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  Soft green hull (endocarp), branche, leave, remaining kernell and wood shell are by-products of the fresh pistachio processing industry. The most major waste of pistachio processing is green hull (more than 60 percent). Pistachio green hull is also a promising source of protein, fat, mineral salts and vitamins and is one of the richest source of antioxidant and phenolic compound. In this research, the effect of different levels of pistachio green hull (40 to 60 percent) and pectin (0 to 0.4 percent) on the chemical properties (brix, pH, acidity, total soluble solid and total pectin) sensory characteristics (color, consistency, taste, firmness, adhesiveness, spreadability, overal acceptability) and image parameters (intensity, hue and saturation) of pistachio green hull marmalade investigated. The results of chemical and sensory properties showed that increasing the pistachio green hull caused increase in acidity and firmness, while decreased color, consistency, spreadability and overal acceptability (P<0.05). The increase of pectin led to increase of firmness (P<0.05). Increasing the percent of pistachio green hull and pectin on other characteristics were not significant (P>0.05). Results of  image processing showed that increasing the percent of pistachio green hull and pectin on color indexes were not significant (P>0.05).  

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Long term sugarcane cultivation can alter soil physical properties. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of 38 years of sugarcane (Sacchrum officinarum L.) cul-tivation on the physical properties of fine textured soils (Haplustepts and Calciustepts) in southwestern Iran. Six paired soil profiles (three pairs in each soil type) were dug along parallel transects (100 m apart) in a side-by-side comparison of areas cultivated and un-cultivated with sugarcane. Composite and undisturbed soil samples from 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm layers were taken for physical and chemical analysis. The results of this study revealed that long term sugarcane cultivation resulted in a higher bulk density, lower structural stability, and an increased proportion of fine pores. The decreased number of macropores together with decreased structural stability indicated the formation of a dense compacted layer at 30-60 cm in sugarcane cultivated soils.

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Production and characterization of bacterial thermophilic avicelase Fatemeh Azadian, Arastoo Badoei-dalfard*, Abdolhamid Namaki-Shoushtari, Mehdi Hassanshahian Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Nowadays, developing processes for effectively converting agricultural wastes for production of high value chemicals has gained considerable interest. Avicelases are important industrial enzymes for the most bioconversion processes. In this study, samples were picked up and inoculated in AVI broth for 7 days at 50 ºC. The bacterial strains with the clear halo (represent extracellular avicelase) have been purified. AV8 isolate which showed the highest clear halo was selected for further studies. This strain was identified as Bacillus genus based on biochemical tests and 16S rRNA analysis. Avicelase production was considered under varying environmental parameters. The best carbon and nitrogen sources for maximum avicelase production were 0.5% sucrose and 0.25% yeast extract, respectively. Avicelase from this strain has been partially purified using ammonium sulphate fractionation followed by dialysis and ion exchange Q-Sepharose chromatography. Results showed that enzyme was active and stable between 30-70 ºC and itʼs maximum temperature activity was observed in 70 ºC. The optimum avicelase activity and stability was observed at pH 6.0. These are characteristics indicating that this enzyme could be an acidophilic and thermophilic avicelase. Furthermore, the avicelase activity improved by methanol (138 %) and chloroform (107 %). These results indicated that AV8 avicelase has potential applications in various industries.

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This paper is a comparative study of two allegorical stories. The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan and Hosn-o-Del (Beauty and Heart) by Sibak Neishaboori are the Western and the Eastern stories in which characterization is done on the basis of human characteristics andsome parts of the human body.Based on a morphological characterization ,the characters are divided into two groups of helpers and opponents. In Bunyan's book ,Patience, Sagacity,Charity, Hopeful, Prudence, and Faithful and in Neishaboori's book Sight, Imagination, Patience, and Faithful are examples of the helpers.Opponents in The Pilgrim's Progress include Obstinate, Sloth, Formalist, Hypocrise,Mistrust and Pagan. In Hosn-o-Del lthey include Zargh,Raghib, Ghamzeh Jadoo,Naz and zolf.There are also helper and opponent places in these two books.

