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Employees form an image of an organization's support and as results, attention to organizational goals and their realization. Their psychological empowerment allows organizations to be more flexible and responsive to changes. On the other hand, organizations need employees who are willing to step beyond the formal requirements of a job. Due to importance of these factors, this study examines the relationship between psychological empow­erment on job performance, with organizational citizenship behavior as a mediator. Statistical population is employees of Alborz Insurance Branches in Tehran that are a total of 270. The simple random sampling used and according to Cochran formula a sample of 159 were selected. To collect required data, a standard ques­tionnaire of Chiang and Hsieh (2012) was used. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling based on Lisrel was used to assess the structural mo­del. Results of testing hypotheses suggest that OCB mediate the relationship betw­een psychological empowerment and job performance and perceived organi­zational support has effect on job performance, but this effect was not accepted on OCB. Also, psychological empowerment has effect on job performance and OCB, and OCB has effect on job performance. 

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Paul Simpson is one of the researchers who have worked in the field of stylistics and critical linguistics. One of the topics which he has studied systematically is the “point of view.” In his opinion, point of view is related to the degree of narrator’s interference in the act of narration. It has three dimensions: (1) spatial; (2) temporal; and (3) psychological. The writer or narrator unites these items through modality. Furthermore, focusing on modality, Simpson introduces his narrative model which includes nine different points of view. In this model, he incorporates Genet’s discussion on four points of view and also the model of Uspensky and Fowler. Simpson believes that by studying the three spatial, temporal, and psychological dimensions of the point of view, we can reach at its ideological dimension.

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Aims: The environment surrounding human includes physical, social, and psychological factors, each of which plays an important role in health status of human. The studies have shown that several psychological factors may play role in occupational burnout among the nurses. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between psychological capital and occupational burnout in nurses.
Instruments & Methods: The statistical population of the present descriptive correlational study comprised of employed nurses in hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, who were totally 4,000 participants selected based on the Cochran’s formula for sample size as 351 respondents, using stratified random sampling method in 2015-2016. The research tools included Luthans et al.’s psychological capital questionnaire and Maslach burnout inventory. The data analysis was performed, using statistical SPSS 19 software by stepwise regression, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and ANOVA test.
Findings: There was an inverse significant correlation among psychological capital (r=-0.179; p<0.05) and resiliency (r=-0.318; p<0.05) with occupational burnout, while self-efficacy, hope, positive attitude- optimism were not significantly related to occupational burnout.  Accordingly, at the first step, resiliency interprets 10.1% of variance of occupational burnout (p<0.01). Therefore, regression can be extended to statistical population. Beta coefficient reduced occupational burnout up to 0.318 units against 1 unit increase in resiliency (p=0.001).
Conclusion: There is an inverse correlation between psychological capital and occupational burnout in nurses. However, there is no correlation between self-efficacy, hope, positive attitude-optimism of psychological capital with occupational burnout.

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Aims: The psychological capital is one of the important indicators of positive psychology and it has positive outcomes for students. The present research aimed at studying the status of psychological capital of students in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences and its related factors.
Instruments and Methods: The present descriptive-analytical cross sectional research was conducted among 384 students in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in 2016. The samples were selected by simple random sampling method.  Luthans et al.’s psychological capital questionnaire was employed for the data collection and data analysis was performed, using SPSS 22 software by descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test).
Findings: A total of 150 participants (39.2%) were male and 233 (60.8%) were female; 351 participants (91.6%) were single and 32 (8.4%) were married. The mean score of the psychological capital of students was 89.09±9.98. Minimum and maximum means were measured for Optimism and Self-efficacy. There was a significant relationship between sex, field of study, academic degree, and faculty place with psychological capital (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Factors such as sex, field of study, academic degree, and faculty place are effective in the psychological capital of students.

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This paper focuses on the economic, social, and psychological impactcs of retirement on the faculty members of Tehran university. This is an important issue. On one hand, the population of retired people in many sociteies is getting larger, and larger. On the other hand, the employed people feel a kind of jop insecurity, If these people do not have an acceptable social, economic and psycological situation the people who are working now, also would not work with assurance and their productivity would be decreased. This paper is based on a survey method. The results of this survey show that the fuculty members of Tehran University besides having economic and social problems, have psychological problems such as stress, uncertainty, absurdity and uselessness. Finally this paper is supporting the idea of “step by step retirement” instead of “complete retirement”.

