interpretive, historical, and comparative approaches. The method of obtaining information is inductive reasoning. 60 caravanserais have been identified in this area. From the above statistical population, 13 caravanserais have been selected as study samples. The selection of these samples was purposeful and non-probability.

Findings: The research findings indicate that some caravanserais are very similar and were built in the same period of time and their typologies are also similar to each other, which is due to the existence of a single organization and a common architect and designer, and as a result, their architectural plans and details are similar. In the statistical population of this study, 13 types and architectural patterns of caravanserais were identified based on the study of their architectural plans.

Conclusion: There are some similarities and differences among caravanserais in the research samples. Caravansers that are on a common historical path with common cultural, social and historical characteristics often have similar architectural features, so this characteristic can be used to intervene in them.
 

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Targeted extension for heterogeneous farming systems is a challenge in developing countries. Farm type identification and characterization based on estimates of income from different farm components allows simplifying diversity in farming systems. Use of multivariate statistical techniques, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), help in such farm typology delineation. Using this methodological approach, the present study conducted in West Bengal, India, identified four distinct farm types, namely, farms growing food grain and jute, farms with animal husbandry and fishery based diversification with high off-farm income, farms with crop based diversification with off-farm income, and farms growing vegetables and fruits. Such typology delineation helps in differentiated, holistic, and broad-based extension intervention to address the need of different identified farm types and a reduced transaction cost in the agricultural research and extension system. inbred lines, and 9 hybrids). A total of 94 and 262 loci were amplified using 5 IRAP and 15 REMAP primers, respectively. The percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) in populations ranged from 39% (Zivari Shahrood) to 48% (Shadegani E). The Mantel test between IRAP and REMAP cophenetic matrices evidenced no significant correlation (r= 0.29). IRAP+REMAP-based cluster analysis using UPGMA algorithm and Dice similarity coefficient depicted 6 groups among 100 melon genotypes. AMOVA revealed the higher level of genetic variation within populations (67%) compared to among populations (33%). The mean Fst values of all groups, except for group VI, were more than 0.20, demonstrating differentiation among the populations and genetic structure of the studied melon collection. 

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Abstract This research aims to experiment a quantitative method in urban form studies with a typomorphological approach .This method is originally based on physical density with its more reliable description as a measurable indicator. In this paper after the introduction and a brief look at some former quantitative approaches to urban form through the theoretical framework ; and also the relationship between density and architectural-urban typomorphology , a method (or tool) called the "spacemate" is described in a rather detailed manner .As the case study of this research, some samples from the urban tissues of Tabriz metropolis were chosen to be analyzed with this method. The basic data was then collected and classified ,and the results were placed and reflected on the "spacemate" in order to be analyzed at the final step. Although at the first place this tool is originally designed to be applied as a tool for studying and analyzing the urban forms in the western cities and towns ,and has been examined in a limited scale, but the results of this research (which is the first of its kind in Iran) show that it is also applicable in studying many aspects of urban forms -both descriptively and anticipatively-in Iranian cities, as well as many other urban textures in other similar countries, in presence of sufficient and reliable data.

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The purpose of this article is to contribute to studies on counterfactuals by exploring counterfactual conditions in Persian. Here, counterfactual sentences in Persian have been studied based on typological findings of the same in different languages. In order to study the typology, two main parameters are examined: symmetrical and asymmetrical morphological patterns of counterfactual conditional sentences and the range of TAM (Tense Aspect Mood) values in protasis and apodosis. The main concepts of counterfactual conditionals, including the construction of complex sentences, imagined conditions that have not occurred, false events, and the two above parameters were taken into account. This is a library-based research and the required data was extracted from the Persian Linguistic Database (PLDB). Findings show that the counterfactual conditions in Persian have a complex sentence construction and protasis acts as a subordinate clause and in typological classifications, Persian has counterfactual conditionals for past, present and future and counterfactual conditionals have both symmetrical and asymmetrical patterns. Also in the TAM spectrum, counterfactual conditions have both symmetrical and asymmetric morphological patterns. In these patterns, both protasis and apodosis are used in the past continuous and past perfect tenses. In all three types of counterfactual conditions, the past tense is used, with either perfective or imperfective appearance.