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    Aim of pre-treatment drying of mulberry was to reduce the moisture content to a level that allows safe storage over an extended period. In this research after different combination of ethyl oleate pretreatments, mulberry was dried industrially (cabin dryer). Dried mulberries packed in polyethylene and polystyrene and preserved for 5 months in 20ْ c. Non Enzymatic Browning was tested at 440 nm by spectroscopic method. Organoleptic tests were done by trained panelists. Hardness, Cohesiveness, Springiness and Chewiness of dried mulberries were measured by a texture analyzer. Statistical method was factorial in frame of completely randomized design with two factors and three replicates. Factor A was different pretreatments and factor B was packaging type. The results showed that Least intensity of brown color was in dried white mulberry pretreated by ethyl oleate 2% +ascorbic acid1% and then in ethyl oleate 2% +potassium meta bisulfate 0.5%  treatments . The lowest total count was in white mulberry in ethyl oleate 2% +potassium meta bisulfate 0.5%.  The results of Panel tests showed highest score for texture, color, odor, taste and overall acceptance in pretreatment of fruits with ethyl oleate 2% +potassium meta bisulfate 0.5%. The results of rheological tests showed that the highest score for chewiness was in white mulberry pretreated with ethyl oleate 2% +potassium meta bisulfate 0.5%. White mulberry pretreated and packaged in poly styrene had the lowest scores for brown color and total count after 5 months storage. Totally it is concluded that dried white mulberry pretreated with combination of ethyl oleate 2% and potassium meta bisulfate 0.5% and packed in poly styrene preserved its  qualitative, sensory and rheological characteristics after 150 days in 20ْc .  

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  The influence of whole soy flour 0-27%, water content 31-35% and different extrusion condition on the cooking quality of spaghetti in order to production of functional pasta, were evaluated. Process was performed with screw speed of 10-40 rpm and water circulating temperature of 35-70 °C. The results showed that adding whole soy flour caused significant (P≤0.05) decrease in cooking time, cooking weight characteristic. However, cooking loss of spaghetti increased significantly (P≤0.05), when whole soy flour increased in formulation. Temperature and screw speed of extruder had no significant effect alone on the cooking attributes. But, Interaction between water temperature, screw speed and components also had a slight synergistic effect on the characteristics. Also, interaction between components and water temperature has negative effect on the cooking loss. Data analysis using mixture design showed that the cooking characteristics of spaghetti were optimized when 44.7 % wheat flour, 24.3 % whole soy flour and 31% water content at screw speed of 25 rpm and temperature of 52.5^oC were applied.

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Drying is one of the best ways to decrease transport cost and increase storage life of fruits and agriculture crops. Persimmon fruit (Diospyrus kaki L.) slices with initial moisture content of 75.21% wb. Were dried to various final moisture levels and their qualitative properties were studied. These properties included sweetness, color, smoothness, chewiness, astringency and smell while the final moisture content levels were 5, 10, and 15% wb. After drying, organoleptic test was performed by 26 persons in the age range of 25-30 years old. After plotting the moisture-time drying kinetic curve which was a six degree polynomial, analysis of the test results showed that fruit slices dried to 5% received the highest scores for sweetness and the lowest for astringency, while those dried to 10% were picked as being most chewy and smooth. The 10 % moisture level with an overall score of 85.13 was selected as the best moisture content for dried persimmon slices.

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Rituals are among the ceremonies that bring people together and preserve and reproduce cultural monuments in every nation. Among the people of Kohgiloye Vobir Ahmad, there are rituals, rooted in the ancient Iran, that represent plant themes. Among these rituals, which are still practiced today with the same style, are the Pol Borun, reading Sharbah, the sacrificial, Balagarduni, and Chalegarm Konun. The Pol Borun ritual is performed in the absence of a woman's spouse who cuts her hair and then buries it under an oak tree. In the sacrificial ritual, the animal is sacrificed under the oak tree at the top of the mountain or under the bush by the river to shed its blood as a sign of fertility. In the ritual of Balagarduni, in addition to planting patches on the tree to keep the evil eyes away, mountain plants are also used. In the Chalegarm Konun, while taking green plants to the tombs before the New Year's Eve, some Ash (food) is cooked with eight oak sticks and then divided among the locals. The purpose of this study is to analyze the vegetative signs in the rituals of the people in Kohgiloye Vobir Ahmad and explain the literary aspects of these local poems. This research is based on the field library study, qualitative content analysis, and the semi-structured interviews. Many elements of herbal plants, such as polypropylene, mulch and smoking, sheding blood in the sacrificial rites, and pruning the graves have mythological representation in the Iranian culture.
 