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Abstract
Individuation is a term used in analytical psychology to characterize the integration of human psyche. Relying on clinical experiments as well as evidence from world-renowned legends and myths, Murdoch has identified a circular psychological travel pattern for women's individuation. The present study examined the fitness of the heroine’s individuation journey in Persian fairy tales considering the stages of the psychological cycle. The results of the study, while confirming the general conformity of the tales with Murdoch’s psychological cycle, have identified three different subsets for the Iranian fairy tales centered on a heroine. The first subset, including more than fifty percent of the studied stories, are the fairy tales which fully coordinates with Murdoch's psychological cycle for the heroine individuation; the second subset corresponds only to the first part of the intended cycle; finally, the third subset corresponds only to the second half of the Murdoch's psychological cycle. The psychological implications of these three subsets and the overall conclusion are also discussed in the article.

Introduction
Research background
So far, little attention has been paid to the solo journey of the female heroine in the Persian fairy tales. Although some studies (Heidari, 2017; Yahaghi et al., 2017), based on the morphological theory of Prapia Estés model of literary criticism, have examined the journey in one or more myths, the rest of the studies seem to have focused on the position of women next to the men's heroic journey. Mahmoudi Bakhtiari et al. (2014) analyzed the psychological cycle of Murdoch in three films, namely, Dog Killing, Occupation, and Facts About Leila Idris' Daughter, and Ismeilipour (2015) did the same on the novel We Get Used Do. Although these studies have investigated Murdoch's pattern in relation to the contemporary Iranian women, they have not considered the examination of older cultural evidence for this cycle, as Murdoch himself has noted.
Aims, questions, and assumptions
Influenced by Murdoch's psychological stages, this study examines those Persian fairy tales that reflect the individual hero's journey. The question that this study seeks to answer is whether the events described in these myths correspond to the particular psychological cycle that Murdoch posed for women's psychological individuality. The answer to this question can lead to a better understanding of Iranian culture towards women as independent and separate personalities from men.
Discussion
The hero's movement through a journey in fairy tales is to reach a goal which is, according to Jung, successfully achieved in the process of individuality (2011, p. 135). In The Depth of Being Woman (2015), Murdoch describes the stages of a woman's heroic journey to achieve individuality in 11 categories: separation from femininity, identification with masculinity, gathering allies, the path of difficult trials, success, awakening, feeling the dryness of the soul: death, descent into the realm of femininity, a strong desire to be reunited with femininity, healing of the mother-daughter gap, healing of masculinity, wounded inside and holy marriage: the bond of femininity and masculinity. These steps can be identified based on the events of the story and the actions of the female protagonist. Accordingly, the Iranian fairy tales that have considered the individuality of the female heroine (Darvishian, 2009) have been studied, and examples for each step have been identified accordingly. Based on this, different forms of each step have been categorized.
Conclusion
Many of the fairy tales analyzed in this study are consistent with the pattern of Murdoch's mental cycle. The Murdoch's psychological cycle has two main parts: the first part begins from the first stage (separation from femininity) to the fifth stage (achieving success), and the second part begins from the sixth stage (feeling of dryness of soul) to the eleventh stage (holy marriage). In the first part of this cycle, the journey of the female protagonist focuses on the growth of the "I" or ego; the second part, which is a meeting with the Goddess, is dedicated to the restoration of female energy at the mental level. These two sections are symbolically presented thoroughly in 75 of the 146 myths analyzed in the present study (i.e. more than fifty percent). This shows the cultural context of these myths, acknowledging and accepting the independence and individual identity of the female heroine that is achieved in the first part of the cycle, and femininity in the form of respect for the goddess as a positive source of power, wisdom, and deep strength. The legends included in this group are usually myths that are far better known than other myths.
After this group, there are 55 myths that have the first part of the cycle of individuality, i.e. the first to the fifth steps and also the tenth to the eleventh steps. The first part of the cycle of individuality is concerned with cultivating the independence and strength of the female protagonist and the competence of women in the outside world. Thirteen myths have been identified as examples for adapting the second half of Murdoch's cycle, which are the seventh step onwards. In the second half of her journey, the female protagonist revives the feminine traits she has lost through the struggle for victory and success in the male world.
The first, tenth, and eleventh steps of Murdoch's psychological cycle, namely, "separation from femininity," "healing wounded masculinity," and "holy marriage or the bond of femininity and masculinity" can be observed in all the myths under consideration - whether they fully cover the cycle, or remain to be matched with only one of the two.
References