 

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This research explains the morphometric characteristics of Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman in Tehran Province. 180 adult female mites were collected from three different colonies of Apis mellifera L. in three apiaries during September 2003 to May 2004. These colonies were divided according to three altitudes-less than 1000m, 1000-1500m and more than 1500m above the sea level. The morphological characteristics of mite samples were examined using light microscopy. Measurements of mite specimens in-cluding body lengths, widths, mean size of leg segments and chelicerae were obtained from 180 females. Data were analyzed using the SAS package. The results revealed that: with 95% confidence intervals, body lengths were 1152.6-1218.9 (for less than 1000m alti-tude), 1163.2-1220.7 (for 1000-1500m altitude) and 1167.1-1228.3 (for grater than 1500m altitude). Also, body widths for those apiaries with 95% confidence intervals were: 1709.8-1818.2, 1712.1-1819.5 and 1720.4-1820.6, respectively. Mean body lengths were 1197.2, 1199.2 and 1200.1 and mean body widths were 1775.6, 1781.7 and 1789.9, respec-tively. No significant differences were observed between the size of leg segments and che-licerae among specimens studied. Comparison between measurements of body lengths and widths of specimens which were collected from Firozkoh (above 1500m altitude), Karaj(1000-1500m altitude) and apiaries in Varamin (less than 1000m altitude) in Tehran Province revealed that there was no significant difference between the three colonies. These specimens were also differ from V. jacobsoni. The results showed that our speci-mens were V. destructor not V. jacobsoni. Moreover, the Tehran Province specimens are similar to V. destructor in that they are less spherical than V. jacobsoni.

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Aims: Recognizing the environmental factors affecting plants structural trials and biomass is important to conserve plants as well as their ecosystem function, and services. Onobrychis aurea is a valuable forage that is distributed in the marl lands and is considered as an endangered plant species in Iran. In the present study, the ecological characteristics (plant traits) of this species has been investigated in detail.
Materials & Methods: For this purpose, structural traits and biomass of O. aurea were investigated in 12 ecological units with different topographical and soil conditions. Three soil samples were taken to 15cm depth, (0-15cm) in each ecological unit. The relationship between structural traits and species biomass with environmental factors was tested by redundancy analysis (RDA) method in 2016.
Findings: The results indicated that the soil characteristics including clay, lime and silt content play a more important role in the structural and biomass traits of O. aurea evidence show. Spatial and topographical factors, especially elevation and geographical aspects, had a smaller contribution in structural traits and species biomass in comparison with soil factors. Higher structural values were recorded in heavy textured alkaline soils. The slope percentages also have no significant effect on plant characteristics.
Conclusion: The present study indicated that the soil and topographic factors are very important for management of O. aurea. In general, it should also be emphasized that having good knowledge related to plant ecology as well as environmental condition could help managers to conserve and rehabilitate endangered plants.

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Insect caste development and their morphological divergence are not yet studied well, especially in ants. However, the role of developmental and genetic integration in evolution is contentious. In our study, we tried to reveal the quantitative genetics selection responses, phylogenetic signal, and evolutionary origin of weaver ant female castes (queen, major and minor). The widening and lengthening of the head region, as well as the well-developed mandibular process, are the major heritable characteristics found in the major worker ants. We hypothesized that these conserved and heritable characteristics may help the major worker ants for defense, foraging purposes and other nest-building function aspects. However, in the case of minor worker, small heads and the reduced mandibular process are the more heritable characteristics. Compared to worker ants, in queen, the highly heritable and conserved morphological character is well-developed thoracic regions and large-sized abdomen. It is interesting to note that there is no detectable phylogenetic signal across the female cast of the Asian weaver ants, which suggests that the caste development and morphological divergence are environmentally modulated not evolutionary conserved. From this study, we concluded that caste-specific morphological shape and size are highly conserved traits and these traits are modulated by their niche preferences.

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Dietary fiber has become a matter of considerable public interest in recent years because of its known beneficial physiological and metabolic effects. Since, fiber intake is commonly lower than recommended amount (30g daily),the fortification of bread with fiber can play an important role in achieving health benefits. The aim of this study was to add oat bran at 5, 7.5 and 10 % levels to the Sangak flour and study the rheological characteristics and quality and shelf life stability of the bread. The rheological characteristics of dough were studied on the farinograph and extensograph. Then, Sangak bread baked under standard condition and kept for 24, 48 and 72 hours at room temperature and  samples evaluated  by 10 trained panelists. Texture of bread samples analyzed for extensibility, sliceability and  compression by Instron (Universal Testing Mashine) at 24, 48 and 72 hours at room temperature. Also, moisture of bread samples determined by standard method  and compared with control. Results indicated that use of oat bran increased  water absorption and  weakened dough. Also, the extensograph results  showed by the addition of the bran to the flour, resistance to extension increased and dough could kept the gases during fermentation. The results of the sensory test of Sangak bread  showed that by the addition of oat bran to the sangak dough , the quality of the bread was low and lower quality was in the case of high percent of the bran (10%). The texture properties of the breads at 24, 48 and 72 hours, showed they were delay in staling phenomenon and the late thoughness happened. Acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber values increased with increasing levels of oat bran.  

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  In order to investigate the Fatty Acids Composition and some chemical Characteristics in four sunflower hybrids, under three irrigation regimes (irrigation after 50, 100 and 150 mm cumulative evaporation from class A evaporation pan, respectively) an experiment design As a split plot design based on a randomized complete block was conducted at the research field of university of Tehran, college of Abouraihan in Pakdasht, Iran. The results showed that increasing of water deficit stress causes considerable reduced in the amount of oil seed and increased in seed protein, so the highest seed oil and seed protein content obtain in optimum and mild stress conditions respectively. Also the most of seed oil and seed protein contain was obtained by Azargol and Hayes 25 respectively. Investigation on fatty acids compositions in sunflower hybrids seeds indicated that highest fatty acid, palmitic (6.16%) and stearic (4.16%) were obtained in intense water deficit stress and oleic (40.25%) and linoleic (51%) were obtained in mild water deficit stress, respectively. Comparison between sunflower hybrids showed that maximum palmitik, stearic, oleic and linoleic were obtained by Allstar (7%), Hysun 33 (4.20%), Hayes 33 (42.77%) and Allstar (52.66%) respectively. Also in terms of optimum irrigation, mild water deficit stress and intense water deficit stress conditions Hysun 33 was successful to produced maximum Oleic acid. Generally based on the results of this study in optimum and mild water deficit stress conditions Allstar hybrids and in intense water deficit condition Hayes 25 hybrids had met the highest linoleic acid.

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Characters play a pivotal role in the events displayed by an anecdote. Personas are in fact the main pillars of the story and developments revolve round characters’ behavior, remarks, and thoughts. In critical study of any anecdote, the main element of the story is assessed and analyzed which is the characters. Hence, the story is synonymous to the acts and thoughts of characters, which are developed and displayed within the framework of the story’s plot. In contemporary Iranian stories; multilateral characters have been created by Sadeq Hedayat in his literary works, namely Three Drops of Blood and The Blind Owl, while this approach has been copied by other authors. In the majority of works which have been under the influence of Hedayat’s book Blind Owl, multilateral personalities are evident.
This study has analyzed personalities in the books Blind Owl and Three Drops of Blood, penned by Sadeq Hedayat, in addition to Prince Ihtejab penned by Hushang Golshiri, and ‘Hereafter’ written by Bahram Sadeqi

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This article analyzes the function of the verb in the elements of anecdote and narrations.
Efforts have been made to show the importance of verb in narration’s grammar, and its relations with anecdotal elements. Study of the fundamental concepts of narrations, especially the new classifications of narration verbs is one of the goals of this project.
In this study, some of the structural elements of the story; such as the plot, tone, and characters have been assessed with due regard to verbs. By assessment of view of experts in this domain; efforts have been made to present new genres of anecdotes to the related addressees.
The tenses of the verb and their dual roles in grammar and narration have been taken into consideration. Efforts have been made to present examples of anecdotes; and to show how the authors have dealt with particular tenses of the verb; while elaborating on the benefits and restrictions of each of them in relation to the story’s persona, and the rhetoric within the narration.