•  Darvishian, A. (2009). The legendary culture of the Iranian people (in Farsi). Tehran: Books and Culture Publication.
•  Heydari, M. (2017). Explanation and analysis of mythological themes in the structure of Moon Brow story. Literary Techniques,18, 141-158.
•  Ismailipour, M. (2016). The female heroic journey in the novel ‘We get used to’ by ZoyaPirzad based on Maureen Murdoch's theory. Mystical and Mythological Literature, 51, 13-48.
•  Jung, C. (2011). My biography: memories, dreams and thoughts (translated into Farsi by Behrooz Zaka). Tehran: Parseh Book Translation and Publishing Company.
•  Mahmoudi Bakhtiari, A., KordMafi, F. & FarshiJalali, N. (2014). The journey of a female hero in three screenplays by Bahram Beizai: A comparative study of three screenplays of dog killing, occupation, and facts about Leila Idris' Daughter in the Framework of Maureen Murdoch theory. Woman in Culture and Art, 6(2),149-166.
•  Murdoch, M. (2015). The depth of being a woman (translated into Farsi by Simin Movahed). Tehran: Culture of Life Foundation Publication.
•  Yahaghi, M. J., Ghaemi, F. & Esmaaelipour, M. (2017). The study of some Iranian myths based on the Estés model of self-awareness in the forests of the underworld. Popular Culture and Literature, 16, 161-192.

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Psychological safety is a critical base for individual, organizational and national performance, since managers who feel psychologically unsafe, do not have essential motives for productivity and excellence. It is reality of organizations that there are stage of jealousy, spitefulness, enmity, power games of peoples and groups. In these situations, it is important to bring about psychological safety for people in organization. Psychological safety means to feel safety in mind, emotion and behavior from side of other peoples and present personal opinions and do the jobs, without any anxiety and fear in organization. Many studies emphasis on effects of individual psychological safety based on personal, organizational and national variables, but there is not a quantitative and experimental research on formation of psychological safety in managers, especially among Iranian governmental industries. This research has taken Glaser's approach in GT to theorize process of forming psychological safety in Iranian governmental industries. Results of this research show that organizational factors, superior's leadership style, relationships between peers and subordinates and their competencies, eco-social climate of society, organizational atmosphere and psychological capital of everyone affect individual psychological safety. It can enforces job engagement, job satisfaction in managers and reduces stress and anxiety and willingness to expatriation in them.
 

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Aim: This research has been done with the aim of " Prediction of musculoskeletal pain through depression and psychological capital",
Method and Material: so the research method of this paper is descriptive survey in terms of purpose, applied in terms of results, quantitative in terms of research process and cross-sectional in terms of time. The statistical population of this research includes the students of the counseling department of Tehran Azad University, west of Tehran, entry 1398 . and based on Morgan's table, 108 people were selected by simple random sampling and answered the questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the opinions of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method. The research hypotheses were tested by partial least squares method using spss software.
Finding: The results of the analyzes showed that there is a relationship between depression and psychological capital with musculoskeletal pain. There is a relationship between depression and psychological capital. Also, depression and psychological capital predict musculoskeletal pain.






 

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Aims: Occupational safety, contact care, safety policy, as well as mental-environmental conditions, are supposed among the most significant factors shaping the levels of stress in nurses. Therefore, this path analysis was fulfilled to test a theoretical model to reflect on the relationship between Safety policy, occupational safety, mental-environmental conditions, and Contact Care.
Instrument & Methods: This predictive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018-19. A total number of 530 nurses were selected from 11 hospitals in 4 provinces in Iran. The Stress of Exposure to Sharps Injury Scale was used. A path analysis was also utilized by SPSS 24 software.
Findings: The mean age of the nurses was 35.72±7.78. As well, 12.5% of the nurses had associate’s degrees and 82.2% of them were holding bachelor’s and higher degrees. The path analysis also explained 57.6% of the variance in contact care. Moreover, the findings indicated a direct effect as a significant positive relationship between occupational safety and mental-environmental conditions. Likewise, safety policy could mediate the relationship between occupational safety, mental-environmental conditions, and safety policy.
Conclusion: The study findings suggested that safety policy could mediate the relationship between occupational safety, mental-environmental conditions, and contact care. therefore, designing and implementing suitable safety policy statements can play a vital role in reducing the levels of stress among nurses in terms of patient care.