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Abstract
Among the kings of Iran, Shah Abbas I, in Safavid period, is a prominent figure who is mentioned in popular tales. In the stories attributed to him, there are outstanding features that have attracted the attention of researchers due to their high frequency. The purpose of this study is to analyze the salient features contained in the stories of Shah Abbas I and to explain the origin of these features. The method of the present study was analytical-descriptive in terms of purpose and based on library studies in terms of data collection. Visiting the library and searching through reliable sources, the authors have collected all the available stories about Shah Abbas I and then analyzed their salient features and origins. Research findings show that these characteristics are either of historical origin or originated from the imagination of the creators of the stories. Some of these characteristics are specific to Shah Abbas and others are general characteristics of kings. Feelings of the unseen voice, professional dervishes, nightlife, simplicity, wisdom and shrewdness, interest in art, gossip, fulfilling desires, solving problems, marrying the poor and accepting humiliation are some of the characteristics of this king. On the other hand, power, justice and fairness, acceptance of judgment and justice, compassion and mercy, punishment of the oppressors and forgiveness (bestowal and forgiveness, and forgiving taxes) are common features for Shah Abbas and other kings. In this article, an attempt has been made to collect the salient features contained in the stories of Shah Abbas and to analyze them based on their origin. Accordingly, the reader realizes the hidden goals of these features and becomes acquainted with their creators.
Introduction
Research background
There are many studies and articles in the field of storytelling; however, no research or article was found on the stories of Shah Abbas except one written by Mohammad Hanif: An analysis of oral tales related to Shah Abbas Safavid. In this article, Mohammad Hanif focuses on the themes of Shah Abbas' stories and examines the common customs and interests of the Iranian people.
Most of the stories about Shah Abbas have been collected in the book of stories of Shah Abbas (Motadayyen, 2008), the book of national identity in the folk tales of the Safavid period (Hanif, 2015), and the culture of the legends of the Iranian people (Darvishian and Khandan, 2008). In other books, however, letters and stories about Shah Abbas can be found. These include: The Life of Shah Abbas I (Falsafi, 2012, Vol. 1 & 2), Legends of Lori (Rahmanian, 2000), Legends of Iran (Azar Afshar, 2005), Legends of Eshkor Bala (Eshkevari, 1973), Crystal Gardens of Khayal (Salehi, 1998), Legends and Beliefs Western Iran (Askari Alam, 2018), Local Stories of Isfahan (Farooqi, 1973), Stories of the Persian People (Faghiri, 2003), Legends of the Land of the Evergreen (Mirkazemi, 1995), Stories of the People (Vakilian, 2003). However, no focused study was found that examined the salient features of Shah Abbas's stories and the origins of these features.
Aims, questions, and assumptions
Among the stories about Shah Abbas, there are salient points and features that have been mentioned for various reasons. The purpose and necessity of analyzing these stories is to find the origin of these features and their reasons. This article seeks to answer the following questions: What is the origin of the attribution of Shah Abbas story? What are the most important features of Shah Abbas stories? Where do these features come from? Who are the creators of these characteristics and what was the purpose of noting these characteristics in the stories of Shah Abbas?
Discussion                                                                                                                                     
Shah Abbas is considered as a great hero in popular literature. Because of the effects of his valuable works, he has been quite significant in the lives of ordinary people for his bravery, politics, innate talent, and special ingenuity in managing the affairs of the country, providing valuable services to the people of Iran. He has a place in the heart of people. Accordingly, scholars consider him "a counterpart of organizing princes such as Dariush and Anoushirvan" (Safa, 1990, Vol. 5, p. 23). In addition, he was lucky, because his age coincided with the rise of storytelling. Thus, in his period, "an official dynasty of Sufists, called the Ajam dynasty, was formed with principled organizations and ceremonies for monitoring the work of storytellers" (Mahjoub, 2008, p. 134). The creator of Shah Abbas's stories has used two elements of reality and imagination. He used Shah Abbas's actions and behaviors in the stories and sometimes portrayed him beyond what he was. In the stories attributed to him, subtle points, words, and terms are found that play a pivotal role, and hide the lofty concepts behind them. In the hidden aspects of these features, the origin of Shah Abbas's stories can be examined from two perspectives: First, it seems that a number of these features have been introduced into the stories by the governmental apparatus. In these tales, the courtiers seek to convey the virtues of the kings of their time and compensate for their inability. Second, other categories of these features are embedded in stories by ordinary people. Since "folklore basically reflects the situation, thoughts, and aspirations of the deprived lower classes of the society" (Behrangi, 2010, p. 7), it seems that the share of ordinary and lower people in the emergence of popular stories is higher than the upper classes.
Conclusion
In the stories of Shah Abbas, he is very shrewd and wise; he solves problems and fulfills people's aspirations; by punishing the oppressors, he shows his support for the poor; he wears simple dervish clothes; he is a night owl; with an unseen voice, he becomes aware of its observance; he is just and forgiving; he marries the poor and allows ordinary people to speak easily in front of him; he is an artist and learns a certain profession like ordinary people. The stories attributed to Shah Abbas have two main sources: some of these stories were issued by the court. The creator of these stories targets the intelligence, power, politics, fairness, and justice of Shah Abbas and seeks to convey these goals. Another part of these stories was created by ordinary people during the time of Shah Abbas's successors to remind them of the peace and security of the past. In these stories, people indirectly advise the kings of the time and look for a savior to fulfill their vanished dreams. Mentioning the name of Shah Abbas, they obtained permission to publish the stories. In these tales, the oppressed people speak of a just king, the people who have never exceeded their class associate with the king and whose voices have never been heard, but the king realizes their financial weakness or problem with an unseen voice.
References
- Askari Alam, A. (2018). Myths and beliefs of western Iran (in Farsi)Tehran: Arvan.
- Azar Afshar, A. (2005). Legends of Iran (Azerbaijan) (in Farsi). Tehran: Milad.
- Behrangi, S Behrooz, D. (2010). Legends of Azerbaijan (in Farsi). Tehran: Negah.
- Darvishian, A. & Khandan, R. (2008). The culture of the legends of the Iranian people (in Farsi). Tehran: Books and Culture.
- Eshkevari, K. (1973). The legends of Eshkor above (in Farsi). Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Arts.
- Faghiri, A. (2003). Stories of the Persian people (in Farsi). Shiraz: Navid Shiraz.
- Falsafi, N. (1347). Life of Shah Abbas I, Volume 1-2 (in Farsi). Tehran: University of Tehran.
- Farooqi, A. (1973). Local stories of Isfahan (in Farsi). Tehran: Foroughi.
- Mahjoub, M. (2008). Iranian folk literature (edited by Hassan Zolfaghari). Tehran: Cheshmeh.
- Mirkazemi, S. (1995). Legends of the land of Marigold (in Farsi). Tehran: Soroush.
- Motadayyen, M. (2008). Tales of Shah Abbas (Shah Abbas night tours) (in Farsi). Tehran: Rajabi.
- Rahmanian, D. (2000). Legends of Larry (in Farsi). Tehran: Markaz.
- Safa, Z (1990). History of Iranian literature (in Farsi). Tehran: Ferdows.
- Salehi, Kh. (1998). Imaginary crystal gardens (in Farsi). Tehran: Markaz.
- Vakilian, S. (2003). People's stories (in Farsi). Tehran: Markaz..
 

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Haft Keshvar is a narrative fiction by Heravi that includes an introduction, seven resting places, seven countries, and six journeys through some countries. The author discusses human virtues in the introduction and elaborates on politics, rulers, and their courts to reveal historical agendas of the time.  It is a 10^th century AH masterpiece that embeds ethics and politics in a literary narrative. The present study is a structural analysis of Haft Keshvar that examines its plot, characterization, and allusions. In other words, it aims at extracting components of the story to see how they are structurally bound to each other. Our results show that stories mostly encourage intellectualism and rationalism. Moreover, the plot is resolved either by a wise man or character actions at the end of the story. Results also show that, despite their trivial approaches and settings, all the stories follow a certain integrated philosophy that form a certain mindset. All the stories are close-ended.
Background
The Anthology of Persian Literature Volume 5 includes an entity on Fakhri Heravi’s Haft Keshvar (Safa, 1991). Moreover, Zekavati briefly recounts some tales and characters from different locations (Zekavati, 2008). Afshar reports on the first and second editions of the book (2010). Asadi (2017) compares the linguistic, rhetorical, and intellectual characteristics of Haft Keshvar and Mahboobalghalb. However, the study by Kadivar et al. (2020) is the closest to our analysis.
Aims
The present study examines narrative elements, structure, and the correlation between them in Heravi’s Haft Keshvar. In simple words, it seeks to explore the elements employed by Heravi in developing the stories in Haft Keshvar.
Discussion
Heravi (2016) rewrites tales of other writers and adopts the themes related to the tricksters to achieve didactic goals. The basic ground on which tales in Haft Keshvar rely on is organized and simplistic. Despite their weaknesses, they all have a beginning, a middle, and an ending. Most of the tales have a closed circuit of plot schemes that follow a linear timeline.
Characterization is highly important in Haft Keshvar. Characters are mostly static:

1. Foil characters.
2. Opposite characters who share the physical and perspective similarities and serve to transfer the author’s ideas.
3. Ambiguous characters that are deployed solely to drive the story.