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Aims: Major traumatic events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the related lockdown can affect the family as the fundamental unit of all societies. This study aimed to explain family members’ psychological experiences of the COVID-19 lockdown.
Participants & Methods: This qualitative study was conducted from October 2020 to February 2021 on Public population living in Khorramabad, Iran. The sample size that achieved data saturation was 29 by purposive sampling. Unstructured in-depth interviews were used to collect the data. The inductive content analysis approach proposed by Graneheim & Lundman was used to analyze the data.
Findings: Both positive (movement toward the expansion of the worldview and a sense of pleasure and happiness) and negative (anxiety, a sense of isolation, intensification of loneliness, mood and energy changes, hardship and fatigue from lockdown, boredom, anger, depression, disruption of the sleep-wake patterns, being fed up with limitations, feelings of helplessness, more frequent family disputes and arguments and Internet abuse) psychological aspects were recognized, each of which had some subcategories.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown created negative and disruptive experiences and positive and constructive experiences for different individuals.

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Aims: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a psychological disorder affecting a person directly or indirectly that may appear as a threat to physical security, death or death threat, natural disasters, war, etc. The purpose of this study was to assess post-traumatic stress disorder in Iranian healthcare workers dealing with COVID-19.
Instrument & Methods: The present study was conducted cross-sectional and online, from 5 May to 23 August 2020, on 418 Iranian healthcare workers, including (physicians, nurse & laboratory technicians, health workers, administrative staff, and radiologists). Data were collected using an electronic questionnaire through the Porsline site by convenience sampling method. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA in SPSS 16 software.
Findings: Most participants in the study (40.4%) were in the age group of 30 to 39 years. Out of 286 individuals who had reported post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, the majority were women (73.1%) and married (71.3%). Among the healthcare workers with post-traumatic stress disorder, 16% had mild, 14.8% had moderate, 37.6% had severe symptoms, and 31.6% were asymptomatic. Post-traumatic stress disorder had a statistically significant relationship to gender, type of employment, smoking, a history of specific diseases, the probability of coronavirus exposure, and a history of contact with a COVID-19 patient (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Two-thirds of healthcare workers had some degree of post-traumatic stress disorder. Due to the professional and vital importance and role of this group in health systems and communities, providing appropriate psychological solutions and techniques and tailored interventions to promote the physical and mental health of healthcare workers must be considered in priority.

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Aims: To evaluate the effects of cognitive behavior therapy among randomized controlled trials on psychological stress, physical health, and self-care behavior among type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients.
Information & Methods: The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and analysis statement was used in all review stages. Study selection and study quality were based on Jonna Briggs Institute. Relevant articles search from three databases, namely PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar, was conducted. The search yielded 1143 articles and 19 randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria to evaluate the effects of cognitive behavior therapy.
Findings: Cognitive behavior therapy significantly ameliorated depressive symptoms, anxiety, diabetes-related stress, glycemic control, quality of life, and self-care behavior such as self-blood glucose monitor, medication adherence, and physical activity. However, heterogeneity in terms of cognitive behavior therapy delivery modes, follow-up duration, various outcomes, and long-term effects are considered when interpreting results.
Conclusion: Findings suggest that cognitive behavior therapy can be integrated into diabetes management to achieve diabetes outcomes regarding psychological and physical health as well as self-care behavior.

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If we consider literature a pervasive and manifold construct, which is in need of interpretation, and if we consider psychology a knowledge capable of interpreting some aspects of literary works, we can notice that the relationship between psychiatry and literature can be the cooperation between two forces for discovering a world, which has remained hidden and unknown under the shade of the language of literary works. Therefore, the Farsi language scholars have carried out many studies so far on the basis of psychological criticism perspectives. The results show that those performing such research have mainly utilized Freud, Adler, Lakan and especially Yung theories in the criticism of literary works. Although these papers present useful information, most of them suffer deficiencies resulting from insufficient information or carelessness of the authors or their extreme biases. For example, sometimes an author has tried to exercise a bias for a specific literary work and through matching it with positive aspects of a specific theory to appreciate and praise that work. At some other times, an author has tried to find evidence based on an unreasonable certainty in the theory to make him/her able to warrant the disruptive and the unhealthy character of the author and different characters in his/her work.
Sometimes, the author tries to tie two things, which are not related by any means in order to present an innovative writing. Overall, these biases make serious damages to the psychological criticism of Farsi literary works. By investigating the discourses written in this regard in Farsi, this paper investigates in detail the literary-psychological criticism in Iran and presents its weak and strong points.