Haft Keshvar is a classical and didactic work where human function is depicted through opposing forces. Dialogue, in the form of questions or argumentations between major characters, are the most frequent narrative elements. They appear as monologues or argumentations. In fact, the dialogue contributes to the construction of events and helps to form individual identities through conflicts, expressions, attitudes, and interests. Fairclough defines dialogues as systematic development of themes that speak for themselves (Fairclough, 2000).
Time is naively ambiguous. A span of 30 days is set for the character to visit seven countries, and the other times are only for the main event to be developed. Setting of the stories are mostly realistic and only 25% of the story is fantasy. This indicates the fact that the author intends to validate the events. We should bear in mind that the characters do not need to be taken from real life, and they only need to be realistic and believable (Zigler, 1989).
Since Haft Keshvar is didactic, the tone and atmosphere are serious and in line with the overall theme of the story.
A close analysis of the narratives in the story reveals 8 cases of third-person point of view. In the remaining 46 cases, a character from the story narrates the events. However, the third-person point of view is dominant.
All the stories begin with an introduction to the setting of the events and characters to set the action of the story. Everything is logically presented and the reader is not bewildered. All the stories have closed endings.
Travelogues are either realistic, in which the author reports his own observations, or imaginary in which the author uses his own subjective perception (Razmjou, 2003, p. 212). Afshar and Afshary called this work Ibn Torab’s travel book, asserting its value as a travelogue.
Conclusion
Our findings show that the story follows a linear report. Nevertheless, there is an artificial rendering of events that give a closed characteristic to the work. All the tales have a beginning, middle, and ending ample with emotional and physical conflicts. Resolution of the events is mostly given by a wise man and characters’ actions. Characters are dramatically developed and named based on the ethics of the story. Dialogue is the basic tool to drive the stories. The book is a travelogue that reports the main character’s journey to seven different countries.
References
Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: the critical study of language. Longman.
Fakhri Heravy, M. (2015). Haft Keshavar. Nashr Cheshmeh.
Razmjou, H. (2003). Literary genres in Persian literature. University of Mashhad Publication.
Scoles, R. (1974). Structuralism in literature: an introduction. Yale University Press.
Ziegler, I. (1968). Creative writing: Barnes & Noble, Inc.

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Karistan Hatem, a single manuscript which is kept in the manuscript Treasury of the Leipzig University, is the work of a poet named Farid Ibn Ghazfar. This legend is a poetic narration of one of Hatem Tai's stories. The poem gives a description of the mania of the Sham princes named Munir for Hosn Banu, the beautiful queen of Khorasan, and about Hatem's sacrifices that led to their marriage. Although the protagonist of this story is an invincible superhuman, his activism owes much to the dramatic role-play of the women in the story. In the following article, after briefly introducing the manuscript, the story has been deciphered from the viewpoint of the female characters' performance. By giving an in-depth investigation and analysis, it can be concluded that the story is based on the ancient beliefs left over from matriarchy. This claim is corroborated by implications for motherhood, including the city of women, totemism, exogamy, plant God themes, and sacrifice for the mother queen. Another result of this research is to deepen this story and its capacity to accept comprehensive readings of mythology, sociology, and psychology.
Research Background
Although Hatem and his stories, according to Ismaili (2007, p. 21), were very famous in the tenth and eleventh centuries AH, they have not received the due attention of scholars. So, only two related scientific studies can be mentioned. First of all, we should mention Hatam Nameh, which is an edition of two prose narrations of Hatem's story by Ismaili (2007). In the introduction of this book, the editor has mentioned different narrations of the story and a brief description of its features. Another research in this field is the article written by Shakibi Mumtaz and Hosseini (2012). The hero's passing and his attainment of individuality are considered in the final part of the story. Since there is no information about this version in the biography books and sources of the history of literature, it is hoped that the present study will be able to remove this unknown system from the forgetfulness of history and take a step towards the scientific critique of the story.
Aims, questions, and assumptions
Karestan Hatem is a narration of the poem Haft Sir Hatem. From Hatem's oral story, several poetic narrations have been adapted in Urdu, Hindi, Maleh, Dutch, Turkish, and the European languages (Ismaili, 2007, pp. 49-50), which show the extraordinary popularity of this work among the people, but so far in the sources, no adaptation and narration of Persian poetry from the story of Hatem has been mentioned. In Karestan Hatem, women play a key role and they are the cause of the main hero's transformation. The purpose of this article is to explain the position of the female characters in this story and the reason for the formation of this structure. 
In this article, the following questions are investigated:
A. What is the mythological or psychological interpretation of each of the main female characters in the story of Karestan Hatem?
B. From a social point of view, are the women of this system independent and active activists, or does the story have a patriarchal context against which women are subjugated and passive?
Given the reasons presented, the present study seeks to prove the hypothesis that this story, from a mythological and historical perspective, is a representation of the era of motherhood. From a psychological point of view, each of the female characters in the story recreates one of the levels of the human psyche. And socially, most of the women in this story seek to prove their existence in the face of a multifaceted view.
Discussion
Some scholars believe that "women did not have a clear and decisive position in the old patriarchal society, and subsequently, in various genres of literature, but that they usually played a vague, decorative and marginal role, leaving the main roles to men" (Bagheri, 2013, p. 120). However, in some folk tales, women have a very high status.
Anthropologists consider the way of life based on monogamy and agriculture of primitive societies to be the main reason for the formation of matriarchy. They argue that in the Paleolithic period, hegemonic ideas did not exist among primitive and savage prehistoric societies, and that those peoples were equated in access to resources and wealth. Therefore, motherhood does not necessarily mean the superiority of women over men, but that this system is based on the equality of the two sexes (Taheri, 2019, p. 392). The reason for the extraordinary importance of women in such a society has been the secrecy of their fertility. Examining the female characters in this story reveals manifestations of motherhood in the story. Evidence such as the existence of exogamy, sacrifice for the queen mother, and totemism show the roots of feminism in this story.  On the other hand, there are four women with whom Hatem is married four times from the human soul, and this story shows the union of the conscious and the unconsciousness of the hero. From a social point of view, the witchcraft of women and their obligation to accept the customs of society indicates the domination of women in the patriarchal societies, which is presented in different ways in this story.
Conclusion
The public story of Karestan Hatem has frequent symptoms of the matriarchy era.
From a social point of view, this story also reveals signs of the resistance of female characters to the manifestations of a patriarchal society. In this story, we can see a patriarchal atmosphere in which a woman is a means of maintaining power and has no independent voice, falling asleep in magic or becoming a passive creature.
But these signs are diminished by the manifestations of female authority in connection with the days of matriarchy, so far as it gives a feminine texture to the story. On the other hand, many women in this story, from different psychological points of view, are different manifestations of the anima and the subconscious of the psyche. In fact, the story is a series of unification of the hero's conscious and unconscious spheres. Finally, by examining this story from different perspectives, one can get the wide capability of a public story for various interpretations.
References
Bagheri, B. (2013). Active women and passive women in folk prose stories. Popular culture and Literature, 1, 120-142.
Ismaeili, H. (2007). Hatam-Nameh. Moein.
Shakibi Momtaz, N., & Hoseini, M. (2012). The hero's journey in the story Hammame Badgard based on the analytical method of Campbell and Jung. Literary research, 22, 33-63.
Taheri, S. (2019). The social status of women in the ancient civilization of the burnt city. Women in culture and art, 3, 391-411.

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This study focuses on the effective aspects of the audience's belief in characters as crechers in the selected works from narrative literature and animated films. In this regard, the collective memory and the factors affecting its memory and its communication function are investigated in the personality components of the animated feature film that are aimed at the cognition, belief and interest of the audience. In addition, given the need to find a suitable place for the personality of Iranian animated filmmakers who can compete with popular characters from a global audience point of view, the researcher needs to study and understand the personality components and factors influencing personality. It examines and recognizes the main characteristics of personality belief in the audience and its process in memory. The question of how personality is processed according to the collective memory of the audience is examined and answered qualitatively by content analysis with a descriptive-interpretive approach based on theories of psychologists such as Carl Gustav Jung, Alfred Adler, as well as researchers such as Victoria Grace Walden. given. In order to address the issue of collective memory functions in dealing with audience believability, it is necessary to analyze the narratives and visual works in this field by examining and analyzing the selected characters in the story and then the nature of the personality and the factors affecting memory.