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The novel Beevatan (Homeless) penned by Reza Amirkhani, is a Farsi modernist and semi post-modern novel, in which the author intends to manifest the identity of modern man in the contemporary era of Iran. Given the humanistic identity of the novel and major factors such as the style of this writing, its characters, and terms of development of dialogue in the contemporary stories and their related ratings; this article intends to carry out a psychological analysis of the main characters of this novel via a descriptive and analytical approach and reliance upon the theoretical framework of the quality of self-awareness. The results of this study shows the character of Armia as a searcher, who can be identified with an individual who faces a dilemma and is caught up between tradition and modernism. This character in her efforts to remove doubts or to discover her inner self could also be categorized under the model of an orphan. Meanwhile, Armita is an epitome of innocent. Among the less important characters, Susi is the manifestation of an orphan, who has been dragged toward commitment of suicide due to her deep sense of despair and lack of any supporter, who would end her solitude.

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Extended abstract
Emotion plays an important role in human life and many of his behaviors and thoughts - consciously or unconsciously - have an emotional origin; therefore, knowing the causes of the emergence of emotions and their method of management have a great impact on mental health and individual and social behavior. In fact, it plays an effective role in creating social peace. What is important in the occurrence of emotions is the role of culture in the type of emotion occurrence and its management method; emotion, like other behaviors, is a product of learning and its appearance can be different in different societies. For example, the way of expressing grief in a mourning ceremony is in the form of crying and sorrow in one culture and in the form of singing and dancing in another, so it is very important to know the cultural aspects of emotion. It is necessary to refer to literature because of the close relationship between literature and culture. Among of all the literary genre, proverbs, considering that they are linguistic symbols of culture and have roots in the culture of their nation, it is possible to find cultural uniqueness characteristics from them. Accordingly, this article examines the cultural factors affecting the formation of emotions and their management method in Dehkhoda's proverbs and sayings, and by examining the evidence obtained, it seeks to achieve these goals: 1. Determining the amount and order of the frequency of emotions in popular culture, 2. The factors and solutions presented for emotions in this work, and 3. Explaining the role of culture in emergence of motions factors and their management.
Review of the Literature
In the field of cultural proverb research, a thesis entitled "Discourse analysis of cultural structures of Persian proverbs based on the proverbs of Dehkhoda" (2008) was conducted, in which the author examines the culture from the perspective of the verbal communication of proverbs. In another work, "Ethnological investigation of ironies in Persian literature (case study of Dehkhoda's proverbs and proverbs)" (2010), the researcher collected and analyzed ironies in proverbs, and classified them according to their frequency, and from the psychological point of view. There is a dissertation entitled "Psychological basis of Persian proverbs" (2014), which is completely different from the subject of the article. Ahmad Parsa (2013) in a part of the book Scientific and Literary Analysis of Persian Parables and Proverbs has devoted a discussion to the expression of external and internal states and inactions in parables, and an article titled "Psychological analysis of fear emotion in Dehkhoda's proverbs" (2019) has focused on the manner and causes of the emotion of fear in proverbs.


Methodology
To achieve the above goals, the method of "inferential content analysis" has been used. The sample is a four-volume book of Dehkhoda's proverbs, and the sample of research is all the Persian proverbs in this work.
Method
The working method is that first the evidence related to the main emotions i.e. anger and hatred, fear, happiness and sadness, love, surprise and shame are extracted. After that, the evidence of classification and the order of frequency of emotions, and occurrence factors are done. Their management solutions have been identified. Finally, according to the commonalities and differences between the topics and psychology, their cultural aspects have been investigated.
Conclusion
The frequency order of these emotions (anger and hatred, fear, sadness, joy, love, shame and surprise) shows that some emotions (anger, fear, sadness and happiness) were more important in our ancient societies and this practice still exists in today's psychology. On the other hand, the low frequency of some others (love, surprise and shame) and the lack of management solutions for them shows the difference and distinction of our culture towards emotions.
In the first category, when the factors and solutions are considered, we see that the most frequent factors of creating emotions are public and have their roots in the popular culture of people; like the cause of anger, two factors are jealousy, competition and verbal violence, and these factors have their roots in human culture. If we go back to the first jealousies in human history, we can see what brought Adam to earth, and Abel and Cain quarreled with each other, it was the jealousy and rivalry of Satan and Cain.  In the case of fear, the two factors of hypocrisy - a kind of fear of sin - and death have the highest frequency and are considered two general factors and have roots in human culture. The reason for expelling a person was to escape from death and access to immortality, and the fear of death is still present in every human being like a phobia. Therefore, it can be concluded that the factors that cause emotions in proverbs and judgments are general principles and can be applied to any period of time. Of course, the root of this kind of look can be found in the literary genre of proverb, because it is a popular literary type and presented to a general audience, it is necessary to focus on general and universal concepts in that center.
But the type of attitude towards the excitement of love is completely cultural. In psychology, all emotions have positive and negative dimensions, but in the case of love in the proverb, unlike other emotions, no negative dimension was observed, that is, an emotion is considered completely positive. This problem can be rooted in the eastern culture, especially Iranian, and shows the importance of this excitement. In the case of the emotion of shame and surprise, this issue is also true, and the examination of the evidence shows that shame is not only considered an emotion, but it has been proposed as an accepted moral principle, and the acceptance of shame and emphasis on it is rooted in the influence of religious beliefs. It is in the ancient culture of Iran, but in the case of surprise, it seems that it is not recognized as an excitement at all.
Regarding the high-frequency methods of controlling emotions, first of all, the balance that exists in the control of emotions is prominent, and the existence of very useful ways such as awareness, calming, and replacing more useful emotions, etc., among the highest frequencies, shows that our predecessors meditated and had more careful emotions in control. This balance is more prominent in considering the types of happiness, i.e. the happiness that comes from material and spiritual things. One of the important points that is rooted in Iran's religious culture is more emphasis on sustainable happiness or the non-material factors of creating happiness. In the end, it is suggested that more research be done to integrate psychology and culture in other fields such as children's stories, movies, translation, etc.
References
Dehkhoda, A. A. (1984). Dehkhoda's proverbs, vol. 1. Sepehr Printing.
Dehkhoda, A. A.  (2011a). Dehkhoda's proverbs, vol. 2. Parmis Publishing.
Dehkhoda, A. A.  (2011b). Dehkhoda's proverbs, vol. 3. Parmis Publishing.
Dehkhoda, A. A. (2011c). Dehkhoda's proverbs, vol. 4. Parmis Publishing.
Parsa, S. A. (2014). scientific and literary analysis of Persian’s proverbs. Research.
 

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Aims: The patient decision-making process can become lengthy and overwhelming. Procrastination in visiting a hospital can have adverse effects on a patient's health. This study aimed to investigate how attitudinal ambivalence affects psychological discomfort and choice deferral in hospital selection. Additionally, the study explores the role of information novelty in reducing choice deferral and accelerating patient decision-making.
Instruments & Methods: This research employed a quantitative approach using a causal study to examine the relationships among variables. The purposive sampling method was used to obtain data based on certain criteria. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to patients. The research sample consisted of 385 respondents from private hospitals in Indonesia. Hayes PROCESS Macro software was used to investigate the relationships between variables.
Findings: The attitudinal ambivalence affected psychological discomfort (t=2.737; p=0.0001) and choice deferral (t=4.295; p=0.0001). The psychological discomfort influenced choice deferral (t=3.109; p=0.0001). The psychological discomfort had a mediation role in the effect of attitudinal ambivalence on choice deferral (t=10.678; p=0.0001). Information novelty reduced the effect of attitudinal ambivalence on psychological discomfort (t=2.653; p=0.003) and choice deferral (t=2.243; p=0.013). Finally, Information novelty weakened the effect of psychological discomfort on choice deferral (t=2.876; p=0.011).
Conclusion: Limited information can lead to information asymmetry, which can encourage attitudinal ambivalence and psychological discomfort. Providing comprehensive information to patients through digital media can help reduce anxiety and enhance their treatment experience in the hospital.